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44-465: Stata was initially developed by Computing Resource Center in California and the first version was released in 1985. In 1993, the company moved to College Station, Texas and was renamed Stata Corporation, now known as StataCorp. A major release in 2003 included a new graphics system and dialog boxes for all commands. Since then, a new version has been released once every two years. The current version

88-461: A bottleneck occurs when the capacity of an application or a computer system is limited by a single component, like the neck of a bottle slowing down the overall water flow. The bottleneck has the lowest throughput of all parts of the transaction path. System designers try to avoid bottlenecks through direct effort towards locating and tuning existing bottlenecks in a software application. Some examples of engineering bottlenecks that appear include

132-462: A 217-39 vote, with John H. Binney as the first mayor. Within a year, the city established a zoning commission, and by 1940, the population had reached 2,184. The city grew under the leadership of Ernest Langford, called by some the "Father of College Station", who began a 26-year stretch as mayor in 1942. Early in his first term, the city adopted a council-manager system of city government. Population growth accelerated following World War II as

176-544: A construction camp on the Houston and Texas Central Railroad. The town's name has been attributed to a well at the construction camp, a foreman named E.W. Wellborn, or a landowner named W.W. Willburn. Also in 1867, a post office opened in the community under the name Wellborn Station. In 1870, the name was shortened to Wellborn. On April 14, 2011, the City Council of College Station voted 5–2 to annex Wellborn, thus making

220-412: A land-grant school. In 1876, as the nation celebrated its centennial , the school (renamed Texas A&M University in 1963) opened its doors as the first public institution of higher education in the state of Texas. College Station's population grew slowly, reaching 350 in 1884 and 391 at the turn of the century. However, during this time, transportation improvements took place in the town. In 1900,

264-402: A new dataset format. Every version of Stata can read all older dataset formats, and can write both the current and most recent previous dataset format, using the saveold command. Thus, the current Stata release can always open datasets that were created with older versions, but older versions cannot read newer format datasets. Stata can read and write SAS XPORT format datasets natively, using

308-587: A single license for use by concurrent users, a site license, volume single user for bulk pricing, or a student lab. The following set of commands revolve around simple data management. The next set of commands move onto descriptive statistics. A simple hypothesis test: Graphing data: Linear regression: College Station, Texas College Station is a city in Brazos County, Texas , United States, situated in East-Central Texas in

352-601: A small lake, the Spirit Ice Arena, and is the home of the Arts Council of the Brazos Valley. The amphitheater has hosted a variety of musical events, including the annual Starlight Music Series, a concert series that starts in late spring and runs through late summer. Wolf Pen also has a sidewalk for a scenic run that when completed is about 1 mi (2 km). Wellborn became a community in 1867 as

396-471: Is Stata 18, released in April 2023. From its creation, Stata has always employed an integrated command-line interface. Starting with version 8.0, Stata has included a graphical user interface which uses menus and dialog boxes to give access to many built-in commands. The dataset can be viewed or edited in spreadsheet format. From version 11 on, other commands can be executed while the data browser or editor

440-479: Is bisected to the north by Church Street, made famous by the Robert Earl Keen and Lyle Lovett duet "The Front Porch Song". Wolf Pen Creek District is a large commercial development adjacent to Post Oak Mall and between two of the city's main commercial thoroughfares: Earl Rudder Freeway and Texas Avenue . The area consists of a greenway with trails, a $ 1.5 million amphitheater and entertainment area,

484-500: Is home to 125 stores; its opening on February 17, 1982, helped create the impetus for growing economic and commercial developments for College Station. It is currently the largest taxpayer in College Station and the second-largest in the Brazos Valley, though the anchor stores are free-standing units that are privately owned and taxed separate from the mall proper. Over 75% of retail sales in the Brazos Valley come from sales at

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528-492: Is home to the main campus of Texas A&M University , the flagship institution of the Texas A&;M University System . The city owes its name and existence to the university's location along a railroad. Texas A&M's triple designation as a land-grant university , National Sea Grant College Program , and National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program reflects the broad scope of the research endeavors it brings to

572-449: Is opened. Until the release of version 16, Stata could only open a single dataset at any one time. Stata allows for flexibility with assigning data types to data. Its compress command automatically reassigns data to data types that take up less memory without loss of information. Stata utilizes integer storage types which occupy only one or two bytes rather than four, and single-precision (4 bytes) rather than double-precision (8 bytes)

616-834: Is owned by Texas A&M University , is also based in College Station. College Station is part of the Bryan-College Station Arbitron market #238. The service area of Blinn College includes all of Brazos County. Blinn operates a campus in nearby Bryan. Almost all of College Station is within the College Station Independent School District , while small sections are in Bryan Independent School District . College Station ISD operates two high schools: A&M Consolidated High School and College Station High School . Students living in

660-441: Is the default for floating-point numbers. Stata's data format is always tabular in format. Stata refers to the columns of tabular data as variables. Stata can import data in a variety of formats. This includes ASCII data formats (such as CSV or databank formats) and spreadsheet formats (including various Excel formats). Stata's proprietary file formats have changed over time, although not every Stata release includes

704-473: The Aggie Bonfire collapsed while being constructed . In 2022, it became one of the first areas served by Amazon 's Prime Air drone delivery service, along with Lockeford, California . College Station is south of the center of Brazos County at 30°36′5″N 96°18′52″W  /  30.60139°N 96.31444°W  / 30.60139; -96.31444 (30.601433, –96.314464). It is bordered by

748-698: The Brazos Valley , towards the eastern edge of the region known as the Texas Triangle . It is 83 miles (130 kilometers) northwest of Houston and 87 miles (140 km) east-northeast of Austin . As of the 2020 census , College Station had a population of 120,511. College Station and Bryan make up the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area , the 15th-largest metropolitan area in Texas with 268,248 people as of 2020. College Station

792-524: The C programming language, initially for PCs running the DOS operating system. The first version was released in 1985 with 44 commands. There have been 18 major releases of Stata between 1985 and 2024, and additional code and documentation updates between major releases. In its early years, extra sets of Stata programs were sometimes sold as "kits" or distributed as Support Disks. With the release of Stata 6 in 1999, update s began to be delivered to users via

836-631: The I&;GN Railroad was extended to College Station (the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company abandoned the line in 1965), and 10 years later, electric interurban service was established between Texas A&M and the neighboring town of Bryan. A city bus system replaced the interurban in the 1920s. In 1930, the community to the north of College Station, known as North Oakwood, was incorporated as part of Bryan. College Station did not incorporate until October 19, 1938, after

880-405: The fdause and fdasave commands. Some other econometric applications, including gretl , can directly import Stata file formats. The development of Stata began in 1984, initially by William (Bill) Gould and later by Sean Becketti. The software was originally intended to compete with statistical programs for personal computers such as SYSTAT and MicroTSP . Stata was written, then as now, in

924-1135: The user experience today, including extensibility , platform independence , and the active user community . The program command was implemented in Stata 1.2, giving users the ability to add their own commands. ado-files followed in Stata 2.1, allowing a user-written program to be automatically loaded into memory. Many user-written ado-files are submitted to the Statistical Software Components Archive hosted by Boston College. StataCorp added an ssc command to allow community-contributed programs to be added directly within Stata. More recent editions of Stata allow users to call Python scripts using commands, as well as allowing Python IDEs like Jupyter Notebooks to import Stata commands. Although Stata does not support R natively, there are user-written extensions to use R scripts in Stata. A number of important developments were initiated by Stata's active user community. The Stata Technical Bulletin , which often contains user-created commands,

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968-562: The "Northgate Music Festival" in 2002. In 2006, the city council incorporated Northgate as a special tax zone to finance additional improvements and expansions. Live music is a major draw to the Northgate area. Many well-known musicians, especially in the Texas country music scene, initially performed in the Northgate area. Notable names include Robert Earl Keen , Grammy award-winner Lyle Lovett , Dub Miller, and Roger Creager . The district

1012-444: The College Station and Northgate College Station post offices. As of May 2008, the local unemployment hovered around 3 to 4%, among the lowest in Texas. This rate is largely attributed to the significant role the university plays in the local economy. However, underemployment is an ongoing issue. Post Oak Mall was the city's first mall and is currently the largest mall in the Brazos Valley . The 82-acre (330,000 m ) mall

1056-403: The age of 18 living with them, 32.2% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 58.0% were not families. About 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.98. The racial makeup of the city as of 2019

1100-780: The amount of memory datasets may utilize. Though Stata/MP can store 10 to 20 billion observations and up to 120,000 variables, Stata/SE and Stata/BE store up to 2.14 billion observations and handle 32,767 variables and 2,048 variables respectively. The maximum number of independent variables in a model is 65,532 variables in Stata/MP, 10,998 variables in Stata/SE, and 798 variables in Stata/BE. The pricing and licensing of Stata depends on its intended use: business, government/nonprofit, education, or student. Single user licenses are either renewable annually or perpetual. Other license types include

1144-1020: The annual Stata Conference held in the United States is hosted by StataCorp. Other user group meetings are held annually in the United States (the Stata Conference), the UK, Germany, and Italy, and less frequently in several other countries. Local Stata distributors host User Group meetings in their own countries. There are four builds of Stata: Stata/MP, Stata/SE, Stata/BE, and Numerics by Stata. Whereas Stata/MP allows for built-in parallel processing of certain commands, Stata/SE and Stata/BE are bottlenecked and limit usage to only one single core. Stata/MP runs certain commands about 2.4 times faster, roughly 60% of theoretical maximum efficiency, when running parallel processes on four CPU cores compared to SE or BE versions. Numerics by Stata allows for web integration of Stata commands. SE and BE versions differ in

1188-462: The campus would be a boon for revenues, the first business district was established in College Station near the campus, taking its name for the closest on-campus landmark: the north gate. When the city was incorporated in 1938, its first City Hall was opened in the new district. In 1994, restoration efforts began to revitalize the ailing area. A four-day music festival, "North By Northgate", was introduced in 1998 and has become an annual tradition, renamed

1232-743: The city of Bryan to the northwest. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 49.6 sq mi (128.5 km ), of which 49.4 sq mi (128.0 km ) is land and 0.19 sq mi (0.5 km ), or 0.35%, is covered by water. College Station has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa). Winters are mild with periods of low temperatures usually lasting less than two months, while summers are hot and humid. Snow and ice are rare; most recently, College Station received three to five inches of snowfall on February 15, 2021. Summers are hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms being

1276-674: The city, with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as NASA , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . College Station's origins date from 1860, when the Houston and Texas Central Railway began to build through the region. Eleven years later, the site was chosen as the location for the proposed Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas,

1320-469: The community the Wellborn district. Wellborn is often mispronounced as 'well-born' but is pronounced by locals as 'Well-burn'. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 120,511 people, 41,682 households, and 20,487 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, 67,890 people, 24,691 households, and 10,370 families resided in the city. Of the 24,691 households, 21.0% had children under

1364-553: The community’s poverty rate." The city of College Station has a council-manager form of government. Voters elect the members of a city council, who pass laws and make policy. The council hires a professional city manager who is responsible for day-to-day operations of the city and its public services. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Bryan District Parole Office in College Station. The United States Postal Service operates

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1408-525: The desired performance. The process of tracking down bottlenecks (also referred as "hot spots" - sections of the code that execute most frequently - i.e. have the highest execution count) is called performance analysis . Reduction is achieved with the utilization of specialized tools such as performance analyzers or profilers , the objective being to make particular sections of code perform as effectively as possible to improve overall algorithmic efficiency . This computer-engineering -related article

1452-521: The district spans about 145 acres (0.59 km ), bounded by Wellborn Road to the west, South College Avenue to the east, the College Station city limits to the north, and University Drive to the south. The district is the home of the Dixie Chicken . Northgate's roots started in the 1930s as the city began enjoying rapid population growth from the influx of Texas A&M University students, professors, and their families. Realizing that proximity to

1496-417: The following: a processor , a communication link , and disk IO . A system or application will hit a bottleneck if the work arrives at a comparatively faster pace relative to other processing components. According to the theory of constraints , improving on the occurrences of hot-spot point of the bottleneck constraint improves the overall processing speed of the software. A thought-provoking stipulation of

1540-409: The highest poverty rate among U.S. cities with populations over 100,000. However, this statistic is likely impacted by the fact that Texas A&M University has the largest student enrollment in the U.S. . The U.S. Census Bureau has noted that "both in small counties with a large university and in large counties with multiple universities, the presence of college students who live off campus raises

1584-489: The mall's stores. Two full power local commercial television stations included CBS affiliate KBTX-TV (which also includes subchannels affiliated with CW and Telemundo) and MyNetworkTV affiliate KYLE-TV which also airs Fox programming (via Waco-based KWKT-TV ) on its second digital subchannel. Low power television stations KAGS-LD and KRHD-CD respectively air programming from NBC (via Temple-based KCEN-TV ) and ABC (via Waco-based KXXV ). PBS member station KAMU , which

1628-536: The nonstudent population reached 7,898 in 1950, 11,396 in 1960, 17,676 in 1970, 30,449 in 1980, 52,456 in 1990, and 67,890 in 2000. The Bryan-College Station metropolitan area's population crossed 270,000 people in 2018. In the 1990s, College Station and Texas A&M University drew national attention when the George Bush Presidential Library opened in 1997. Attention was drawn again in 1999, when 12 people were killed and 27 injured when

1672-411: The only real variation in weather. Northgate is a mixed-use district north of Texas A&M University that features a combination of businesses, restaurants, apartments, churches, and entertainment. It is known for its eclectic mix of restaurants and bars . A large portion of the stores, bars, and restaurants in Northgate are frequented, patronized, and staffed by Texas A&M students. In total,

1716-657: The portion of Bryan ISD located in the City of College Station are zoned for: Stephen F. Austin Middle School, and Bryan High School . Easterwood Airport , owned by Texas A&M, is located 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of the center of College Station and has flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport . The following people have lived or are currently living in College Station: Bottleneck (software) In software engineering ,

1760-411: The theory reveals that improving the efficiency of a particular process stage rather than the constraint can generate even more delay and decrease overall processing capabilities of a software. It is impossible to remove bottlenecks completely since there is always a component that limits the overall performance, so the usual goal is to improve the bottleneck component so that the whole system can achieve

1804-408: The web. The initial release of Stata was for the DOS operating system. Since then, versions of Stata have been released for systems running Unix variants like Linux distributions, Windows , and MacOS . All Stata files are platform-independent. Hundreds of commands have been added to Stata in its 37-year history. Certain developments have proved to be particularly important and continue to shape

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1848-598: Was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males. Data from the ACS 1-year estimates indicates that the median income for a household in College Station was $ 47,632, a decrease from $ 52,397 reported in the 2020 census . According to Forbes , approximately 28.5% of the population lived below the poverty line in 2021, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those aged 65 or older. The ACS 1-year estimates suggest this percentage may be as high as 30.2%,

1892-434: Was 77.45% White, 7.74% African American, 0.30% Native American, 10.25% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 6.32% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any ethnicity/nationality were 15.6% of the population. In the city, the population was distributed as 14.4% under the age of 18, 51.2% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 9.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

1936-473: Was introduced in 1991 and issued six times a year. It was relaunched in 2001 as the peer-reviewed Stata Journal , a quarterly publication containing descriptions of community-contributed commands and tips for the effective use of Stata. In 1994, a listserv began as a hub for users to collaboratively solve coding and technical issues; in 2014, it was converted into a web forum. In 1995, Statacorp began organizing user and developer conferences that meet annually. Only

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