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75-557: According to the 1999 Constitution , its renovation is a national priority. The new infrastructure which has been added includes the first new above-ground train line constructed in Venezuela for more than 70 years, the Ezequiel Zamora Mass Transportation System. Named after the soldier Ezequiel Zamora , it was inaugurated on October 15, 2006, by President Hugo Chávez . Historically, much of

150-727: A changed view on businesses. This article sought to introduce support for alternative management of businesses. Mentioned in the article are cooperatives , family-owned businesses , small businesses and savings funds. The government supported these alternatives as a way to democratize capital and challenge oligopolistic control of the economy. Amendments proposed by President Chávez and parliament were twice decided in referendums: New Spain American Confederation of Venezuela Caudillismo Andean Hegemony Democratic period Bolivarian Revolution Venezuela had numerous constitutions in its history: The Law

225-461: A clean environment, right of minorities (especially indigenous peoples) to uphold their own traditional cultures, religions, and languages, among others. The 1999 Constitution, with 350 articles, is among the world's longest, most complicated, and most comprehensive constitutions. One of the outstanding differences between Venezuelan and most of the other constitutions of the Americas is the lack of

300-413: A constitutional convention for Venezuela as an ideal means to rapidly bring about sweeping and radical social change to Venezuela beginning from the eve of his 1992 coup attempt . After his imprisonment and release, he began to seek a political career with such a convention as its political goal. In the buildup to the 1998 presidential elections, one of Chávez's promises was to organise a referendum asking

375-478: A health budget such as to make possible the attainment of health policy objectives. In coordination with universities and research centers, a national professional and technical training policy and a national industry to produce health care supplies shall be promoted and developed. The State shall regulate both public and private health care institutions. Article 308 of Title VI the Venezuelan constitution showed

450-724: A key battle in the struggle for Venezuelan independence. After the battle, what was left of the Spanish forces holed up in the San Felipe Castle in Puerto Cabello until 10 November 1823, when they surrendered and left Venezuela. On 6 May 1830 the Congress of Valencia takes place. There, Venezuela declared the independence from the Great Colombia and Valencia was declared Venezuela's capital. On 29 March 1832

525-463: A north–south connection between San Juan de Los Morros and La Encrucijada Station. A separate phase for the North Llanero railway axis to be constructed at a later date will connect in an east–west direction Maturín Monagas State with Anaco Anzoátegui State. The full 1,100 km (684 mi) route, the North Llanero railway axis will be completed at a later date and will add services among

600-484: A railway system which would include lines near Caracas and also into the interior of the country. In 1975 was devised by the "Instituto Ferrocarriles del Estado" (IFE) a National Plan Ferrocarrilero that began in Maracaibo and reached Barquisimeto-Puerto Cabello-Valencia-Caracas-Cua, following from Cua to Barcelona and Ciudad Bolivar-Ciudad Guayana. The company "Saprolate-Tranarg" made all aerial photographic surveys and

675-599: A region between Yaracuy and Carabobo), would go to the Valencia Lake and from there through the mountains to the Sea at the level of Borburata to get salt. Juan de Villegas founded the town of Borburata in 1548. Seven years later, in 1555, he founded Valencia in the central plains to the west of the Tacarigua (Valencia) Lake. In 1577 and 1583 the region of Valencia suffered a series of raids by Carib tribes coming from

750-400: A signal for a major reinvestment in the infrastructure of the state. Much of the renovation of the current Venezuelan railway network is still at the planning stage, with some already constructed and the rest to be built over a period of about 30 years. The Venezuelan network includes 682 km (424 mi) of rail in standard gauge . The network covers the populated and production areas in

825-457: Is Valencia , which is also the country's main industrial center. The state's area is 4,369 km (1,687 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 2,245,744. Carabobo State was the site of the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821. This was a decisive win in the war of independence from Spain , and was led by Simón Bolívar . There are several versions about the origin of

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900-614: Is a fundamental social right and the responsibility of the State, which shall guarantee it as part of the right to life. The State shall promote and develop policies oriented toward improving the quality of life, common welfare and access to services. All persons have the right to protection of health, as well as the duty to participate actively in the furtherance and protection of the same, and to comply with such health and hygiene measures as may be established by law, and in accordance with international conventions and treaties signed and ratified by

975-497: Is an idea derived from Bolivar's constitutionalism . Lastly, the Venezuelan judiciary was reformed. Judges would, under the new constitution, be installed after passing public examinations and not, as in the old manner, be appointed by the National Assembly. As Articles 83–85 under Title III of the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution enshrine free and quality healthcare as a human right guaranteed to all Venezuelan citizens,

1050-606: Is expected within five years after fund approval. There are no rail links to adjacent countries. Constitution of Venezuela The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (CRBV)) is the current and twenty-sixth constitution of Venezuela . It was drafted in mid-1999 by a constituent assembly that had been created by popular referendum. Adopted in December 1999, it replaced

1125-578: Is headed by the National Electoral Council (CNE) and is responsible for the independent oversight of all elections in the country, municipal, state, and federal. The citizens' branch is constituted by the (defensor del pueblo) ( ombudsman or "defender of the people"), the Chief Public Prosecutor (fiscal general) , and the comptroller general (contralor general) . It is responsible for representing and defending

1200-403: Is ideologically descended from the thinking and political philosophy of Simón Bolívar and Bolivarianism . The Constitution of 1999 was the first constitution approved by popular referendum in Venezuelan history, and summarily inaugurated the so-called " Fifth Republic of Venezuela " due to the socioeconomic changes foretold in its pages, as well as the official change in Venezuela's name from

1275-497: Is mountainous and part of the Coastal Range. The highest elevations are found throughout the northern part, in the western part of the state and in the southern part of Lake Valencia. There is a central depression around Lake Valencia and towards the south the plains begin. Cobalongo or Caobal Hill, in the municipality of Puerto Cabello, in the north, is the highest point in the state, at 1990 meters above sea level. Other of

1350-487: Is part of the North Llanero railway axis (northern plains) an east–west line that would provide service to the following cities/towns: and work was to be completed by 2012. As part of a National Rail Development Plan, the standard gauge Tinaco-Anaco railway , was inaugurated with Chinese funding in 2009. About a fifth of the work had been done by 2012. However, it appears construction stalled in 2013, though

1425-512: Is part of the projected Ezequiel Zamora railway axis . It starts from Caracas and ends in Cúa, Miranda State . The main terminal is located next to the Caracas Metro (subway) line 3 La Rinconada Terminal Station. This short North-South line can be passenger travelled in approximately, 30 minutes. The following are the names of the 4 stations and the estimated travel time from Caracas and then

1500-621: Is provided only between the stations on the Caracas – Cúa Branch. The following table shows the train schedule: All times are subject to change depending on special events, system improvements and the decisions the managers may make. In 2023, in response to growing demand, the IFE gave in to pressure and finally introduced Sunday services. Another part of the Ezequiel Zamora railway axis has 108 km (67 mi) under construction between

1575-538: The Hugo Chávez administration attempted to fulfill its constitutional obligations via the Barrio Adentro program. Notably, Article 84 under Title III mandate that the healthcare furnished through such public programmes as Barrio Adentro be publicly funded, and explicitly forbids privatization under any circumstance. The relevant text from the 1999 Bolivarian Constitution reads: Article 83 : Health

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1650-570: The President of Venezuela . Provision was also made for a new position, the Public Defender ( Defensoría del Pueblo ), which was to be an ombudsman office with the authority to check the activities of the presidency, the National Assembly, and the constitution – Chávez styled such a defender as the guardian of the so-called 'moral branch' of the Venezuelan government, tasked with defending public and moral interests. This

1725-556: The República de Venezuela ("Republic of Venezuela") to the República Bolivariana de Venezuela ("Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"). Major changes are made to the structure of Venezuela's government and responsibilities, while a much greater number of human rights are enshrined in the document as guaranteed to all Venezuelans – including free education up to tertiary level , free health care, access to

1800-448: The 1880s. Notable engineers associated with its original development include: John Grover and Robert Fairlie . Some of the later lines were designed by William A. Welch and Thomas Kavanagh (Caracas subway). Rail transport in Venezuela was neglected and went into a major decline from the 1950s, with bus and road transport taking its place. However, Caracas opened the first line of its subway system in 1983, and plans were made for

1875-477: The 1961 Constitution, the longest-serving in Venezuelan history. It was primarily promoted by then President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and thereafter received strong backing from diverse sectors, including figures involved in promulgating the 1961 constitution such as Luis Miquilena and Carlos Andrés Pérez . Chávez and his followers ( chavistas ) refer to the 1999 document as the "Constitución Bolivariana" (the "Bolivarian Constitution") because they assert that it

1950-632: The 1970s onwards, immigration came mainly from other Latin American countries. The La Cabrera Tunnel was constructed in the late 1950s using the New Austrian Tunnelling method . The first local elections for governors took place in 1988. Salas Römer became elected governor of Carabobo. In 2006 the Valencia city metro was inaugurated, making it the third city in the country with a system of this type. Most of Carabobo State - 75% -

2025-532: The Chief Executive, head of state and head of government, with the power to dissolve the National Assembly under certain conditions, and can issue decrees that has the force of law, upon authorization by the National Assembly. In 2009, term limits (not only that for president) were abolished by a referendum. And a post of vice-president was recreated to direct the day-to-day operations of the government and to exercise duties and powers that may delegated by

2100-646: The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Cecilia Sosa Gomez, argued that the Constituent assembly must remain subordinate to the existing institutions until the constitution it produced had been ratified. In mid August 1999, the Constituent assembly moved to restructure the nation's judiciary, claiming the power to fire judges, seeking to expedite the investigations of corruption outstanding against what The New York Times estimated were nearly half of

2175-467: The Constituent assembly and the older institutions it was supposed to reform or replace. During his 1998 presidential campaign, and in advance of the 25 July elections to the Assembly, Chávez had maintained that the new body would immediately have precedence over the existing Congress and the courts, including the power to dissolve them if it so chose. Against this, some of his opponents, including notably

2250-541: The Low Orinoco . The Spanish troops led by Garci-González repelled and went after them. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, the region suffered many attacks by French and British pirates . The town of Borburata was eventually abandoned for a long period, and settlers moved to Valencia, which was less likely to be raided as it was a day walk from the Caribbean. Some of the attacks included: In 1624 Indians to

2325-595: The Northwest of the Valencia Lake established the settlement of Guacara. Attacks by English and French pirates continued during a great part of the century. In 1659, the English pirate Myngs plundered Puerto Cabello on a raid that had taken him to Cumaná and later Coro. In 1677, Valencia was plundered by French pirates, who burnt down the Ayuntamiento or "City Hall" and destroyed most historical documents. At

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2400-773: The Orinoco River and enter the Bolívar State . This 233 km (145 mi) will start in the capital city of Maracaibo Zulia State nearby the Maracaibo Metro (subway) station. The line will cross the mouth of Lake Maracaibo in a combination tunnel/bridge under construction in an east–west direction and after the El Tablazo stop the line follows a north-north-west to south-south-east direction. The stations are as follows: This 320 km (199 mi) route will start from Ciudad Guyana Bolívar State ,

2475-618: The Plan was approved by the then President Luis Herrera Campins , but in the 1980s the Plan IFE was blocked for economic reasons after the devaluation of the Bolivar in 1983 and then was finally canceled with the Caracazo of 1989. Only the section Caracas- Cúa was maintained as a budgeted project (and was made, being inaugurated in 2006 by President Hugo Chavez ) . The 1999 constitution was

2550-509: The President as well as to act as the chief operating officer of government. He or she can be removed via impeachment by the National Assembly. The vice-president is also politically responsible to the National Assembly side by side with the ministers of Cabinet. Upon the vacancy of the office of the president upon death, recall, resignation or impeachment by the STJ, the vice president thus assumes

2625-532: The Puerto Cabello bay. On 31 March 1941, they set fire to their ships to prevent US troops from capturing them. A big fire in the haven of Puerto Cabello ensued. Several hundred marines were captured. Many of the Italians eventually would decide to settle down in Venezuela. In the second half of the 20th century, Carabobo experienced a population explosion. Many immigrants arriving from Europe to Venezuela after WW2 settled down in Valencia and surrounding areas. From

2700-684: The Puerto Ordaz section and cross the Orinoco River to go south–north to reach Maturín, Monagas State and continue till it reaches the Sucre State where the line will run east–west until it reaches the deep sea water port of Manicuare. The completion of an extension of the Simón Bolívar railway axis is a 45 km (28 mi) north–south line connection between Acarigua, and Turén. The first phase 468 km (291 mi)

2775-643: The Republic. Article 84 : In order to guarantee the right to health , the State creates, exercises guidance over and administers a national public health system that crosses sector boundaries, and is decentralized and participatory in nature, integrated with the social security system and governed by the principles of gratuity, universality, completeness, fairness, social integration and solidarity. The public health system gives priority to promoting health and preventing disease, guaranteeing prompt treatment and quality rehabilitation. Public health assets and services are

2850-689: The Simón Bolívar railway axis is a 113 km (70 mi) north–south line connection between the Yaritagua, Yaracuy State, Acarigua, Portuguesa State where a full upgrade restoration is in progress. A 252 km (157 mi) north–south line where a full upgrade/restoration was originally projected for completion by the end of 2010. This line was supposed to connect Guárico State and Apure State . The railway provides both freight and passenger service. Between Puerto Cabello and Barquisimeto movement of loads over 3 million tons per month have been exceeded. As of July 16, 2007, passenger service

2925-609: The State of Carabobo, in front of Puerto Cabello there are a number of small islands: In Lake Valencia there are also several islands. Some have disappeared due to the rise in the level of the lake since the 1970s. The largest island is Burro Island . The State of Carabobo has three hydrographic basins: the Basin of the Caribbean Sea, the Basin of Lake Valencia and the Basin of the South. Rivers: These rivers generally flow from

3000-556: The Valencia Lake region when the Europeans arrived. The different groups spoke mostly Arawak languages, but there were also several Carib groups. The Indians grew maize, a typical product of Western South American cultures and also Manioc, a typical product of groups from the East. Many metates or grinding stones for maize as well as budares for the preparation of cassava remain from those times. The Jirajara Indians from Nirgua (now

3075-535: The Victoria, south of Valencia. This area has moderate tectonic activity. Mountains are very steep; some slopes are over 80%. On the plains, slopes are less than 1%. In the Tocuyito area, slopes can reach 5%. There are a group of small islands near Puerto Cabello. The main ones are Isla Larga, Isla Santo Domingo, Isla Alcatraz and Isla del Rey. Isla Larga is the largest and is 1855 metres long. It makes part of

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3150-747: The additional following cities: This north–south branch will connect Bolívar State to Amazonas State although a possible alternative would be to join San Fernando de Apure to Puerto Ayacucho. This east–west route will connect Apure State, Guarico State, Bolivar State, Anzoategui State, Monagas State and Delta Amacuro State . Also this line will have stops in Cabruta and Caicara. This dominately north–south route 50 km (31.1 mi) joining Federal District to Vargas State will provide access to and from Caracas and its International/National Airports and one of its major Seaports. Completion of this line

3225-515: The additional time to the next station. Also there is a delay time before the train restarts the trip which can be adjusted by management policy. The main branch of the Simón Bolívar railway axis is a 177 km (110 mi) east–west line where a full upgrade/restoration was planned with a projected completion date of 2010. This line connects Carabobo State , Yaracuy State and Lara State . The stations are as follows: Another branch of

3300-537: The area in his South American trip. Venezuela's independence was declared on 19 April 1810 in the Casa de la Estrella, in Valencia. The Independence act was signed there the next year, 5 July. Several very important battles between Spanish royalist forces and the pro-Independence troops under Bolivar took place in the Carabobo region. The most important was the Battle of Carabobo , fought on 24 June 1821 and considered

3375-484: The beginning of 1694, the governor of Venezuela, Francisco Berroterán, declared the growing Guacara , Los Guayos and San Diego doctrinas , "towns of Indians". The Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas , a company organized by Basque entrepreneurs, received the monopoly of trade between Venezuela and the rest of the world. In that context, the company built in 1730 the haven of what would become Puerto Cabello. In 1800, German scientist Alexander von Humboldt explored

3450-462: The budget and communications. In response, the Congress, which in July had decided to go into recess until October to avoid conflict with the Constituent assembly, declared its recess over, effective 27 August. At one point the Constituent assembly prohibited the Congress from holding meetings of any sort. However, on 10 September, the two bodies reached an agreement allowing for their "coexistence" until

3525-507: The central government created the province of Barquisimeto from a part of Carabobo. In 1858, during the March Revolution, Valencia became again capital of Venezuela. On 27 April 1881 the central government reforms the administrative divisions and creates the state of Carabobo, which at that time had a part that later was given to Yaracuy. During World War II , the crews of several Italian ships and one German ship took refuge on

3600-413: The citizens in their dealings with powers of the Venezuelan state. The legislative branch was changed from a bicameral system to a unicameral system . It also increased the presidential term of office from five to six years, subject to a limit of two terms. The document also introduced provisions for national presidential recall referendums – that is, Venezuelan voters now were to be given

3675-417: The country, and is managed by IFE under various Regional Development Plans. There are also connections between Colombia and Brazil that link to the other countries of South America, although traffic in the border areas are affected by foreign policy and defence strategy. IFE is the sole operator of trains in Venezuela, however, they have created various railway names assigned to different regions throughout

3750-442: The country. Caracas – El Sombrero (approx 150 km) In 2016 the, "Puerto Cabello railway project, was described as irregular and marked by slow payments by the client as a result of the country’s poor economic conditions, mainly related to the drop in the price of oil." After 70 years without major improvements to the Venezuelan railway system, the Caracas – Cúa line was opened for public service on October 15, 2006. The route

3825-466: The document was, as drafted, one of the world's lengthiest constitutions. Despite the initial reluctance of the constituent assembly's deputies, it changed the country's official name from the "Republic of Venezuela" to the "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela". Significant changes were made to the separation of powers . Instead of the usual three branches of government, the new Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has five (Article 136): The electoral branch

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3900-535: The electoral system suggested by Chávez. Elections were then held, on 25 July, to elect 131 deputies to the Constituent Assembly, which convened and debated proposals during the remainder of 1999. Members of Chávez's MVR and allied parties formed the Polo Patriotico ("Patriotic Axis"). The alliance went on to win 121 of the 131 seats in the Constituent assembly. Conflict soon arose between

3975-636: The end of the first millennium new populations started to arrive from the Orinoco region, probably via the El Pao River. From the eighth century onwards the Orinoco populations started to merge with the older groups. This fusion produced what is known as Valenciode culture . People lived in houses built on artificial mounds in the very fruitful valleys to the East and West of the Valencia Lake. They produced specially anthropomorphic sculptures. Around

4050-618: The following 20 December. The text of the constitution is a hybrid of jurisprudential and political norms drawn from sources as wide as Simón Bolívar 's writings on constitutionality and popular sovereignty, José Martí , the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui , and Evgeny Pashukanis . While it retains a strong liberal-democratic base, it introduces elements of direct democracy such as elements of popular sovereignty ( consultative or recall referendums), social responsibilities, right to rebel against

4125-423: The highest peaks are: There is a large number of anticlines, synclines, diaclases, fractures and faults. One of the most important faults is La Victoria, located south of Valencia. This area shows some tectonic activity of moderate importance. The mountains have very deep slopes. The slopes can exceed 80%. In the plains, the slopes are less than 1%. In the area of the Tocuyito high plateau the slopes reach 5%. In

4200-494: The name Carabobo. One of them refers to a voice coming from a local Arawaco language: Karau means savannah and bo means water. The repeated bo acts as a superlative, i.e. a lot of water or streams. Thus, Carabobo would mean Savannah of Waters or Savannah of Ravines. When Europeans arrived to what would become Venezuela, one of the most important cultural centres was located around the Valencia Lake . The Native Americans in

4275-442: The nation's 4700 judges, clerks, and bailiffs. On 23 August, the Supreme Court voted 8–6 that the Assembly was not acting unconstitutionally in assuming those powers; however, the next day Cecilia Sosa Gomez resigned in protest. Over 190 judges were eventually suspended on charges of corruption. On 25 August, the Constituent assembly declared a "legislative emergency," voting to limit the Congress's work to matters such as supervising

4350-403: The national political context. In the process, Chávez sought to fatally paralyse his AD and COPEI opposition. All Chávez's aims were, in one move, dramatically furthered. This new 1999 constitution was presented to the national electorate on 15 December 1999 and approved with a 72% "yes" vote (audited by the National Electoral Council ). The new constitution then legally came into full effect

4425-634: The new constitution took effect. Afterward, over the span of a mere 60 days in late 1999, the new and voter-approved Constituent assembly would frame and found a document that enshrined as constitutional law most of the structural changes Chávez desired. Chávez stated such changes were necessary in order to successfully and comprehensively enact his planned social justice programs. Sweeping changes in Venezuelan governmental structure were to be made; Chávez's plan was, stemming from his 1998 campaign pledges, thus to dramatically open up Venezuelan political discourse to independent and third parties by radically altering

4500-404: The north and west of the state and south of the Valencia Lake . The Cobalongo or Caobal peak is the highest point of the state, at 1990 metres above sea level. There is a central low plain around the Valencia Lake and towards the south, where Venezuela's Llanos start. There is a large amount of anticlinals, synclinals, diaclases, fractures and faults . One of the most important is the one of

4575-753: The northern part of the Coastal Mountain Range into the Caribbean Sea. Rivers: All these rivers used to flow into Lake Valencia, although the waters of the Cabriales River have been diverted to the Paíto. Rivers: These rivers flow into the Guárico and Portuguesa rivers, which are part of the Orinoco River basin. Most of the region is covered by mountains that make up part of Venezuela's Coast Mountain Range. The highest peaks are found on

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4650-461: The office and title of the presidency. The new constitution also converted the formerly bicameral Congress into a unicameral legislature, and stripped it of many of its former powers. Thus, the new single-chamber National Assembly dropped the prior traditional arrangement of the bifurcation of legislative powers between a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate . In addition, the legislative branch's powers were substantially reduced and transferred to

4725-672: The original Venezuelan network was designed in the 19th century in the Federalist period and under the administration of Antonio Guzmán Blanco , in order to open up the country for trade and earn foreign revenues. However, the first licenses were signed and revoked nine times before the first stretch was operating. Two of the first lines connected Caracas to its port of La Guaira (the La Guaira and Caracas Railway ) and to Valencia (the Great Venezuela Railway ) in

4800-415: The people if they wanted to convene a National Constituent Assembly . His very first decree as president was to order a referendum , which took place on 19 April. The electorate were asked two questions – whether a constituent assembly should be convened, and whether it should follow the mechanisms proposed by the president. 92% of voters approved calling a constituent assembly and 86% approved

4875-469: The possibility of impeachment of the president by the national parliament . Instead, the president can be removed from office either by citizens through a recall referendum or by decision of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice . President Hugo Chávez was first elected under the provisions of the 1961 Constitution in the presidential election of 6 December 1998. Chávez had been contemplating

4950-482: The property of the State and shall not be privatized. The organized community has the right and duty to participate in the making- of decisions concerning policy planning, implementation and control at public health institutions. Article 85 : Financing of the public health system is the responsibility of the State, which shall integrate the revenue resources, mandatory Social Security contributions and any other sources of financing provided for by law. The State guarantees

5025-500: The public in 2012. Work began in 2015 on a 350 million bolivar plan to restore the 7 km (4.3 mi) of track, with 7 tunnels and 5 bridges, to provide a 25-minute journey from Los Lagos to El Encanto . The completion of the connection from La Encrucijada to the Tuy Valley will be made at a later date. A follow-up future east–west phase will connect Sabana de Mendoza with Barquisimeto Lara State. Future expansion includes

5100-514: The region were hunters, gatherers, but also fishers and farmers. Many petroglyphs and ceramics remain from this time. There are signs of human presence in the Valencia region from the fourth millennium BC onwards. Humans were also present earlier in other areas of what is now Carabobo, like in Bejuma . An important human settlement occurred around the Valencia Lake between 200 and 1000 AD. These people already practiced some kind of agriculture. At

5175-427: The right to remove their president from office before the expiration of the presidential term. Such referendums were to be activated upon provision of petitions with a valid number of signatures. The new provision was activated for the first time when such a referendum was held in 2004, but it failed to receive majority support. See 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum . The Presidency was also strengthened, aside from being

5250-552: The route remains on the State Railways Institution's map of railways under construction . This 7 km long branch independent of all other rail systems is for recreational purposes only. Mainly is to provide entertainment for tourists, these enchanted sights must be viewed by all. Originally this summit section was part of the Great Venezuela Railway (180 km in length) built in 1909 and operated until after 1937. If all goes well this will be available to

5325-489: The sea port city of Puerto Cabello, Carabobo State, and the crossroads town of La Encrucijada , Aragua State . The line is predominately east–west, although between the station at Naguanagua and the terminus at Puerto Cabello the route changes to a north–south direction. 14 tunnels including the 7.8 km (4.8 mi) Bárbula Tunnel (the longest in South America) and many bridges are required to connect between

5400-560: The various stations along this line. The project is behind schedule. In 2016 work on the Puerto Cabello railway was described as "irregular and marked by slow payments by the client as a result of the country’s poor economic conditions , mainly related to the drop in the price of oil." The new stations under construction are found in: (*)These two are suburban cities of Valencia . Another branch north–south line 201 km (125 mi) found mainly in Guarico State that will cross

5475-422: The violation of the constitutional system (articles 333 and 350) and the independence of the republic from foreign domination. Besides these elements, separation of powers (albeit with two new branches of government) and rights of property, expression and strike were mainly kept the same as on the previous constitution. The Constituent assembly itself drafted the new 1999 Venezuelan constitution. With 350 articles,

5550-540: The year 1200 the Valencioide culture reached the whole area of the Valencia Lake basin, the centre of Northern Venezuela and several islands in the Caribbean. The Indians would trade sea products like the ( Strombus gigas ), salt (specially from the Paraguana Peninsula), turtles and fish from coral reefs. The trade took place in villages along the coast. Taramainas, Tacariguas and other tribes inhabited

5625-537: Was changed 23 times since 1811, the new Constitution is adopted, on average, every ten years. The most significant changes are those contained in the Fundamental Laws of 1811, 1830, 1864, 1936, 1947, 1961 and 1999. Carabobo Carabobo State ( Spanish : Estado Carabobo , IPA: [esˈtaðo kaɾaˈβoβo] ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela , located in the north of the country, about two hours by car from Caracas . The state capital city

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