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48-488: (Redirected from States Rights Party ) States' Rights Party may refer to: Dixiecrats or States' Rights Democratic Party, a short-lived (1948) segregationist political party in the United States States' Rights Party of Louisiana , organized in 1956 in opposition to racial integration of schools; see History of Louisiana National States' Rights Party ,

96-631: A Police Nation in the United States of America. In Arkansas, Democratic gubernatorial nominee Sid McMath vigorously supported Truman in speeches across the state, much to the consternation of the sitting governor, Benjamin Travis Laney, an ardent Thurmond supporter. Laney later used McMath's pro-Truman stance against him in the 1950 gubernatorial election, but McMath won re-election handily. Efforts by States' Rights Democrats to paint other Truman loyalists as turncoats generally failed, although

144-481: A community that didn't, or couldn't, prepare them for it. Writes [ Harvard University sociologist Orlando] Patterson, "The greatest problem now facing African-Americans is their isolation from the tacit norms of the dominant culture, and this is true of all classes." Although widespread, the distinction between integration and desegregation is not universally accepted. For example, it is possible to find references to "court-ordered integration" from sources such as

192-489: A far-right white supremacist party in existence in the U.S. from 1958 to 1987 States' Rights Party, the party name used by the T. Coleman Andrews – Thomas H. Werdel presidential ticket in 1956 See also [ edit ] States' rights (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title States' Rights Party . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

240-435: A third-party bid, but party organizers convinced him to accept the party's nomination, with Fielding Wright as his running mate. Wright's supporters had hoped that Wright would lead the ticket, but Wright deferred to Thurmond, who had greater national stature. The selection of Thurmond received fairly positive reviews from the national press, as Thurmond had pursued relatively moderate policies on civil rights and did not employ

288-613: A third-party ticket. In numbers greater than the 6,000 that attended the first, the States' Rights Democrats held a boisterous second convention in Oklahoma City , on August 14, 1948, where they adopted their party platform which stated: We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race; the constitutional right to choose one's associates; to accept private employment without governmental interference, and to earn one's living in any lawful way. We oppose

336-547: The Detroit News , PBS , or even Encarta . These same sources also use the phrase "court-ordered desegregation", apparently with exactly the same meaning; the Detroit News uses both expressions interchangeably in the same article. When the two terms are confused, it is almost always to use integration in the narrower, more legalistic sense of desegregation ; one rarely, if ever, sees desegregation used in

384-427: The 1948 Democratic National Convention . In July, the convention nominated Truman to run for a full term and adopted a plank proposed by Northern liberals led by Hubert Humphrey calling for civil rights; 35 Southern delegates walked out. The move was on to remove Truman's name from the ballot in the southern United States. This political maneuvering required the organization of a new and distinct political party, which

432-606: The 1952 Democratic National Convention , but all Southern delegations were seated after agreeing to a party loyalty pledge. Segregationist Alabama Senator John Sparkman was selected as the Democratic vice-presidential nominee in 1952, helping to boost party loyalty in the South. The Dixiecrats are considered to have begun the weakening of the Democratic Solid South. Regardless of the power struggle within

480-616: The 1968 presidential election , Republican Richard Nixon or third-party candidate George Wallace won every former Confederate state except Texas. Thurmond eventually left the Democratic Party and joined the Republican Party in 1964, charging the Democrats with having "abandoned the people" and having repudiated the U.S. Constitution ; he subsequently worked on the presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater . Within

528-572: The Civil Rights Movement on the ( San Francisco ) Peninsula in the '60s ... and ... an African American," wrote that the "term 'desegregation' is normally reserved to the legal/legislative domain, and it was the legalization of discrimination in public institutions based on race that many fought against in the 1960s. The term 'integration,' on the other hand, pertains to a social domain; it does and should refer to individuals of different background who opt to interact." In their book By

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576-699: The Deep South Democrats in Congress almost unanimously opposed. Southern Democratic ideology on non-racial issues was heterogeneous. Some such as Fielding L. Wright supported the tenets of the New Deal , others such as Harry F. Byrd joined the conservative coalition . The Dixiecrats' presidential candidate, Strom Thurmond , became a Republican in 1964, as the Republican standard bearer opposed civil rights laws. The Dixiecrats represented

624-586: The Dixiecrats ), also colloquially referred to as the Dixiecrat Party was a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States, active primarily in the South . It arose due to a Southern regional split in opposition to the national Democratic Party . After President Harry S. Truman , the leader of the Democratic Party, ordered integration of the military in 1948 and other actions to address civil rights of African Americans , including

672-522: The Ku Klux Klan , expecting the organization would soon fold. Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it. In the 1930s, a political realignment occurred largely due to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . While many Democrats in the South had shifted toward favoring economic intervention , civil rights for African Americans was not specifically incorporated within

720-635: The Republican Party before being excluded from politics in the region, but during the Great Migration African Americans had found the Democratic Party in the North, West and the national Democratic party more suited to their interests. After Roosevelt died, the new president Harry S. Truman established a highly visible President's Committee on Civil Rights and issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in

768-479: The 1930s, a political realignment occurred largely due to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . While many Democrats in the South supported substantive economic intervention , civil rights for African Americans were not specifically incorporated within the New Deal agenda, due in part to Southern control over many key positions of power within the U.S. Congress. Supporters assumed control of

816-457: The Color of Our Skin (1999) Leonard Steinhorn and Barbara Diggs-Brown also make a similar distinction between desegregation and integration . They write "... television has ... give[n] white Americans the sensation of having meaningful, repeated contact with blacks without actually having it. We call this phenomenon virtual integration, and it is the primary reason why the integration illusion –

864-438: The Democratic Party concerning segregation policy, the South remained a strongly Democratic voting bloc for local, state, and federal Congressional elections, but increasingly not in presidential elections. Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won several Southern states in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections . In the 1956 election, former Commissioner of Internal Revenue T. Coleman Andrews received just under 0.2 percent of

912-548: The Democratic Party, at least for a time, although the Dixiecrats weakened Democratic identity among white Southerners. The Dixiecrats' standard bearer, Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, eventually switched to the Republican Party in 1964. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Since

960-581: The Democrats' left wing, although he did not carry any states. The splits in the Democratic Party in the 1948 election had been expected to produce a victory by GOP presidential nominee Dewey, but Truman defeated Dewey in an upset victory. The States' Rights Democratic Party collapsed after the 1948 election, as Truman, the Democratic National Committee, and the New Deal Southern Democrats acted to ensure that

1008-592: The Dixiecrat movement would not return in the 1952 presidential election . Some Southern diehards, such as Leander Perez of Louisiana, attempted to keep it in existence in their districts. Wright continued to defend racial segregation, but conceded that complete obstinance along the lines of the 1948 departure from the Democratic Party would cause his home state of Mississippi to lose "its standing with everybody in America." Former Dixiecrats received some backlash at

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1056-441: The Dixiecrats did nominate a ticket, Arkansas Governor Benjamin Travis Laney would be the presidential nominee, and South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond or Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright the vice presidential nominee. Laney traveled to Birmingham during the convention, but he ultimately decided that he did not want to join a third party and remained in his hotel during the convention. Thurmond himself had doubts about

1104-583: The New Deal agenda, due in part to Southern control over many key positions of power within the U.S. Congress. Nonetheless, civil rights gained an outspoken champion in First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , and supportive approaches from the administration's " Black Cabinet ". With the entry of the United States into the Second World War, Jim Crow was indirectly challenged. More than one and a half million black Americans served in

1152-600: The South retake its dominant position in the Democratic Party. In implementing their strategy, the States' Rights Democrats faced a complicated set of state election laws, with different states having different processes for choosing presidential electors . The States' Rights Democrats eventually succeeded in making the Thurmond–Wright ticket the official Democratic ticket in Alabama , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina . In other states, they were forced to run as

1200-587: The Southern defectors from the Democratic Party chose to brand as the States' Rights Democratic Party. Just days after the 1948 Democratic National Convention, the States' Rights Democrats held their own convention at Municipal Auditorium in Birmingham, on July 17. While several leaders from the Deep South such as Strom Thurmond and James Eastland attended, most major Southern Democrats did not attend

1248-456: The U.S. military during World War II, where they received equal pay while serving within segregated units. (While equally entitled to receive veterans' benefits after the war, the vast majority of African American veterans were prevented from accessing most benefits due in part to Southern success in congress to have benefits administered by the states instead of the federal government.) Tens of thousands of black civilians at home were recruited in

1296-681: The beginning of Reconstruction, Southern white voters supported the Democratic Party by overwhelming margins in both local and national elections, (the few exceptions include minor pockets of Republican electoral strength in Appalachia , East Tennessee in particular, Gillespie and Kendall Counties of central Texas) forming what was known as the " Solid South ". Even during the last years of Reconstruction , Democrats used paramilitary insurgents and other activists to disrupt and intimidate Republican freedman voters, including fraud at

1344-420: The belief that we are moving toward a colorblind nation – has such a powerful influence on race relations in America today." Reviewing this book in the libertarian magazine Reason , Michael W. Lynch sums up some of their conclusions as "Blacks and whites live, learn, work, pray, play, and entertain separately..." Then, he writes: The problem, as I see it, is that access to the public spheres, specifically

1392-524: The commercial sphere, often depends on being comfortable with the norms of white society. If a significant number of black children aren't comfortable with them, it isn't by choice: It's because they were isolated from those norms. It's one thing for members of the black elite and upper middle class to choose to retire to predominantly black neighborhoods after a lucrative day's work in white America. It's quite another for people to be unable to enter that commercial sphere because they spent their formative years in

1440-416: The conference. Among those absent were Georgia Senator Richard Russell Jr. , who had finished with the second-most delegates in the Democratic presidential ballot. Prior to their own States' Rights Democratic Party convention, it was not clear whether the Dixiecrats would seek to field their own candidate or simply try to prevent Southern electors from voting for Truman. Many in the press predicted that if

1488-561: The early 2010s, statistician and political analyst Nate Cohn wrote of the "demise of the Southern Democrat". Racial integration Morris J. MacGregor Jr. in his paper "Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1969", writes concerning the words integration and desegregation : In recent years many historians have come to distinguish between these like-sounding words... The movement toward desegregation, breaking down

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1536-560: The elimination of segregation, the repeal of miscegenation statutes , the control of private employment by Federal bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program. We favor home-rule, local self-government and a minimum interference with individual rights. The platform went on to say: We call upon all Democrats and upon all other loyal Americans who are opposed to totalitarianism at home and abroad to unite with us in ignominiously defeating Harry S. Truman, Thomas E. Dewey and every other candidate for public office who would establish

1584-521: The fiery rhetoric used by other segregationist leaders. The States' Rights Democrats did not formally declare themselves as being a new third party, but rather said that they were only "recommending" that state Democratic Parties vote for the Thurmond–Wright ticket. The goal of the party was to win the 127 electoral votes of the Solid South, in the hopes of denying Truman–Barkley or Dewey–Warren an overall majority of electoral votes, and thus throwing

1632-475: The first presidential proposal for comprehensive civil and voting rights, many Southern white politicians who objected to this course organized themselves as a breakaway faction. They wished to protect the ability of states to maintain racial segregation . Its members were referred to as "Dixiecrats", a portmanteau of " Dixie ", referring to the Southern United States , and "Democrat". In

1680-427: The labor-starved war industries across many urban centers in the country, mainly due to the promotion of Executive Order 8802 , which required defense industries not to discriminate based on ethnicity or race. Members of the Republican Party (which nominated Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey in 1944 and 1948), along with many Democrats from the northern and western states, supported civil rights legislation that

1728-487: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=States%27_Rights_Party&oldid=1162218631 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dixiecrat The States' Rights Democratic Party (whose members are often called

1776-529: The military in 1948. A group of Southern governors, including Strom Thurmond of South Carolina and Fielding L. Wright of Mississippi, met to consider the place of Southerners within the Democratic Party. After a tense meeting with Democratic National Committee (DNC) chairman and Truman confidant J. Howard McGrath , the Southern governors agreed to convene their own convention in Birmingham, Alabama if Truman and civil rights supporters emerged victorious at

1824-479: The nation's Jim Crow system, became increasingly popular in the decade after World War II . Integration, on the other hand, Professor Oscar Handlin maintains, implies several things not yet necessarily accepted in all areas of American society. In one sense it refers to the "levelling of all barriers to association other than those based on ability, taste, and personal preference"; in other words, providing equal opportunity. But in another sense integration calls for

1872-472: The next few decades, a realignment took place whereby most conservatives (economic, cultural, and racial conservatives included) migrated to the Republican Party, with liberals on the same issues going to the Democrats, resulting in more heterogenous national platforms. The Southern states subsequently shifted over time to voting mainly Republican, with the Northeast switching to voting mainly Democratic. By

1920-425: The polls and attacks on their leaders. The electoral violence culminated in the Democrats regaining control of the state legislatures and passing new constitutions and laws from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites. They also imposed Jim Crow , a combination of legal and informal segregation acts that made blacks second-class citizens, confirming their lack of political power through most of

1968-420: The popular vote running as the presidential nominee of the States' Rights Party. In the 1960 presidential election , Republican Richard Nixon won several Southern states, and Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia received the votes of several unpledged electors from Alabama and Mississippi. In the 1964 presidential election , Republican Barry Goldwater won all four states that Thurmond had carried in 1948. In

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2016-633: The presidential election to the United States House of Representatives and the vice presidential election to the United States Senate . Once in the House and Senate, the Dixiecrats hoped to throw their support to whichever party would agree to their segregationist demands. Even if the Republican ticket won an outright majority of electoral votes (as many expected in 1948), the Dixiecrats hoped that their third-party run would help

2064-495: The random distribution of a minority throughout society. Here, according to Handlin, the emphasis is on racial balance in areas of occupation, education, residency, and the like. From the beginning the military establishment rightly understood that the breakup of the all-black unit would in a closed society necessarily mean more than mere desegregation. It constantly used the terms integration and equal treatment and opportunity to describe its racial goals. Rarely, if ever, does one find

2112-440: The seeds of discontent were planted which in years to come took their toll on Southern moderates. On election day in 1948, the Thurmond–Wright ticket carried the previously solidly Democratic states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, receiving 1,169,021 popular votes and 39 electoral votes. Progressive Party presidential nominee Henry A. Wallace drew off a nearly equal number of popular votes (1,157,172) from

2160-466: The southern United States. The social and economic systems of the Solid South were based on this structure, although the white Democrats retained all the Congressional seats apportioned for the total population of their states. Three-time Democratic Party presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan opposed a highly controversial resolution at the 1924 Democratic National Convention condemning

2208-469: The state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states. They opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and other aspects of de jure and de facto racial discrimination. On non-racial issues, they held heterogeneous beliefs. Despite the Dixiecrats' success in several states, Truman was narrowly re-elected. After the 1948 election , its leaders generally returned to

2256-486: The weakening of the " Solid South ". (This referred to the Southern Democratic Party's control of presidential elections in the South and most seats in Congress, partly through decades of disfranchisement of blacks entrenched by Southern state legislatures between 1890 and 1908.) The Republicans of the lily-white movement in the South also turned against blacks. Blacks had formerly been aligned with

2304-477: The word desegregation in military files that include much correspondence. Similarly, Keith M. Woods writes on the need for precision in journalistic language: " Integration happens when a monolith is changed, like when a black family moves into an all-white neighborhood. Integration happens even without a mandate from the law. Desegregation ," on the other hand, "was the legal remedy to segregation." In 1997, Henry Organ, who identified himself as "a participant in

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