71-515: Stavoren ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈstaːvərə(n)] ; West Frisian : Starum [ˈstaːrəm] ; previously Staveren ) is a city in the province of Friesland , Netherlands , on the coast of the IJsselmeer , about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Hindeloopen , in the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân . Stavoren had a population of 950 in January 2017. It is one of the stops on
142-453: A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2009, are the sandbank Simonszand and the natural reserve Rottum consisting of the three uninhabited islands Rottumeroog , Rottumerplaat, and Zuiderduintjes . The national park Lauwersmeer ( IUCN category II) is located on the border between Groningen and Friesland. The province of Groningen is also called Stad en Ommelanden , which means the city of Groningen and its surrounding lands, which are
213-636: A labor force of 268,000 people and unemployment rate of 9.6%, which is the second highest unemployment for a province in the Netherlands. Groningen is home to the Low Saxon dialect called Gronings ( Grönnegs / Grunnegs in Gronings regional language), In the eastern part of Friesland variations of the Groninger 'language' is spoken. Gronings has local nuances, for example, the people in
284-422: A Dutch newspaper. However, the same test also revealed that native Dutch speakers understood 63.9% of a spoken Frisian text, 59.4% of a spoken Afrikaans text and 89.4% of a spoken Dutch text, read aloud by native speakers of the respective languages. The saying "As milk is to cheese, are English and Fries" describes the observed similarity between Frisian and English. One rhyme that is sometimes used to demonstrate
355-569: A dominating influence on the surrounding Ommelanden . In the 14th century, Groningen became one of the towns within the Hanseatic League . In the years after, Groningen expanded its influence. At its peak almost all of the current province Friesland was under the influence and control of Groningen. Shortly before 1498, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor gave Groningen and Friesland to Albert III, Duke of Saxony , who could however not establish permanent control. In 1514/15 Groningen came to
426-462: A few runic inscriptions from the region which are probably older and possibly in the Frisian language. These runic writings, however, usually do not amount to more than single- or few-word inscriptions, and cannot be said to constitute literature as such. The Middle Frisian language period ( c. 1550 – c. 1820 ) is rooted in geopolitics and the consequent fairly abrupt halt in
497-790: A part of the Frankish Empire around 785. Charlemagne assigned the Christianization of this new possession to Ludger . In the 11th century, the city of Groningen was a village in Drenthe that belonged to the Bishopric of Utrecht , while most of the province was in the Prince-Bishopric of Münster . During the Middle Ages, central control was remote, and the city of Groningen acted as a city-state , exerting
568-616: A prominent grammatical feature in almost all West Frisian dialects, with the notable exception of Súdwesthoeksk . Therefore, the New Frisian period is considered to have begun at this time, around 1820. Most speakers of West Frisian live in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands . Friesland has 643,000 inhabitants (2005), of whom 94% can understand spoken West Frisian, 74% can speak West Frisian, 75% can read West Frisian, and 27% can write it. For over half of
639-648: A total of 11,589 cargo vessels arrived at the two Groningen Seaports combined, 7,111 sea vessels and 4,478 inland vessels. The ports had a cargo throughput of 11,309,000 tonnes. The chemical industry near Delfzijl is located at the Chemie Park in Farmsum , with factories of AkzoNobel , Lubrizol , and Teijin Aramid . Both GDF Suez and Vattenfall have a natural gas-fired power plant in Eemshaven, and Essent
710-541: Is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland ( Fryslân ) in the north of the Netherlands , mostly by those of Frisian ancestry . It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages . In the study of the evolution of English , West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy , these being part of
781-637: Is almost always just called "Frisian" (in Dutch: Fries for the Frisian language and Westfries for the Dutch dialect). The unambiguous name used for the West Frisian language by linguists in the Netherlands is Westerlauwers Fries [ˈʋɛstərˌlʌu.ərs ˈfris] (West Lauwers Frisian), the Lauwers being a border river that separates the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen . In
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#1732779794908852-903: Is an umbrella organization for museums and other heritage organizations in the province of Groningen and has 58 members. The Groninger Museum is the most visited museum in the province with 209,195 visitors in 2015. The other museums and heritage organizations with more than 25 thousand visitors in 2015 are Fort Bourtange in Bourtange, Noordelijk Scheepvaartmuseum in Groningen, Ter Apel Monastery in Ter Apel, Fraeylemaborg in Slochteren, Nationaal Bus Museum in Hoogezand, and Museumspoorlijn STAR in Stadskanaal. FC Groningen from
923-643: Is building a coal-fired power plant there. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 25 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.2% of the Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,300 € or 124% of the EU27 average in the same year. In 1959, the Groningen gas field near Slochteren was discovered, and the NAM started to exploit the field in 1963. This caused Dutch disease and induced earthquakes . In 2013, Groningen had
994-622: Is chairman of both branches. The Provincial Council of Groningen consists of 43 members and the Provincial Executive consists of the King's Commissioner and six deputies. The government has its seat in the city of Groningen, which is the provincial capital. René Paas , member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), has been the King's Commissioner since 18 April 2016. He succeeded Max van den Berg who
1065-468: Is flat. A large area of the province is below sea level. The Hasseberg near Sellingen of 14.6 m (48 ft) above sea level is the highest point. The Groningen gas field near Slochteren is the 8th largest natural gas field in the world. Since 1986, the exploitation of this gas field has caused earthquakes in the region with magnitudes up to 3.6. In the Wadden Sea of Groningen,
1136-589: Is no difference between ei and ij , whereas in Clay Frisian, there is no difference between ei and aai . Other phonological differences include: Some lexical differences between Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian include: West Frisian uses the Latin alphabet. A, E, O and U may be accompanied by circumflex or acute accents. In alphabetical listings both I and Y are usually found between H and J. When two words differ only because one has I and
1207-512: Is not a proper Frisian") was used, according to legend, by the 16th century Frisian rebel and pirate Pier Gerlofs Donia as a shibboleth that he forced his captives to repeat to distinguish Frisians from Dutch and Low Germans . Here is a short example of the West Frisian language in comparison with English , Old English , and Dutch . Not all Frisian varieties spoken in Dutch Friesland are mutually intelligible . The varieties on
1278-468: Is that in the Old Frisian period ( c. 1150 – c. 1550 ) grammatical cases still occurred. Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from the 12th or 13th, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, these texts are restricted to legal documents. Although the earliest definite written examples of Frisian are from approximately the 9th century, there are
1349-601: Is the 7th largest province of the Netherlands. It has a total area of 2,955 km (1,141 sq mi), with 2,316 km (894 sq mi) of land and 639 km (247 sq mi) of water. About 80% of the land or 1,876 km (724 sq mi) is used for agriculture . The rest of the land is: 9% or 158 km (61 sq mi) of built-up or semi built-up area, 6% or 144 km (56 sq mi) of nature, 3% or 66 km (25 sq mi) of infrastructure, and 2% or 43 km (17 sq mi) of recreational area. The land in Groningen
1420-412: Is the most populated and most densely populated municipality, containing the largest city. The province of Groningen has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb). On 1 January 2023, the province of Groningen had a population of 596,075 and a population density of 257/km (670/sq mi), which make it the 9th most populous province and 8th most densely populated province of
1491-557: The Groninger Dagblad , and the Drentse Courant . In 2015, the newspaper had a circulation of 96,515. RTV Noord is a regional public broadcaster of radio and television based in the city of Groningen, with Radio Noord and TV Noord. Their radio station has 121,000 daily listeners and a market share of 28% (2012) and their TV station has 171,000 daily viewers and a market share of 26.7% (2012). People from
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#17327797949081562-663: The Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family. The name "West Frisian" is only used outside the Netherlands, to distinguish this language from the closely related Frisian languages of East Frisian , including Saterland Frisian , and North Frisian spoken in Germany . Within the Netherlands, however, "West Frisian" refers to the West Frisian dialect of the Dutch language while the West Frisian language
1633-526: The Elfstedentocht (English: "eleven cities tour"), an ice skating contest that occurs when the winter temperatures provide safe conditions. A ferry for pedestrians and cyclists operates between Stavoren and Enkhuizen , with increased frequency during summer months. The Friese Kustpad, a 131 kilometres (81 miles) long-distance trail to Lauwersoog , begins in Stavoren. The historical Stavoren
1704-587: The NHL University of Applied Sciences , and the Stenden University of Applied Sciences in the city of Groningen are the province's publicly funded universities of applied sciences ( hogescholen ). The Dagblad van het Noorden is a regional daily newspaper based in the city of Groningen and is owned by NDC Mediagroep. It was founded in 2002 by merging the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden ,
1775-838: The late Middle Ages after a sandbank formed outside the harbour, blocking ships from entering and exiting. The appearance of the sandbank is the topic of the Dutch Renaissance folk-tale of the Lady of Stavoren . In 1657, the entire town was submerged in a great flood. Before 2011, the city was part of the Nijefurd municipality and before 1984 Stavoren was an independent municipality. Notable people from Stavoren include: West Frisian language West Frisian , Frisian, or English on Expert (West Frisian: Frysk [frisk] or Westerlauwersk Frysk ; Dutch : Fries [fris] , also Westerlauwers Fries ),
1846-489: The 11 towns, use two names (both Dutch and West Frisian) or only a West Frisian name. Within ISO 639 West Frisian falls under the codes fy and fry , which were assigned to the collective Frisian languages. The mutual intelligibility in reading between Dutch and Frisian is poor. A cloze test in 2005 revealed native Dutch speakers understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an Afrikaans newspaper and 97.1% of
1917-460: The 1970s. Frisian is still spoken by some Dutch Canadians , Dutch Americans , Dutch Australians and Dutch New Zealanders . Apart from the use of West Frisian as a first language, it is also spoken as a second language by about 120,000 people in the province of Friesland. West Frisian is considered by UNESCO to be a language in danger of becoming extinct , officially listed as "vulnerable". In 1951, Frisian language activists, protesting at
1988-605: The Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian dialects are the words my ("me"), dy ("you"), hy ("he"), sy ("she" or "they"), wy ("we"), and by ("by"), which are pronounced in the Wood Frisian as mi , di , hi , si , wi , and bi and in Clay Frisian as mij , dij , hij , sij , wij , and bij . Other differences are in the pronunciation of the diphthongs ei , ai , and aai which are pronounced ij , ai , and aai in Wood Frisian, but ôi , òi , and ôi in Clay Frisian. Thus, in Wood Frisian, there
2059-857: The Duchy of Guelders , and in 1536 as the Lordship of Groningen to the Habsburg Netherlands . In 1594, Groningen was conquered from the Spanish by the Republic of the Seven United Provinces , precursor state of the Netherlands, to which it belonged henceforth. During World War II , the Netherlands were occupied by Nazi Germany . In April 1945, the 2nd Canadian Division fought in the Battle of Groningen , which resulted in
2130-589: The Frisian landscape. In the western and north-western parts of the province, the region where Clay Frisian is spoken, the soil is made up of thick marine clay, hence the name. While in the Clay Frisian-speaking area ditches are used to separate the pastures, in the eastern part of the province, where the soil is sandy, and water sinks away much faster, rows of trees are used to that purpose. The natural landscape in which Wâldfrysk exists mirrors The Weald and North Weald areas of south-eastern England –
2201-613: The Frisian language has been lost. Old Frisian bore a striking similarity to Old English . This similarity was reinforced in the late Middle Ages by the Ingvaeonic sound shift, which affected Frisian and English, but the other West Germanic varieties hardly at all. Both English and Frisian are marked by the suppression of the Germanic nasal in a word like us ( ús ), soft ( sêft ) or goose ( goes ): see Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law . Also, when followed by some vowels
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2272-414: The Frisian poet Gysbert Japiks (1603–1666), a schoolteacher and cantor from the city of Bolsward ( Boalsert ), who largely fathered modern West Frisian literature and orthography, was an exception to the rule. His example was not followed until the 19th century, when entire generations of Frisian authors and poets appeared. This coincided with the introduction of the so-called newer breaking system,
2343-501: The Germanic k developed into a ch sound. For example, the West Frisian for cheese and church is tsiis and tsjerke , whereas in Dutch they are kaas and kerk . Modern English and Frisian on the other hand have become very divergent, largely due to wholesale Norse and French imports into English and similarly heavy Dutch and Low German influences on Frisian. One major difference between Old Frisian and modern Frisian
2414-428: The Germanic words wald and weald are cognate. Although Klaaifrysk and Wâldfrysk are mutually very easily intelligible, there are, at least to native West Frisian speakers, a few very conspicuous differences. These include the pronunciation of the words my ("me"), dy ("thee"), hy ("he"), sy ("she" or "they"), wy ("we") and by ("by"), and the diphthongs ei and aai . Of
2485-453: The Netherlands is maintained by ProRail . There are six railways located partially or entirely in the province of Groningen. The railway station Groningen connects several of these railways. The international airport that serves Groningen is Groningen Airport Eelde , which is located in Eelde in the province of Drenthe. The airport is co-owned by the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe and
2556-639: The Netherlands. The city of Groningen is the most populous city in the province and the 6th most populous city in the Netherlands. On 1 January 2013, 92.2% of the total provincial population was born in the Netherlands; and of the 7.8% that was born abroad, the ten most common foreign countries of origin are the neighbour Germany (1.09%), the former colonies and dependencies Indonesia (0.60%), Netherlands Antilles and Aruba (0.55%), Suriname (0.54%), and other countries Turkey (0.41%), Soviet Union (0.36%), China (0.32%), Poland (0,26%), Yugoslavia (0.26%), and United Kingdom (0.18%). In 2015, 18.7% of
2627-578: The city of Groningen is the only football club from the province in the Eredivisie . Their home stadium Euroborg has a capacity of 22,550 seats. In the 2012–2013 competition , FC Groningen became 7th of the 18 teams. SC Veendam played in the Eerste Divisie , but filed for bankruptcy in 2013. The city of Groningen is also the base of basketball club GasTerra Flames , volleyball club Lycurgus , and korfball club Nic. The ice rink at
2698-464: The city's major employers are University Medical Center Groningen with 12,141 employees, University of Groningen with 5,591 employees, Municipality of Groningen with 3,063 employees, Education Implementation Service (DUO) with 2,000 employees, and Gasunie with 1,748 employees. The other economically important area is the Ems delta with the sea ports of Delfzijl and Eemshaven . In 2015,
2769-503: The coalition and was replaced by the ChristianUnion (CU). The Labour Party has three deputies, the other coalition parties have one deputy each. In the province of Groningen, there are three national roads ( Dutch : rijkswegen ), which are maintained by Rijkswaterstaat . The motorway A7 ( E22 ) connects the city of Groningen with the provinces of Friesland and North Holland in the west and with Winschoten and Germany in
2840-429: The early Middle Ages the Frisian lands stretched from the area around Bruges , in what is now Belgium , to the river Weser , in northern Germany . At that time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. Today this region is sometimes referred to as "Greater Frisia " or Frisia Magna , and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage, even though in most places
2911-487: The east. The motorway is interrupted for the ring road of the city of Groningen, where it is the expressway N7. The motorway A28 ( E232 ) starts at the city of Groningen and runs south connecting it with the provinces of Drenthe, Overijssel , Gelderland , and Utrecht . The expressway N33 runs south from Eemshaven, via Appingedam and Veendam, to Drenthe. Other roads are overseen by the province (N roads), municipalities, or water boards . Public transport falls under
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2982-469: The eastern part speak Gronings with more German influence. Nowadays, many inhabitants of the province do not speak the dialect, especially in the city of Groningen where many outsiders have moved. Traditional dishes and delicacies from Groningen are boerenkoolstamppot , droge worst , krentjebrij , oudewijvenkoek , poffert , and spekdik . Traditional alcoholic drinks are boerenjongens , boerenmeisjes , fladderak , and heet bier . Museumhuis Groningen
3053-618: The elections, the member of the Party for the North (PvhN) continued as an independent under the name Free Mandate. The next provincial elections are planned for 18 March 2015. Following the 2011 elections, the Provincial Executive was formed by a coalition of the Labour Party, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Democrats 66 (D66), and GreenLeft (GL). In 2013, GreenLeft left
3124-678: The exclusive use of Dutch in the courts, caused a riot in Leeuwarden . The resulting inquiry led to the establishment of a committee of inquiry. This committee recommended that the Frisian language should receive legal status as a minority language. Subsequently, the Use of Frisian in Legal Transactions Act of 11 May 1956 was passed, which provided for the use of Frisian in transactions with the courts. Since 1956, West Frisian has an official status along with and equal to Dutch in
3195-513: The executive branch. The province is divided into 10 municipalities. The land is mainly used for agriculture . There are seaports in Delfzijl and Eemshaven . The Groningen gas field , one of the world's largest, was discovered in 1959. The province is home to the University of Groningen and Hanze University of Applied Sciences . Groningen was originally a part of Frisia . It became
3266-477: The historical regions of Fivelingo , Hunsingo , Oldambt , Westerkwartier , and Westerwolde . The province ( Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS level 2) is divided into three COROP regions (NUTS level 3): East Groningen, Delfzijl and surroundings, and the rest of Groningen. The COROP regions are used for statistical purposes. The province is also divided into ten municipalities , each with its own local government. Currently, Groningen
3337-461: The inhabitants of the province of Friesland, 55% ( c. 354,000 people ), West Frisian is the native language. In the central east, West Frisian speakers spill over the province border, with some 4,000–6,000 of them actually living in the province of Groningen , in the triangular area of the villages Marum (West Frisian: Mearum ), De Wilp ( De Wylp ), and Opende ( De Grinzer Pein ). Also, many West Frisians have left their province in
3408-466: The islands are rather divergent, and Glottolog distinguishes four languages: The dialects within mainstream mainland West Frisian are all readily intelligible. Three are usually distinguished: The Súdwesthoeksk ("South Western") dialect, which is spoken in an area called de Súdwesthoeke ("the Southwest Corner"), deviates from mainstream West Frisian in that it does not adhere to
3479-520: The last 60 years for more prosperous parts of the Netherlands. Therefore, possibly as many as 150,000 West Frisian speakers live in other Dutch provinces, particularly in the urban agglomeration in the West, and in neighbouring Groningen and newly reclaimed Flevoland . A Frisian diaspora exists abroad; Friesland sent more emigrants than any other Dutch province between the Second World War and
3550-492: The liberation of the city and in the death of 130, the capture of 5,212, and the fleeing of 2,000 German soldiers. In May 1945, another 3,000 German soldiers were captured in the Battle of Delfzijl by the 5th Canadian Division , after which all of the northern provinces were liberated. East Groningen was the scene of a particularly fierce class struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries. Perhaps not coincidentally, Groningen boasts
3621-579: The modern Netherlands. In the 14th century, the city of Groningen became a member of the Hanseatic League . The provincial capital and the largest city in the province is the city of Groningen (231,299 inhabitants ). Since 2016, René Paas has been the King's Commissioner in the province. A coalition of GroenLinks , the Labour Party , ChristianUnion , People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , Democrats 66 , and Christian Democratic Appeal forms
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#17327797949083692-413: The multi-sport center Kardinge in the city of Groningen is used for national speed skating championships, most recently the 2013 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships . A provincial government in the Netherlands consists of a Provincial Council , the directly elected legislative branch, and a Provincial Executive , the executive branch. The King's Commissioner , who is appointed by the national government,
3763-437: The municipalities of Groningen, Assen , and Tynaarlo . Its summer destinations are Antalya , Faro , Girona , Gran Canaria , Heraklion , Kos , Palma de Mallorca , and Tenerife . Its winter destinations are Innsbruck and Salzburg . Starting on 5 June 2014, there will also be flights to London . For other international destinations, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the nearest airport. The general aviation airports in
3834-511: The oath in Frisian in courts anywhere in the Netherlands . Primary education in Friesland was made bilingual in 1956, which means West Frisian can be used as a teaching medium. In the same year, West Frisian became an official school subject, having been introduced to primary education as an optional extra in 1937. It was not until 1980, however, that West Frisian had the status of a required subject in primary schools, and not until 1993 that it
3905-546: The only municipality ( Beerta ) where the Communist Party of the Netherlands has ever had a mayor ( Hanneke Jagersma ). Groningen is situated at 53°15′N 6°44′E / 53.250°N 6.733°E / 53.250; 6.733 in the northeast of the Netherlands . To the west is the province Friesland , to the south is the province Drenthe , to the east the German districts are Leer and Emsland in
3976-423: The other one has Y (such as stikje and stykje ), the word with I precedes the one with Y. In handwriting, IJ (used for Dutch loanwords and personal names) is written as a single letter (see IJ (digraph) ), whereas in print the string IJ is used. In alphabetical listings IJ is most commonly considered to consist of the two letters I and J, although in dictionaries there is an entry IJ between X and Z telling
4047-484: The palpable similarity between Frisian and English is "Bread, butter and green cheese is good English and good Fries", which does not sound very different from " Brea, bûter en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk ". Another rhyme on this theme, " Bûter, brea en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin is gjin oprjochte Fries " ( example ; in English, "Butter, bread and green cheese, whoever can't say that
4118-499: The population belonged to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands while 4.9% was Roman Catholic , 1.3% was Muslim and 6.7% belonged to other churches or faiths. Over half (68.4%) of the population identified as non-religious. Religion in Groningen (province) (2015) The city of Groningen is the economic center of the province. In the 14th century, the city became a member of the Hanseatic League . Currently some of
4189-753: The province are Oostwold Airport in Oostwold and Stadskanaal Airfield in Stadskanaal . The University of Groningen in the city of Groningen was founded in 1614 and is the only research university ( universiteit ) in the province. On 1 September 2013, it had 29,407 students and 5,238 full-time equivalent of staff members. The university has ten faculties: Arts, Behavioural and Social Sciences, Economics and Business, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medical Sciences, Philosophy, Spatial Sciences, Theology and Religious Studies, and University College Groningen. The Hanze University of Applied Sciences ,
4260-450: The province of Friesland . It is used in many domains of Frisian society, among which are education, legislation, and administration. In 2010, some sixty public transportation ticket machines in Friesland and Groningen added a West Frisian-language option. Although in the courts of law the Dutch language is still mainly used, in the province of Friesland , Frisians have the right to give evidence in their own language. Also, they can take
4331-483: The rules for government procurement in the European Union . Tenders for regional bus and railway services are selected by the province of Groningen. Qbuzz is contracted for bus services in the period 2009–2015 and Arriva for railway services in the period 2005–2020. Nederlandse Spoorwegen operates the railway services from Groningen railway station southward to Drenthe and beyond. The railway network in
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#17327797949084402-401: The so-called newer breaking system, a prominent grammatical feature in the three other main dialects. The Noardhoeksk ("Northern") dialect, spoken in the north eastern corner of the province, does not differ much from Wood Frisian. By far the two most-widely spoken West Frisian dialects are Clay Frisian ( Klaaifrysk ) and Wood Frisian ( Wâldfrysk ). Both these names are derived from
4473-579: The state Lower Saxony , and to the north the North Sea , Ems , and Dollart . The northernmost point of the Netherlands is on Rottumerplaat at 53°33′18″N 6°28′41″E / 53.55500°N 6.47806°E / 53.55500; 6.47806 ; the easternmost point of the Netherlands is in Bad Nieuweschans at 53°10′49″N 7°13′40″E / 53.18028°N 7.22778°E / 53.18028; 7.22778 . Groningen
4544-474: The two, Wâldfrysk probably has more speakers, but because the western clay area was originally the more prosperous part of the mostly agricultural province, Klaaifrysk has had the larger influence on the West Frisian standardised language. There are few if any differences in morphology or syntax among the West Frisian dialects, all of which are easily mutually intelligible , but there are slight variances in lexicon . The largest difference between
4615-442: The use of Frisian as a written language. Until the 16th century, West Frisian was widely spoken and written, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation of its stronghold, the Dutch province of Friesland ( Fryslân ), in 1498, by Albert III, Duke of Saxony , who replaced West Frisian as the language of government with Dutch. This practice
4686-415: The user to browse back to I. Groningen (province) Groningen ( / ˈ ɡ r oʊ n ɪ ŋ ə n / GROH -ning-ən , UK also / ˈ ɡ r ɒ n ɪ ŋ ə n / GRON -ing-ən , Dutch: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)] ; Gronings : Grunn ; West Frisian : Grinslân [ˈɡrẽːslɔ̃ːn] ) is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands . It borders on Friesland to
4757-406: The west, Drenthe to the south, the German state of Lower Saxony to the east, and the Wadden Sea to the north. As of January 2023, Groningen had a population of about 596,000, and a total area of 2,955 km (1,141 sq mi). Historically the area was at different times part of Frisia , the Frankish Empire , the Holy Roman Empire , and the Dutch Republic , the precursor state of
4828-414: Was continued under the Habsburg rulers of the Netherlands ( Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and his son Philip II, King of Spain ). When the Netherlands became independent in 1585 , West Frisian did not regain its former status, because Holland rose as the dominant part of the Netherlands and its language, Dutch, as the dominant language in judicial, administrative and religious affairs. In this period
4899-439: Was given the same position in secondary education. In 1997, the province of Friesland officially changed its name from the Dutch form Friesland to the West Frisian Fryslân . So far 4 out of 18 municipalities ( Dantumadiel , De Fryske Marren , Noardeast-Fryslân , Súdwest-Fryslân ) have changed their official geographical names from Dutch to West Frisian. Some other municipalities, like Heerenveen and
4970-468: Was granted city rights between 1060 and 1067, making it the oldest city in Friesland . It is mentioned in early texts as the burial place of the early kings of Friesland, including the first Christian king Adgil II (d. 730), who was a son of Redbad , the last pagan king who lived from about 670 to 719. Stavoren was the site of a memorable battle on 26 September 1345 where the count of Holland William IV "the Bold" lost his life. Stavoren began to decline in
5041-435: Was the King's Commissioner in Groningen from 2007 to 2016. In the provincial elections of 2011 , the Labour Party became the largest party with nearly 25% of the votes and 12 seats in the Provincial Council. The next three largest parties are the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the Socialist Party (SP) with 6 seats each, and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) with 5 seats. In 2011, two months after
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