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55-494: Stavropol is the largest city and the capital of Stavropol Krai, and Pyatigorsk is the administrative center of the North Caucasian Federal District. Stavropol Krai is bordered by Krasnodar Krai to the west, Rostov Oblast to the north-west, Kalmykia to the north, Dagestan to the east, and Chechnya , North Ossetia–Alania , Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia to the south. It

110-471: A nationwide vote took place, with 78   % of voters voting in favor of the amendments with a turnout of 65   %, according to official results. Putin signed an executive order on 3 July 2020 to officially insert the amendments into the Russian Constitution; they took effect on 4 July 2020. After the signing of " treaties of annexation " with Russian occupation authorities during

165-538: A guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . Large companies in the region include Stavrolen , Arnest , Concern Enorgomera , Nevinomiskiy Azot , Stavropolskiy Gres . Irrigated agriculture is well-developed in the region. As of the beginning of 2001, Stavropol Krai had 3,361 km of irrigation canals , of which 959 km were lined (i.e., had concrete or stone walls, rather than merely soil walls, to reduce

220-618: A stone cross there while building the fortress in the city's future location. It is not related to Byzantine Stauroupolis (ancient Aphrodisias) in Asia Minor , nor to the city of Stavropol-on-Volga (now called Tolyatti). It was founded on October 22, 1777 following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 as a military encampment, and was granted city status in 1785. Prince Grigory Potemkin , who founded Stavropol as one of ten fortresses built between Azov and Mozdok at

275-562: A two-thirds vote. While the Russian Federation Constitution enumerates a strong and independent judicial branch, the reality is a question of debate. The constitution provides for judicial immunity, lifetime appointments/"irremovable" justices, the supremacy of the courts to administer justice, and affirms that judges need only submit to the constitution and the federal law. Additionally, Article 123 provides for open and fair trials, as well as equal application of

330-506: Is a city and the administrative centre of Stavropol Krai , in southern Russia . As of the 2021 Census , its population was 547,820, making it one of Russia's fastest growing cities. The name Stavropol (Russian: Ста́врополь ) is a Russian rendering of the Greek name, Stauropolis ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Σταυρούπολις 'City of the Cross'). According to legend, soldiers found

385-473: Is between −2 °C (28 °F) and −6 °C (21 °F). Summers are warm to hot with average July temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F). Extremes range from −35 °C (−31 °F) in winter to 40 °C (104 °F) in summer. Average annual precipitation is 400 to 600 millimetres (16 to 24 in). The krai was established as North Caucasus Krai on October 17, 1924. After undergoing numerous administrative changes, it

440-470: Is now estimated at 453,387. In 1950, the population of Stavropol was 108,353. Stavropol has grown by 3,293 since 2015, which represents a 0.73% annual change. Stavropol has a theater and an association football team called FC Dynamo Stavropol . The main educational institutions of the town include North-Caucasus Federal University , Stavropol State Agrarian University , and Stavropol State Medical University. The area of Russia in which Stavropol resides

495-704: Is one of the most multi-ethnic federal subjects in Russia, with thirty-three ethnic groups with more than 2,000 persons each. The western area of Stavropol Krai is considered part of the Kuban region, the traditional home of the Kuban Cossacks , with most of the krai's population living in the drainage basin of the Kuban River . The krai encompasses the central part of the Fore-Caucasus and most of

550-878: Is possible only through the adoption of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation by the Russian Constitutional Assembly or by popular vote. The amendments of 2008, which were proposed in November 2008 and came into force on 31 December 2008, are the first substantial amendments to the Constitution of Russia of 1993 and extended the terms of the President of Russia and the State Duma from four to six and five years, respectively. Earlier only minor adjustments concerning

605-410: Is very mountainous, placing the city in the midst of the northern Caucasus mountain range. The city has one of the biggest city parks in Russia, 'Victory Park' covering up to 200 hectares. The city, like many other Russian cities has its own botanical garden , which covers up to 18 hectares, including 16 hectares of natural woods. Stavropol experiences a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), using

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660-512: The city of krai significance of Stavropol —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of krai significance of Stavropol is incorporated as Stavropol Urban Okrug . Stavropol's economy focuses on the production of automobiles, furniture, and construction equipment and materials. The city relies on air transport through Shpakovskoye airport as well as rail and highway connections to other Russian cities. Stavropol's 2021 population

715-481: The 2022 invasion of Ukraine , the text of the constitution was updated to include the Donetsk People’s Republic , Kherson Oblast , Luhansk People’s Republic , and Zaporizhzhia Oblast . As of December 2022, none of these territories is fully controlled by Russian forces, and Russian law does not define their borders: Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov stated that Russia will "continue consultations with

770-777: The Germans and its airport was used as a base for the Luftwaffe (German air force) to bomb Soviet oil supplies in Grozny . The city was liberated by the Soviet Army in January 1943. Since 1946, natural gas has been extracted near the city; later on, a pipeline to supply Moscow was built. Stavropol is the administrative center of the krai . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with one rural locality (the khutor of Grushevy ), incorporated as

825-866: The Kuban Cossacks are now generally considered ethnic Russians , although their roots are in Ukraine (historically, their dialect was descended from that of Cherkasy ). Other notable ethnic groups include Armenians (mostly Christian Hamsheni ), Armeno-Tats , Pontic Greeks , Ukrainians , Turkmens as well as indigenous groups from the North Caucasian republics , especially from Chechnya , Ingushetia and Dagestan . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.29 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 71.66 years (male — 67.68, female — 75.43) The 2010 Census counted thirty-three ethnic groups of more than 2,000  persons each, making this federal subject one of

880-685: The Order of St. George . He owned an estate in Stavropol where he made wine. Major General Pavel Klimenko was born in Stavropol, he was killed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in November 2024. Yevgeni Sergeyevich Dukhnov (born September 1986) former professional football player Stavropol is twinned with: Constitution of Russia The Constitution of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Конституция Российской Федерации , romanized :  Konstitucija Rossijskoj Federacii )

935-560: The "in a row" clause from the article regulating the maximum number of presidential terms, discounting previous presidential terms before the amendment enters into force. Other changes are recognition of Russia as a successor to the Soviet Union in relation to international organizations, treaties, and assets of the USSR stipulated by international treaties outside the territory Russian Federation, banning ceding Russian territory, diminishing

990-402: The 0°C (32°F) isotherm, with short but cold winters (though mild for Russia) and hot summers. Precipitation is rather low, with a 562 millimeters (22.1 in) annual average. Stavropol is not protected by the mountains in the winter months, so it can frequently get very cold. The lowest temperature recorded in Stavropol was −28.3 °C (−18.9 °F) on 8 February 2012 , while the highest

1045-771: The Catholic Church of the Byzantine Rite, Serafima Meletieva was born in 1886 at Stavropol. Piotr Mikhailovich Skarżyński (1744-1805), A Russian Major General. He served in the cavalry units of the Russian army and he commanded the Buzhan Cossacks during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1791, he showed heroism during the assault on Ochakov and the defense of the Kinburn fortress. He was awarded

1100-837: The Chairman of the Krai Executive Committee (executive power). In 1970–1978, Mikhail Gorbachev , a native of Stavropol Krai, occupied the position of the First Secretary of the Krai's Communist Party Committee. He left the region for Moscow in 1978, when he was promoted to a Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, to become the Party's General Secretary and the nation's leader 7 years later. The region

1155-453: The Constitution provides for human rights and freedoms of citizens according to the universally recognised principles and norms of international law as well as to their listing in the Constitution. (It affirms that the listing in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the fundamental rights and freedoms shall not be interpreted as a rejection and derogation of other universally recognised human rights and freedoms.) The Constitution of

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1210-661: The Federation Council, which has 14 days to take a vote on it. If the bill is adopted by the Federation Council, it must be signed by the President to become law. If rejected by the Federation Council, the bill will be returned to the State Duma, which can then override the council's rejection by passing it again with a two-thirds vote in the same form. The President has a final veto, but the State Duma and Federation Council also have an overriding power by passing with

1265-632: The President of Russia. This appointment process includes formal vetting but remains subject to executive influence The Constitution requires 19 judges for the Constitution Court, but does not specify the number of justices for the other courts. As of 2002, the Supreme Court has 115 members; due to the expansion of duties in 2014, the number of seats was increased to 170. In September 2014, the Institute of Modern Russia reported that

1320-400: The Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution covers interrelated changes to the constitutional text; the law itself receives a name reflecting the essence of this amendment. Article 135 covers updating the provisions of chapters 1, 2, and 9 of the Constitution of Russia. An update to any of these chapters is considered a revision of the Constitution's fundamental provisions, which

1375-450: The Russian Federation specifies that the President is the Russian head of state, setting domestic and foreign policy and representing Russia both within the country and internationally [Article 80]. While the original constitution stipulated a four-year term and a maximum of two terms in succession, the current constitution decrees a six-year term. The four-year term was in effect while Vladimir Putin served his first and second terms; with

1430-467: The Russian Federation's Supreme Arbitration Court had been dissolved and that judicial matters previously under its authority had been transferred to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The procedure for amending the Constitution is outlined in Chapter Nine. Proposals on amendments to and revision of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may be submitted by the President of

1485-554: The Russian Federation, the Council of Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, legislative (representative) bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and by groups consisting of not less than one fifth of the members of the Council of Federation or of the deputies of the State Duma. Article 137 covers updating the provisions of Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia. An update regarding

1540-464: The Russian Federation, united by a common fate on our land, establishing human rights and freedoms, civic peace and accord, preserving the historically established state unity, proceeding from the universally recognized principles of equality and self-determination of peoples, revering the memory of ancestors who have conveyed to us the love for the Fatherland, belief in the good and justice, reviving

1595-403: The State Duma is of more significance, as it carries the main responsibility for passing federal laws. Although a bill may originate in either legislative chamber (or be submitted by the President, government, local legislatures, Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, or High Arbitration Court), it must be first considered by the State Duma and be adopted by a majority vote before being turned over to

1650-524: The accomplishments by the "defenders of the fatherland" and their role in World War II is no longer allowed, and enshrining God and heterosexual marriage in the constitution. Other amendments would enshrine the role of the Russian language as that of "state forming people", a constitutional reference to God and giving statutory backing to the State Council . From 25 June to 1 July 2020,

1705-426: The change of the name of the subject of the Russian Federation is carried out by a decree of the President of Russia on bringing the name of the subject of the Russian Federation in the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in accordance with the decision of the subject of the Russian Federation. An update regarding changes in the subject composition of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with

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1760-423: The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the sovereignty of the Russian Federation ), following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis . The constitution is divided into two sections. Overall it creates a system of crown-presidentialism (see Partlett 2022 for details), which affords vast power to the office of the president to dominate executive, legislative, and judicial power. We, the multinational people of

1815-411: The federal constitutional law on the admission to the Russian Federation and the formation of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation, on changes in the constitutional and legal status of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which should contain an indication of the inclusion of relevant changes or additions to Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia. Article 136 covers updating

1870-538: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Krai Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The krai administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as

1925-561: The law. The Constitution originally delineated three main courts: the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court. However, the Supreme Arbitration Court was dissolved in 2014, and its jurisdiction was transferred to the Supreme Court. Judges for each court are appointed by the Federation Council, based on proposals made by

1980-497: The loss of water). Among the major irrigation canals are: According to the 2021 Census the Krai's population was 2,907,593, up from 2,786,281 in the 2010 Census and further up from 2,410,379 recorded in the 1989 Census . The population of the krai is concentrated in the drainage basins of the Kuban River and of the Kuma River , which used to be traditional Cossack land (see History of Cossacks ). In modern Russia

2035-568: The moment of its official publication, and abolished the Soviet system of government . The 1993 Constitution is one of the longest-standing constitutions in Russian history, second only to the Soviet Union’s 1936 Constitution , which was in effect until 1977. The text was drafted by the 1993 Constitutional Conference , which was attended by over 800 participants. Sergei Alexeyev , Sergey Shakhray , and sometimes Anatoly Sobchak are considered as

2090-533: The most multiethnic in Russia. The inhabitants identified themselves as belonging to more than 140 different ethnic groups, as shown in the following table: According to a 2012 survey 46.9% of the population of Stavropol Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% are Muslims , 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox bodies, and 1% of

2145-689: The naming of the federal subjects or their merging were made, which require a much simpler procedure. On 21 March 2014, Federal Constitutional Law No. 6 «On the Adoption of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation and the Formation of New Subjects within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol » was adopted. The amendments of 2020 remove

2200-685: The national poet of Ossetia , Kosta Khetagurov . The first and only executive president of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–2022), was born in Stavropol Krai and spent several years working in the city of Stavropol as the head of the krai 's administration. Gorbachev's chief mentor, long-time friend, and predecessor Yuri Andropov (1914–1984) was also born in Stavropol Krai. Actor Lev Gorn (born 1971) star of The Americans , and Serge de Sazo (1915–2012) Russian born French photographer, were born in Stavropol. An abbess of

2255-412: The northern slopes of Caucasus Major . It borders with Rostov Oblast , Krasnodar Krai , Kalmykia , Dagestan , Chechnya , North Ossetia–Alania , Kabardino-Balkaria , and Karachay–Cherkessia . Most of Stavropol Krai experiences hot-summer humid continental climate (except for mountains). Winters are shorter and warmer than in most of Russia but still freezing and snowy: average January temperature

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2310-651: The population adheres to Rodnovery or local native faiths. In addition, 19% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious ", 16% is atheist , and 7.1% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Stavropol Krai is administratively divided into twenty-six districts ( raions ) and ten cities/towns . The districts are further subdivided into nine towns of district subordinance , seven urban-type settlements , and 284 rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs . Stavropol Stavropol ( Russian : Ставрополь , IPA: [ˈstavrəpəlʲ] ), known as Voroshilovsk from 1935 until 1943,

2365-595: The presidency. The constitution provides for a "strong presidency"; not only is the president the "Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", the president also has the power to dissolve the State Duma . The legislature is the Federal Assembly of Russia, which consists of two chambers: the State Duma (the lower house) and the Federation Council (the upper house). The two chambers possess different powers and responsibilities:

2420-572: The primary co-authors of the constitution. The text was inspired by Mikhail Speransky 's constitutional project and the current French constitution . The USAID -funded lawyers also contributed to the development of the draft. It replaced the previous Soviet -era Constitution of 12 April 1978 , of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (which had already been amended in April 1992 to reflect

2475-469: The provisions of chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the Constitution of Russia. An update is carried out in the form of a special act: a law of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution, which is adopted by the parliament similarly to the federal constitutional law, but then also requires ratification by the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation. Moreover, one law of

2530-677: The region. Stavropol's strategic location aided the Russian Empire 's conquest of the Caucasus . By the early 19th century the city grew into a busy trade center of the North Caucasus . In 1843, an Episcopal see of the Russian Orthodox Church was established in Stavropol and in 1847 the city became the seat of Stavropol Governorate . During the Russian Civil War the city changed hands several times and finally

2585-572: The request of Catherine the Great , played a leading role in the creation of the city. Don Cossacks , particularly those from the Khopersky Regiment, settled the area in and around the cities of Stavropol and Georgiyevsk with a mission to defend borders of the Empire. Alexander I in 1809 invited several Armenian families to settle by the fortress, in order to encourage trade in

2640-399: The residents" as to the oblast borders, and that the people’s republics are annexed "in the 2014 borders", but high-level Russian collaborator Oleg Tsariov stated that "there are no 2014 borders". The Constitution of Russia: On December 10, 2018, a commemorative coin made of copper-nickel alloy with a nominal value of 25 rubles "The 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of

2695-400: The sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting the firmness of its democratic basic, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland before the present and future generations, recognizing ourselves as part of the world community, adopt the Constitution of Russian Federation. Especially on human rights and fundamental freedoms ,

2750-413: The two-term limit, he was barred from the presidency in 2008. Instead, he served as Prime Minister while Dmitry Medvedev served as president for four years. Putin was re-elected to his third term in 2012; with the six-year term, he was elected to his fourth term in 2018. Article 81 specifies the method of election, including a secret ballot; Articles 82–93 detail powers, responsibilities, and limitations of

2805-458: Was +39.7 °C (103.5 °F) on 8 August 2006 . Well-known Russians who have visited or resided in Stavropol include: Generals Alexander Suvorov (1730–1800), Alexey Yermolov (1777–1861), and Nikolay Raevsky (1771—1829); the poets Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837) and Mikhail Lermontov (1814–1841), who were in political disfavor, the surgeon Nikolay Pirogov (1810—1881), Alexander Griboyedov (1795–1829), Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), and

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2860-419: Was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 and enacted on 25 December 1993. The latest significant reform occurred in 2020, marked by extensive amendments that altered various sections, including presidential terms, social policies, and the role of Russian law over international norms. (See 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia ). Russia 's constitution came into force on 25 December 1993, at

2915-646: Was also native to Yuri Andropov , who was also leader of the Soviet Union for a short time. Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Krai Administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside the elected regional parliament . The Charter of Stavropol Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Stavropol Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising

2970-520: Was captured by the Red Army from the Volunteer Army of general Anton Denikin on February 29, 1920. The city was renamed Voroshilovsk on May 5, 1935, after Kliment Voroshilov , but the original name was restored by decree on January 12, 1943. The Great Patriotic War took a heavy toll on the city and between August 3, 1942 and January 21, 1943 Stavropol was occupied by

3025-609: Was renamed Ordzhonikidze Krai ( Орджоникидзевский край ), after Sergo Ordzhonikidze , in March 1937, and Stavropol Krai on January 12, 1943. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the region ( krai ) was shared between three persons: the First Secretary of the Stavropol Krai CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority), the Chairman of the Krai Soviet (legislative power), and

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