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67-821: The Steinwald lies south of the Upper Franconian county town of Marktredwitz and north of Erbendorf in the district of Tirschenreuth . The Steinwald is separated from the Fichtel Mountains to the northwest by the Waldershof trough ( Waldershofer Senke ) and from the Upper Palatine Forest to the southeast by the Waldnaab -Wondreb-trough. The mountains and hills in the range and in the Steinwald Nature Park include

134-399: A "dance" (sometimes called the weasel war dance ), though this behaviour could be linked to Skrjabingylus infections. The stoat seeks to immobilize large prey such as rabbits with a bite to the spine at the back of the neck. The stoat may surplus kill when the opportunity arises, though excess prey is usually cached and eaten later to avoid obesity , as overweight stoats tend to be at

201-1010: A 2021 study split M. erminea into three species: M. erminea sensu stricto (Eurasia and northern North America), M. richardsonii (most of North America), and M. haidarum (several islands off the Pacific Northwest coast). As of 2021 , 21 subspecies are recognized. ( Nominate subspecies ) maculata (Billberg, 1827) [REDACTED] alpestris (Burg, 1920) giganteus (Burg, 1920) major (Nilsson, 1820) [REDACTED] kadiacensis (Merriam, 1896) kadiacensis (Osgood, 1901) richardsonii (Bonaparte, 1838) whiteheadi (Wroughton, 1908) [REDACTED] digna (Hall, 1944) kamtschatica (Dybowski, 1922) kanei (G. Allen, 1914) naumovi (Jurgenson, 1938) orientalis (Ognev, 1928) transbaikalica (Ognev, 1928) M. e. mongolica [REDACTED] M. e. ognevi [REDACTED] The stoat's direct ancestor

268-402: A disadvantage when pursuing prey into their burrows. Small prey typically die instantly from a bite to the back of the neck, while larger prey, such as rabbits, typically die of shock , as the stoat's canine teeth are too short to reach the spinal column or major arteries. The stoat is a usually silent animal, but can produce a range of sounds similar to those of the least weasel. Kits produce

335-604: A fine chirping noise. Adults trill excitedly before mating, and indicate submission through quiet trilling, whining and squealing. When nervous, the stoat hisses, and will intersperse this with sharp barks or shrieks and prolonged screeching when aggressive. Aggressive behavior in stoats is categorized in these forms: Submissive stoats express their status by avoiding higher-ranking animals, fleeing from them or making whining or squealing sounds. Larger mammalian predators such as red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) and sables ( Martes zibellina ) are known to prey on stoats. Additionally,

402-408: A large portion of the stoat's diet. Hares are sometimes taken, but are usually young specimens. In New Zealand, the stoat feeds principally on birds, including the rare kiwi , kaka , mohua , yellow-crowned parakeet , and New Zealand dotterel . Cases are known of stoats preying on young muskrats . The stoat typically eats about 50 g (1.8 oz) of food a day, which is equivalent to 25% of

469-562: A significant role. Forestry management measures include fertilising in order to counteract the lack of magnesium which causing a yellowing of the pine needles. So that no treeless steppes appear as on the heights of the Ore Mountains , the damaged highlands are planted. The Kemnath Forestry Department has done this on about 200 ha (490 acres). Many holidaymakers visit the Steinwald to go walking. The long-distance trails through

536-432: A wide range of birds of prey can take stoats, from small northern hawk-owls ( Surnia ulula ) and short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ) to various buzzards , kites , goshawks , and even Eurasian eagle-owls ( Bubo bubo ) and golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ). Although not classified as birds of prey, grey herons ( Ardea cinerea ) are known to prey on stoats. Tuberculosis has been recorded in stoats inhabiting

603-413: A year. In spring, the moult is slow, starting from the forehead, across the back, toward the belly. In autumn, the moult is quicker, progressing in the reverse direction. The moult, initiated by photoperiod , starts earlier in autumn and later in spring at higher latitudes. In the stoat's northern range, it adopts a completely white coat (save for the black tail-tip) during the winter period. Differences in

670-598: Is 37.0–47.6 mm (1.46–1.87 in). The height of the ear measures 18.0–23.2 mm (0.71–0.91 in) in males and 14.0–23.3 mm (0.55–0.92 in). The skulls of males measure 39.3–52.2 mm (1.55–2.06 in) in length, while those of females measure 35.7–45.8 mm (1.41–1.80 in). Males average 258 g (9.1 oz) in weight, while females weigh less than 180 g (6.3 oz). The stoat has large anal scent glands measuring 8.5 mm × 5 mm (0.33 in × 0.20 in) in males and smaller in females. Scent glands are also present on

737-521: Is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [ Regierungs ] region [ bezirk ]) of the state of Bavaria , southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia , the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia , which are all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern ( Bavaria ). With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer , Upper Franconia has

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804-469: Is associated with agonistic encounters. The stoat does not dig its own burrows, instead using the burrows and nest chambers of the rodents it kills. The skins and underfur of rodent prey are used to line the nest chamber. The nest chamber is sometimes located in seemingly unsuitable places, such as among logs piled against the walls of houses. The stoat also inhabits old and rotting stumps, under tree roots, in heaps of brushwood, haystacks, in bog hummocks, in

871-405: Is basal to most other members of Mustela , with only the yellow-bellied ( M. kathia ), Malayan ( M. katiah ), and back-striped ( M. strigidorsa ) weasels being more basal. The mountain weasel ( Mustela altaica ) was formerly considered its closest relative although more recent analyses have found it to be significantly more derived. It was also previously thought to be allied with members of

938-404: Is depicted holding an ermine in her portrait, Lady with an Ermine , by Leonardo da Vinci . Henry Peacham 's Emblem 75 , which depicts an ermine being pursued by a hunter and two hounds, is entitled "Cui candor morte redemptus" ("Purity Bought with His Own Death"). Peacham goes on to preach that men and women should follow the example of the ermine and keep their minds and consciences as pure as

1005-511: Is deposited primarily along the spine and kidneys, then on gut mesenteries, under the limbs and around the shoulders. The stoat has four pairs of nipples, though they are visible only in females. The dimensions of the stoat are variable, but not as significantly as the least weasel's. Unusual among the Carnivora, the size of stoats tends to decrease proportionally with latitude, in contradiction to Bergmann's rule . Sexual dimorphism in size

1072-404: Is distinct from that of least weasels. The winter fur is very dense and silky, but quite closely lying and short, while the summer fur is rougher, shorter and sparse. In summer, the fur is sandy-brown on the back and head and a white below. The division between the dark back and the light belly is usually straight, though this trait is only present in 13.5% of Irish stoats. The stoat moults twice

1139-651: Is likely either the Dutch word stout ("bold") or the Gothic word 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 ( stautan , "to push"). According to John Guillim , in his Display of Heraldrie , the word "ermine" is likely derived from Armenia, the nation where it was thought the species originated, though other authors have linked it to the Norman French from the Teutonic harmin ( Anglo-Saxon hearma ). This seems to come from

1206-566: Is particularly threatening to stoats, as it erodes the bones of the nasal sinuses and decreases fertility. Other nematode species known to infect stoats include Capillaria putorii , Molineus patens and Strongyloides martes . Cestode species known to infect stoats include Taenia tenuicollis , Mesocestoides lineatus and rarely Acanthocephala . In Irish mythology , stoats were viewed anthropomorphically as animals with families, which held rituals for their dead. They were also viewed as noxious animals prone to thieving, and their saliva

1273-432: Is pronounced, with males being roughly 25% larger than females and 1.5-2.0 times their weight. On average, males measure 187–325 mm (7.4–12.8 in) in body length, while females measure 170–270 mm (6.7–10.6 in). The tail measures 75–120 mm (3.0–4.7 in) in males and 65–106 mm (2.6–4.2 in) in females. In males, the hind foot measures 40.0–48.2 mm (1.57–1.90 in), while in females it

1340-512: Is the almost annual weather damage: Dealing with damaged areas of the forest ties up a lot of effort and means that sometimes long-term forestry work suffers. On the other hand, the heavily thinned areas of forest result in a rapid transformation that helps to prevent attack by bark beetle . For a good 20 years new forms of forest damage have appeared in the High Steinwald that go under the name of Waldsterben or forest dieback. Today

1407-765: Is younger than the Fichtel Mountains, as evinced by the numerous deposits of basalt and chalk. The Steinwald is also rich in springs . Water often bubbles out of rock crevices and has a good quality. It also has one of the most iron -rich springs in the whole of the Europe , the King Otto Spring in King-Otto-Bad near Wiesau , which is named after the brother of the Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria , Otto I of Greece . Even today

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1474-633: The Armesberg , the Teichelberg and the Ruheberg. Numerous granite blocks and rock 'bastions' are found in the Steinwald, often with fantastic shapes. They have odd names such as Katzentrögel , Zipfeltannenfelsen oder Saubadfelsen . The Steinwald is still rich in precious stones , including for example agate and jasper , ore and rock types. Ores such as siderite , limonite and haematite occur too. These ores used to be mined, especially in

1541-556: The Eurasian ermine or ermine , is a species of mustelid native to Eurasia and the northern regions of North America . Because of its wide circumpolar distribution , it is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List . The name ermine ( / ˈ ɜːr m ɪ n / ) is used especially in its pure white winter coat of the stoat or its fur. Ermine fur was used in the 15th century by Catholic monarchs , who sometimes used it as

1608-528: The Lithuanian word šarmu . In Ireland (where the least weasel does not occur), the stoat is referred to as a weasel, while in North America it is called a short-tailed weasel. A male stoat is called a dog , hob , or jack , while a female is called a jill . The collective noun for stoats is either gang or pack . Formerly considered a single species with a very wide circumpolar range,

1675-483: The Mediterranean islands and some small North Atlantic islands. In Japan, it is present in central mountains (northern and central Japanese Alps ) to northern part of Honshu (primarily above 1,200 m) and Hokkaido. Its vertical range is from sea level to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In North America, it is found throughout Alaska and western Yukon to most of Arctic Canada east to Greenland . Throughout

1742-469: The Middle Ages ; today the remaining supplies are too small and too scattered to enable them to be extracted profitably. The Steinwald is frequently seen as an extension of the Fichtel Mountains . But geological investigations have proved this to be wrong; the granite in the Steinwald is considerably softer than the Fichtel Mountains granite and, unlike the latter, contains no lithium . In addition it

1809-504: The Soviet Union , with no less than half the global catch coming from within its borders. The Soviet Union also contained the highest grades of stoat pelts, with the best grade North American pelts being comparable only to the 9th grade in the quality criteria of former Soviet stoat standards. Stoat harvesting never became a specialty in any Soviet republic, with most stoats being captured incidentally in traps or near villages. Stoats in

1876-567: The mozzetta cape. It has long been used on the ceremonial robes of members of the United Kingdom House of Lords . It was also used in capes on images such as the Infant Jesus of Prague . The stoat was introduced into New Zealand in the late 19th century to control rabbits, but had a devastating effect on native bird populations and was nominated as one of the world's top 100 "worst invaders". The root word for "stoat"

1943-503: The New Zealand ornithologist Walter Buller . The warnings were ignored and stoats began to be introduced from Britain in the 1880s, resulting in a noticeable decline in bird populations within six years. Stoats are a serious threat to ground- and hole-nesting birds, since the latter have very few means of escaping predation. The highest rates of stoat predation occur after seasonal gluts in southern beechmast (beechnuts), which enable

2010-562: The Steinwald are: From the walker's car park north of Pfaben an educational trail leads to some of the natural attractions of the Steinwald. In addition, there are circular walks starting from Friedenfels and Erbendorf . The High Steinwald may be reached on trails running from Neusorg , Waldershof , Marktredwitz , Poppenreuth , Fuchsmühl , Friedenfels and Erbendorf. 49°54′36″N 12°03′11″E  /  49.910°N 12.053°E  / 49.910; 12.053 Upper Franconia Upper Franconia ( German : Oberfranken )

2077-546: The Steinwald in Northeast Bavaria is one of the main areas of concern. This is due to the high levels of sulphur dioxide emission from the burning of brown coal in the nearby Eger Basin, to acid rain and to the many days of mist and fog. The forest damage, which is clearly visible, has remained since 1986 at about the same level of 32%. Research to date has shown that its causes are complex and involve biotic and abiotic factors, however environmental pollution plays

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2144-466: The United Kingdom House of Lords and the academic hoods of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge are traditionally trimmed with ermine. In practice, rabbit or fake fur is now often used due to expense or animal rights concerns. Prelates of the Catholic Church still wear ecclesiastical garments featuring ermine (a sign of their status equal to that of the nobility). Cecilia Gallerani

2211-501: The age of five to seven weeks, kits have poor thermoregulation , so they huddle for warmth when the mother is absent. Males become sexually mature at 10–11 months, while females are sexually mature at the age of 2–3 weeks whilst still blind, deaf and hairless, and are usually mated with adult males before being weaned . Stoat territoriality has a generally mustelid spacing pattern, with male territories encompassing smaller female territories, which they defend from other males. The size of

2278-445: The animal's live weight. The stoat is an opportunistic predator that moves rapidly and checks every available burrow or crevice for food. Because of their larger size, male stoats are less successful than females in pursuing rodents far into tunnels. Stoats regularly climb trees to gain access to birds' nests, and are common raiders of nest boxes, particularly those of large species. The stoat reputedly mesmerises prey such as rabbits by

2345-399: The cheeks, belly and flanks. Epidermal secretions, which are deposited during body rubbing , are chemically distinct from the products of the anal scent glands, which contain a higher proportion of volatile chemicals. When attacked or being aggressive, the stoat secretes the contents of its anal glands , giving rise to a strong, musky odour produced by several sulphuric compounds. The odour

2412-894: The cracks of vacant mud buildings, in rock piles, rock clefts, and even in magpie nests. Males and females typically live apart, but close to each other. Each stoat has several dens dispersed within its range. A single den has several galleries, mainly within 30 cm (12 in) of the surface. As with the least weasel, mouse-like rodents predominate in the stoat's diet. It regularly preys on larger rodent and lagomorph species, and takes individuals far larger than itself. In Russia, its prey includes rodents and lagomorphs such as European water voles , common hamsters , pikas and others, which it overpowers in their burrows. Prey species of secondary importance include small birds , fish , and shrews and, more rarely, amphibians , lizards , and insects . It also preys on lemmings . In Great Britain, European rabbits are an important food source, with

2479-541: The current form, and underwent a reduction in size as they exploited the new food source. The stoat first arose in Eurasia, shortly after the long-tailed weasel , which is in a different genus ( Neogale ), arose as its mirror image in North America 2 million years ago . The stoat thrived during the Ice Age , as its small size and long body allowed it to easily operate beneath snow, as well as hunt in burrows. The stoat and

2546-417: The embryo does not immediately implant in the uterus after fertilization, but rather lies dormant for a period of nine to ten months. The gestation period is therefore variable but typically around 300 days, and after mating in the summer, the offspring will not be born until the following spring – adult female stoats spend almost all their lives either pregnant or in heat. Females can reabsorb embryos and in

2613-403: The event of a severe winter they may reabsorb their entire litter. Males play no part in rearing the young, which are born blind, deaf, toothless and covered in fine white or pinkish down. The milk teeth erupt after three weeks, and solid food is eaten after four weeks. The eyes open after five to six weeks, with the black tail-tip appearing a week later. Lactation ends after 12 weeks. Prior to

2680-650: The following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol , addition of the Palatinate ), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis (Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia. Next to

2747-596: The following − in order of height in metres (m) above sea level (NN): Like the Fichtel Mountains, the Steinwald consists mainly of granite . In the south and east it is surrounded by a basalt landscape of Kuppen - gentle, rounded summits - ( Kemnather Land , Nördlicher Steinwald ), whose most striking elevations are the Parkstein near Weiden , the Rauhe Kulm near Kemnath , the Schlossberg near Waldeck,

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2814-1341: The former Soviet Union and New Zealand. They are largely resistant to tularemia , but are reputed to suffer from canine distemper in captivity. Symptoms of mange have also been recorded. Stoats are vulnerable to ectoparasites associated with their prey and the nests of other animals on which they do not prey. The louse Trichodectes erminea is recorded in stoats living in Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In continental Europe, 26 flea species are recorded to infest stoats, including Rhadinospylla pentacantha , Megabothris rectangulatus , Orchopeas howardi , Spilopsyllus ciniculus , Ctenophthalamus nobilis , Dasypsyllus gallinulae , Nosopsyllus fasciatus , Leptospylla segnis , Ceratophyllus gallinae , Parapsyllus n. nestoris , Amphipsylla kuznetzovi and Ctenopsyllus bidentatus . Tick species known to infest stoats are Ixodes canisuga , I. hexagonus , and I. ricinus and Haemaphysalis longicornis . Louse species known to infest stoats include Mysidea picae and Polyplax spinulosa . Mite species known to infest stoats include Neotrombicula autumnalis , Demodex erminae , Eulaelaps stabulans , Gymnolaelaps annectans , Hypoaspis nidicorva , and Listrophorus mustelae . The nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola

2881-675: The former episcopal residence city of Bamberg , the capital Bayreuth , the former residence city of Coburg and the classicist centre of Hof , as well as the towns of Lichtenfels , Kronach , Gößweinstein and Kulmbach , the Weißenstein Palace , Banz Abbey and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , the scenic attractions of the River Main and the low mountain ranges of the Fichtel Mountains with

2948-483: The frequency in which stoats prey on them having increased between the 1960s and mid 1990s since the end of the myxomatosis epidemic. Typically, male stoats prey on rabbits more frequently than females do, which depend to a greater extent on smaller rodent species. British stoats rarely kill shrews, rats , squirrels and water voles, though rats may be an important food source locally. In Ireland, shrews and rats are frequently eaten. In mainland Europe, water voles make up

3015-497: The fur trade, especially in winter coat, and used to trim coats and stoles. The fur from the winter coat is referred to as ermine and is the traditional ancient symbol of the Duchy of Brittany , forming its earliest flag. There is also a design called ermine inspired by the winter coat of the stoat and painted onto other furs, such as rabbit. In Europe these furs are a symbol of royalty and high status. The ceremonial robes of members of

3082-424: The genus Neogale such as the long-tailed weasel, but as those species have since been separated into a new genus, this is likely not the case. The stoat is similar to the least weasel in general proportions, manner of posture, and movement, though the tail is relatively longer, always exceeding a third of the body length, though it is shorter than that of the long-tailed weasel. The stoat has an elongated neck,

3149-486: The ground cover, especially blueberries and cranberries , and cryptogams - lichens and mosses - are widespread. The seven-petalled Arctic starflower , the symbol of the Fichtelgebirge Club , occurs here and ferns also abound in the woods. Wild animals in the Steinwald, such as the red deer , wild boar , red fox , weasel , polecat , stoat and, more recently, the lynx , are almost only found in

3216-405: The head being set exceptionally far in front of the shoulders. The trunk is nearly cylindrical, and does not bulge at the abdomen. The greatest circumference of body is little more than half its length. The skull, although very similar to that of the least weasel, is relatively longer, with a narrower braincase . The projections of the skull and teeth are weakly developed, but stronger than those of

3283-621: The hunters rather than risk soiling itself. The former nation (now region) of Brittany in France uses a stylized ermine-fur pattern in forming the coat of arms and flag of Brittany . Gilles Servat 's song La Blanche Hermine ("The White Ermine") became an anthem for Bretons (and is popular among French people in general). In the 16th century Chinese novel Investiture of the Gods , Erlang Shen transforms into an ermine to demonstrate his shapeshifting abilities. Stoat skins are prized by

3350-400: The least weasel. The eyes are round, black and protrude slightly. The whiskers are brown or white in colour, and very long. The ears are short, rounded and lie almost flattened against the skull. The claws are not retractable, and are large in proportion to the digits. Each foot has five toes. The male stoat has a curved baculum with a proximal knob that increases in weight as it ages. Fat

3417-595: The legendary ermine keeps its fur. Ermine (both M. erminea and M. richardsonii , both of which inhabited the Tlingit's territory) were also valued by the Tlingit and other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast . They could be attached to traditional regalia and cedar bark hats as status symbols, or they were also made into shirts. The stoat was a fundamental item in the fur trade of

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3484-418: The long and harsh winter; summer has more precipitation and is followed by a mild and fine autumn. Average annual temperatures lie between 4 and 5 °C, average precipitation is about 15 cm. The woods of the Steinwald consist mainly of conifers , with spruce as the dominant species. The proportion of deciduous trees has risen, however, from 25.1% in 1987 to 30.4% in 2002. Berry bushes provide much of

3551-529: The long-tailed weasel remained separated until 500,000 years ago, when falling sea levels exposed the Bering land bridge . Fossilised stoat remains have been recovered from Denisova Cave . Combined phylogenetic analyses indicate the stoat's closest living relatives are the American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) and Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ), the latter of which partially descends from M. erminea . It

3618-565: The male's testes are enlarged, a process accompanied by an increase of testosterone concentration in the plasma . Spermatogenesis occurs in December, and the males are fertile from May to August, after which the testes regress. Female stoats are usually only in heat for a brief period, which is triggered by changes in day length. Copulation can last as long as 1 hour. Stoats are not monogamous , with litters often being of mixed paternity. Stoats undergo embryonic diapause , meaning that

3685-482: The more remote areas of woodland. Woodpeckers , goshawks , eagle-owls , tawny owls live in the high treetops, as do pygmy owls and the Tengmalm's owl . Enjoying special projection birds that would otherwise become rare such as the black storks and the capercaillie , which still occur in low numbers in the Steinwald. The forest is exposed to many dangers. Chief among the concerns of forest owners and foresters

3752-663: The north-east and the Czech Republic to the east. After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk )), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers. In

3819-505: The region was 40.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 1.2% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €34,900 or 116% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 96% of the EU average. 49°57′N 11°35′E  /  49.950°N 11.583°E  / 49.950; 11.583 Stoat The stoat ( Mustela erminea ), also known as

3886-528: The reproduction of rodents on which stoats also feed, enabling stoats to increase their own numbers. For instance, the endangered South Island takahē 's wild population dropped by a third between 2006 and 2007, after a stoat plague triggered by the 2005–06 mast wiped out more than half the takahē in untrapped areas. In the Northern Hemisphere, mating occurs in the April–July period. In spring,

3953-463: The rest of North America, as well as parts of Nunavut , including Baffin Island and some islands in southeast Alaska, it is replaced by M. richardsonii . Stoats were introduced into New Zealand during the late 19th century to control rabbits and hares, but are now a major threat to native bird populations. The introduction of stoats was opposed by scientists in New Zealand and Britain, including

4020-405: The stoat is considered a sacred animal, as its white winter coat represented purity. Similarly, Mary Magdalene was depicted as wearing a white stoat pelt as a sign of her reformed character. One popular European legend had it that a white stoat would die before allowing its pure white coat to be besmirched. When it was being chased by hunters, it would supposedly turn around and give itself up to

4087-512: The territory and the ranging behaviour of its occupants varies seasonally, depending on the abundance of food and mates. During the breeding season, the ranges of females remain unchanged, while males either become roamers, strayers or transients. Dominant older males have territories 50 times larger than those of younger, socially inferior males. Both sexes mark their territories with urine , faeces and two types of scent marks ; anal drags are meant to convey territorial occupancy, and body rubbing

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4154-579: The town of Wunsiedel and the Franconian Forest belong among the region's major tourist attractions. There are also numerous spas like Bad Rodach , Bad Steben , Bad Staffelstein , Bad Berneck and Bad Alexandersbad . Oberfranken is subdivided into nine Landkreise (districts) and four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free or independent cities). The lowest level is divided into 214 municipalities (including four cities). Landkreise : Kreisfreie Städte : The gross domestic product (GDP) of

4221-412: The water is bottled by the firm of King-Otto-Sprudel . The soil quality in the Steinwald depends on the dominant rock locally. Its extremely varied soils can be divided into about four types: The climate in the Steinwald has Alpine characteristics. It is not snow-free until the middle of May. Giant snowdrifts and severe snow storms render paths and trails impassable in winter. A short spring follows

4288-511: The winter and summer coats are less apparent in southern forms of the species. In the species' southern range, the coat remains brown, but is denser and sometimes paler than in summer. The stoat has a circumboreal range throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. The stoat in Europe is found as far south as 41ºN in Portugal, and inhabits most islands with the exception of Iceland, Svalbard ,

4355-409: The world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route ( Fränkische Brauereistraße ) runs through many popular breweries. The administrative region borders on Thuringia ( Thüringen ) to the north, Lower Franconia ( Unterfranken ) to the west, Middle Franconia ( Mittelfranken ) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate ( Oberpfalz ) to the south-east, Saxony ( Sachsen ) to

4422-492: Was Mustela palerminea , a common carnivore in central and eastern Europe during the Middle Pleistocene , that spread to North America during the late Blancan or early Irvingtonian . The stoat is the product of a process that began 5–7 million years ago, when northern forests were replaced by open grassland, thus prompting an explosive evolution of small, burrowing rodents. The stoat's ancestors were larger than

4489-572: Was said to be able to poison a grown man. To encounter a stoat when setting out for a journey was considered bad luck, but one could avert this by greeting the stoat as a neighbour. Stoats were also supposed to hold the souls of infants who died before baptism . In the folklore of the Komi people of the Urals , stoats are symbolic of beautiful and coveted young women. In the Zoroastrian religion,

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