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68-760: The Steinerne Renne is east of the Harz National Park in the Harz/Saxony-Anhalt Nature Park . It lies southwest of Hasserode in the borough of Wernigerode in a forested stretch of the valley formed by the upper reaches of the Holtemme river between the hill of Renneckenberg (eastern neighbour of the Brocken ) some distance away to the southwest, between the Bielstein (ca.  525 m above  sea level (NN) ) to

136-755: A crime against humanity . On the Eastern Front , death marches were amongst the forms of German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war . During the NKVD prisoner massacres in 1941, NKVD personnel led prisoners on death marches to various locations in Eastern Europe ; upon arriving to pre-designated execution sites, the survivors were summarily executed . After the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943, numerous German prisoners of war in

204-582: A height difference of about 250 metres. At 395.0 m the Kleine Renne empties into the Steinerne Renne from the left. The Steinerne Renne forest inn and hotel is perched above the point in river where it is 519.5 m high. In addition, there used to be a footbridge over the Holtemme somewhat further east (346.0 m) and a restaurant, Am Silbernern Mann , below the rocks known as

272-582: A log cabin was built immediately next to the waterfall, the predecessor of the present-day hotel. During the post-war period the spot ended up in East Germany and the hotel building was operated until the mid-1970s as a Handelsorganisation pub. Later it was converted and used as a works holiday home for the VEB Elektroaaparatewerke Berlin-Treptow , a German electrical machinery combine. The holiday home also had

340-498: A male lynx was brought down at Lautenthal . The so-called Lynx Stone recalls the success of that particular hunt. In 1999 it was decided to reintroduce the lynx. Between 2000 and 2004 alone, 19 were released from zoo breeding programmes. Before their release the animals are prepared in a large enclosure in order to acclimatized them to freedom. In addition there is a viewing enclosure near the National Park forest restaurant on

408-516: A process in which most were killed along the way from thirst, starvation, and massacres by the militia escorting them, with only a few thousand surviving. The Armenian genocide resulted in the death of up to 1,500,000 people from 1915 to 1918. Under the cover of World War I , the Young Turks sought to cleanse Turkey of its Armenian population. As a result, much of the Armenian population

476-477: A public restaurant . When the building was converted, the romantic woodland path to the pub, which ran along the northern side of the Holtemme and past the waterfall, was blocked. Today the footpath runs along the southern bank of the river. The Steinerne Renne Hotel ( Gasthaus Steinerne Renne ) is No. 28 in the system of checkpoints in the Harzer Wandernadel . Near Steinerne Renne station there

544-581: Is a hydropower plant , opened in 1899, which was used to power the gravel and granite works operating in those days. In 1943 it went into the possession of the town of Wernigerode, which used it to supply power to the district of Hasserode. From 1945 it was run by the VEB Energiekombinat Magdeburg , later the VEB Instandsetzungsbetrieb für Batterien und Flurfördergeräte . After its privatization as WERBAT GmbH,

612-536: Is assumed that the wild cat in the Harz has a stable population. It is widespread throughout the region, preferring those areas which are warmer, richer, more varied and better supplied with nutrients (lower lying deciduous forest with greater food availability). In addition to lynx and wild cat, red deer and roe deer are also important species in the Harz National Park. The most common invasive species

680-557: Is characterised by a relatively undisturbed plant and animal environment, which is mainly due to its location immediately next to the old Inner German Border . In the German Democratic Republic era, the Brocken was accessible until 1961 with an easily obtained pass. From 13 August 1961 it became an out-of-bounds area, which meant that tourists could no longer visit it. In the mid-1980s the first problems appeared in

748-405: Is not achieved the region can be classified as a so-called developing national park, if it is assessed as fulfilling these conditions within 30 years. The Harz National Park counts as a developing national park. Currently 60,3 per cent of the area of the park is designated as a natural biodiversity or core zone. The aim is to cross the 75 per cent threshold by 2020. 38,5 per cent of

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816-512: Is the raccoon , but occasionally the raccoon dog also occurs. The mouflon , which was in the 1930s located in different districts of the Harz for hunting reasons, is also found in the park. Recently, the Harz National Park has suffered from bark beetle outbreaks as well as acid rain and other environmental problems. The bark beetle is on the rise here due to climate change and global warming. Since 2006, there has been increased bark beetle gradation. Hurricane Kyrill also caused severe damage in

884-485: The Rabenklippe where the shy cats can also be observed by visitors to the park. Since 2002, there have been several instances of kittens born in the wild. In March, a male lynx was fitted with a GPS transmitter, so precise details can now be obtained about the range of an animal. The project team receives information via SMS from the transmitter. Another reintroduction project was the capercaillie, which died out in

952-653: The Silberner Mann . This natural feature was already described as the Steinrenne or steinerne Rinne by the Early Modern Period . With the rise of tourism in the middle of the 19th century the Steinerne Renne became one of the most popular beauty spots in the Harz. When the Harz and Brocken Railways were built a small station was even built for the Steinerne Renne which still exists today. In 1869

1020-630: The Trail of Tears . An estimated 4,000 men, women, and children died during relocation. When the Round Valley Indian Reservation was established, the Yuki people (as they came to be called) of Round Valley were forced into a difficult and unusual situation. Their traditional homeland was not completely taken over by settlers as in other parts of California. Instead, a small part of it was reserved especially for their use as well as

1088-595: The black stork , peregrine falcon , the European wildcat and especially the Eurasian lynx . The last lynx in the Harz Mountains had been shot in 1818, but in 1999 a project for reintroducing was established. Since 2002 several wild lynxes gave birth. An attempt to return the western capercaillie ( Auerhuhn ) however did not succeed. The 24,700 hectares of the Harz National Park cover about 10 percent of

1156-460: The retired Emperor Huizong , as well as many members of the imperial family and officials of the Song imperial court. According to The Accounts of Jingkang , Jin troops looted the imperial library and palace. Jin troops also abducted all the female servants and imperial musicians. The imperial family was abducted and their residences were looted. Facing the prospect of captivity and enslavement by

1224-646: The British refused to accept their surrender and directed them to surrender to Yugoslav forces, who subjected them to death marches back to Yugoslavia, resulting in the death of 70–80,000 people. In the Pacific theatre , the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces conducted death marches of Allied POWs, including the 1942 Bataan Death March and the 1945 Sandakan Death Marches . The former forcibly transferred 60–80,000 POWs to Balanga, resulting in

1292-407: The Brocken summit or mountain meadows. Here conservation measures will also be applied in future. Furthermore, within a 500 metre wide strip on the edge of the national park, measures are being put into effect that will protect the adjacent areas. Death march A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along

1360-533: The East African slave trade: We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. [Onlookers] said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. As part of Native American removal in the United States, approximately 6,000 Choctaw were forced to leave Mississippi and move to

1428-517: The European umbrella organisation EUROPARC Federation, a federation of national parks, biosphere reserves and nature parks . It concerns itself inter alia with the exchange of information, ustausch, advanced education and public relations. The German section, EUROPARC Deutschland, of this umbrella organisation has also organised the merger of many large conservation areas in Germany. In 2005

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1496-407: The Harz National Park in the western Harz on 1 January 2006. The Lower Saxon part of the park was opened on 1 January 1994 after four years of preparation. Its founding father was Dr. Wolf-Eberhard Barth. Although a combined national park project was discussed soon after reunification by both states it was another twelve years before the parks were merged. The Harz National Park belongs to

1564-474: The Harz National Park. In the sub-alpine area above 1050 metres is the " battle zone " of the spruce tree. Here it is not uncommon to find trees over 250 years old and bent into bizarre shapes by the wind. But predominant here are the dwarf shrub heaths and raised bogs ( Hochmoore ). The altimontane vegetation zone is found between 750 m above  sea level (NN) and 1,050 m above NN , dominated by spruce. These areas can be found in

1632-482: The Harz in 1920–1930. Its reintroduction began in 1978. Over the years about 1,000 birds have been reared and set free. In spite of the number of birds the population was not assessed as stable. Due to the lack of success, the project was closed in 2003. The Harz is now one of Germany's most important habitats for the wild cat . It is classified in the Federal Republic of Germany as seriously endangered. It

1700-487: The Harz, such as bark beetle and fungal infestation. In the wake of the spirit of optimism during the time around reunification it was exactly this that gave impetus for the establishment of the national park. On 1 January 1991 a national park headquarters in Wernigerode was set up under the leadership of Hubertus Hlawatsch. Hlawatsch's successor was Peter Gaffert, who ran the eastern park from 1995 until its merger with

1768-574: The Jurchens, numerous palace women chose to take their own lives. The remaining captives, over 14,000 people, were forced to march alongside the seized assets towards the Jin capital. Their entourage – almost all the ministers and generals of the Northern Song dynasty – suffered from illness, dehydration, and exhaustion, and many never made it. Upon arrival, each person had to go through a ritual where

1836-695: The Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached Round Valley on 18 September 1863. After the Yavapai Wars , 375 Yavapai perished during deportations out of 1,400 remaining Yavapai. King Leopold II sanctioned the creation of "child colonies" in his Congo Free State which had orphaned Congolese kidnapped and sent to schools operated by Catholic missionaries in which they would learn to work or be soldiers; these were

1904-696: The Soviet Red Army advanced on German-occupied Poland. Nine days before the Red Army arrived at the Auschwitz concentration camp , the Schutzstaffel marched nearly 60,000 prisoners out of the camp towards Wodzisław Śląski , where they were put on freight trains to other camps. Approximately 15,000 prisoners died on the way. The death marches were judged during the Nuremberg trials to be

1972-562: The Soviet Union during the 1940s; however Steven Rosefield and Norman Naimark put overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5 million perishing as a result of the deportations — of those deaths, the deportation of Crimean Tatars and the deportation of Chechens were recognized as genocides by Ukraine and the European Parliament respectively. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , 50,000-70,000 Palestinian Arabs from

2040-583: The Soviet Union refers to the forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population (often classified as "enemies of workers"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories. Soviet archives documented 390,000 deaths during kulak forced resettlement and up to 400,000 deaths of persons deported to forced settlements in

2108-504: The Soviet Union were subject to death marches; after enduring a period of captivity near Stalingrad, they were sent by the Soviet authorities on a "death march across the frozen steppe" to labor camps elsewhere in the Soviet Union. The Brno death march during the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia occurred in May 1945. The Bleiburg repatriations also occurred in May 1945 (during

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2176-690: The Tien-Shan mountains, thousands died in mountain passes over 3,000 meters high. During World War II , death marches of POWs occurred in both German-occupied Europe and the Japanese colonial empire . Death marches of those held in Nazi concentration camps were common in the later stages of the Holocaust as Allied forces closed in on the camps. One infamous death march occurred in January 1945, as

2244-556: The Upper Harz National Park in Saxony-Anhalt, established in 1990. As the former inner German border ran through the Harz, large parts of the range were prohibited areas, that apart from the fortifications had remained completely unaffected for decades. Today the park covers parts of the districts of Goslar , Göttingen and Harz . Rare animals of the Harz National Park include the white-throated dipper ,

2312-682: The cities of Ramle and Lod (also spelled Lydda) were forcibly expelled by Israeli forces. Lydda's residents had to walk 10-15 miles to meet up with the lines of the Arab Legion, while most Ramla residents were moved by bus. The event has come to be known as the Lydda death march . During the Korean War , in the winter of 1951, 200,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers were forcibly marched by their commanders, and 50,000 to 90,000 soldiers starved to death or died of disease during

2380-521: The concept of reforestation with fast-growing spruce trees. This led to the now widespread spruce monocultures. Unlike "Harz pine", the pines introduced from other regions cope less well with snow and ice conditions in the Harz and are thus more prone to bark beetle infestation. Currently 82 percent of the forest consists of spruce stands. Only 12 percent of the trees are beeches. The remaining 6 percent are species such as oak , rowan or birch (as at December 2007). There are various vegetation zones in

2448-723: The deaths of 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American POWs, while the latter caused the deaths of 2,345 Australian and British POWs, of which only 6 survived. Lieutenant-General Masaharu Homma was charged with failure to control his troops in 1945 in connection with the Bataan Death March. Both the Bataan and Sandakan death marches were judged by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to be war crimes . Population transfer in

2516-706: The hands of the German army, decided to implement the decrees for the German Russians living under his army's control, principally in the Volhynia province. The lands were to be expropriated, and the owners deported to Siberia. The land was to be given to Russian war veterans once the war was over. In July 1915, without prior warning, 150,000 German settlers from Volhynia were arrested and shipped to internal exile in Siberia and Central Asia. (Some sources indicate that

2584-432: The hydroelectric plant was sold in 1995 to a private owner. In 2002 it was sold back to the town, who operate it today as a technical monument. The water taken from a weir below the inn along a 1.7-kilometre enclosed channel to the screen house, where suspended solids are filtered out. Behind that, it drops over a 160 metre long penstock to the hydroelectric power plant. The current is generated by two Pelton turbines . On

2652-666: The last days of World War II and after), a total of 280,000 Croats , were involved in the Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria . Mostly Ustaše and the Croatian Home Guard , but also civilians and refugees, tried to flee the Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army , and marched northwards through Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia to Allied-occupied Austria . However,

2720-487: The low calorific value of peat and the weather conditions in the High Harz. The bogs in the Harz are of international significance by virtue of their distinctiveness and flora. The lynx now lives wild again in the Harz, having been eradicated from the mountains since the early 19th century. The last report of a successful lynx hunt in the Harz dates to 1818. In an eleven-day hunt, in which almost 200 people took part,

2788-438: The maintenance of information posts and national park buildings. (as at: 31 December 2007) The natural forests of the High Harz consist mainly of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) and rowan ( Sorbus aucuparia ); deciduous trees only dominate below 600 m above  sea level (NN) . Since the Harz was partly deforested in the 19th century by ore mining, the count's head forester, Hans Dietrich von Zanthier, developed

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2856-873: The march or in the training camps. This incident is known as the National Defense Corps incident . During the Korean War , prisoners who were held by the North Koreans underwent what became known as the "Tiger Death March". The march occurred while North Korea was being overrun by United Nations forces. As North Korean forces retreated to the Yalu River on the border with China , they evacuated their prisoners with them. On 31 October 1950, some 845 prisoners, including about eighty non-combatants, left Manpo and went upriver, arriving in Chunggang on 8 November 1950. A year later, fewer than 300 of

2924-714: The marching pace. The march may end at a prisoner-of-war camp or internment camp , or it may continue until all those who are forced to march are dead. In 1127, during the Jin–Song Wars , the forces of the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty besieged and sacked the Imperial palaces in Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ), the capital of the Han -led Song dynasty . The Jin forces captured the Song ruler, Emperor Qinzong , along with his father,

2992-850: The national park include the Ecker Dam and the Silberteich . The highest elevations are the Brocken , the Bruchberg and the Achtermann . The present, pan-state Nationalpark Harz was formed on 1 January 2006 from the merger of the old park of the same name in Lower Saxony and the High Harz National Park ( Nationalpark Hochharz ) in Saxony-Anhalt. Since the merger the head of this major nature conservation area has been Andreas Pusch. The Upper Harz National Park

3060-500: The national park this area has shrunk to just a few residual stands and has been largely replaced by spruce. In the region of Ilsenburg spruce monoculture occurs even down to 230 m above NN . In these zones the spruce is not native and, as a result of climate change , it has suffered increasingly from bark beetle infestation. Currently the National Park Service is having these areas reforested to encourage

3128-438: The national park was included in the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. Currently the national park employs 188 staff, of which 59 work in the national park head office in Wernigerode or its outpost in Sankt Andreasberg OT Oderhaus. The 40 employees of the national park warden service, who are also known as rangers, conduct guided tours and look after tasks in connexion with environmental training, include

3196-516: The newly forming Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma) in 1831. Only about 4,000 Choctaw arrived in 1832. In 1836, after the Creek War , the United States Army deported 2,500 Muskogee from Alabama in chains as prisoners of war. The rest of the tribe (12,000) followed, deported by the Army. Upon arrival to Indian Territory, 3,500 died of infection. In 1838, the Cherokee nation was forced by order of President Andrew Jackson to march westward towards Indian Territory. This march became known as

3264-444: The north and the ridge of Hippeln and the Kontorberg (556.1 m) to the south. In the gorge, numerous small waterfalls and rapids alternate with quieter stretches of water in the Holtemme's rock and boulder-strewn riverbed. The entrance to the gorge below the Hannekenbruch lies at a height of about 550 m above NN and the exit is below Steinerne Renne railway station at around 300 m above NN ,

3332-482: The number of deportees reached 200,000). Ukrainian peasants took over their lands. While precise figures remain elusive, estimates suggest that the mortality rate associated with these deportations ranged from 30% to 50%, translating to a death toll between 63,000 and 100,000 individuals. In the eastern part of Russian Turkestan, after the suppression of the Urkun uprising against the Russian Empire tens of thousands of surviving Kyrgyz and Kazakhs fled toward China. In

3400-483: The occupation of the camp by American troops on 10 April 1945 they were sent on a death march to Leitmeritz. 51°48′19″N 10°42′01″E  /  51.80528°N 10.70028°E  / 51.80528; 10.70028 Harz National Park Harz National Park is a nature reserve in the German federal states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . It comprises portions of the western Harz mountain range, extending from Herzberg and Bad Lauterberg at

3468-401: The only schools funded by the state. More than 50% of the children sent to the schools died of disease, and thousands more died in the forced marches into the colonies. In one such march, 108 boys were sent over to a mission school and only 62 survived, eight of whom died a week later. During the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) , 700,000 to 800,000 Hui Muslims from Shaanxi were deported to Gansu, in

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3536-410: The original beech and maple, that used to dominate them, to resettle. The Harz is home to the Brocken anemone ( Pulsatilla alpina subsp. alba ), which grows in Germany only on the plateau of the Brocken. Its survival has however been especially endangered since German reunification by the onset of tourism. The Brocken Garden , a botanical garden on the summit of the Brocken, deals mainly with

3604-408: The park area is currently still a nature development zone. Here measures in lines with the forest development concept are carried out. The aim is to transfer the largest possible area of this natural development zone into the natural biodiversity zone. A proportion of the park counts as a utilisation zone. This covers areas that are important for tourism or are historico-culturally significant, such as

3672-404: The park turned out to be unfounded. The Harz National Park is recognised by the IUCN (World Conservation Union) as a national park (a Category II protected area in the IUCN system). To achieve that, according to the rules, at least 75 per cent of the area must be set aside as a natural biodiversity zone (core zone). In this zone nature must be left completely to itself. If this proportion

3740-468: The person had to be naked and wearing only sheep skins. Forced marches were utilized against slaves who were bought or captured by slave traders in Africa . They were shipped to other lands as part of the East African slave trade with Zanzibar and the Atlantic slave trade . Sometimes, the merchants shackled the slaves and provided insufficient food. Slaves who became too weak to walk were frequently killed or left to die. David Livingstone wrote of

3808-439: The protection of plant species and restoration of the summit area. Especially valuable for nature conservation, are the raised bogs formed by the restoration of former marshland. The conditions are favorable for this, as the bogs in the park are less impacted by human use than the bogs of the Lower Saxony plain. When wood became scarce in the Harz, the locals tried to take advantage of the peat bogs. This proved unprofitable due to

3876-418: The region. Stands of trees, especially spruce, were torn down over wide areas. The National Park management came under fire from the local communities as a result of the bark beetle measures that were subsequently needed. In particular, the National Park community at Ilsenburg criticized the use of technology (e.g. harvesters ). Because of the inaccessibility of the terrain there was really no other way to haul

3944-479: The reservation where they were "corralled" by high picket fences. Such drives took place in all weathers and seasons, and the elderly and sick often did not survive. During the Long Walk of the Navajo in August 1863, all Konkow Maidu were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the Round Valley Reservation at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of

4012-421: The site of the former granite and gravel plant, which has been used since 1944 as the Steinerne Renne Brickworks and for the construction of parts for aircraft engines, a subcamp of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp was built. Initially French, Belgian and Italian forced labourers worked in the subcamp. Later 500 prisoners from the former subcamp on Veckenstedter Way in Wernigerode worked here. One day before

4080-427: The southern edge to Bad Harzburg and Ilsenburg on the northern slopes. 95% of the area is covered with forests, mainly with spruce and beech woods, including several bogs , granite rocks and creeks. The park is part of the Natura 2000 network of the European Union . In its current form, the park was created on January 1, 2006, by the merger of the Harz National Park in Lower Saxony, established in 1994, and

4148-427: The summit of the Brocken. Several rivers have their sources in the national park, including the Bode , the Oder and the Ilse , a tributary of the Oker . The waters of the Oder, flowing southwards, are collected in the historic Oderteich reservoir, finished in 1722 to supply the mines in Sankt Andreasberg , and feed the Oder Dam on the southeastern edge of the park. Other dams and lakes within or bordering on

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4216-407: The total area of the Harz . The park lies in the western part of the Harz (see Upper Harz ) and stretches from Wernigerode and Ilsenburg in the north to Herzberg and Bad Lauterberg in the south. Near its perimeter the park terrain is about 230 m above  sea level (NN) in the north and 270 m above NN in the south and climbs to 1,141.1 m above NN at

4284-420: The use of other Indians, many of whom were enemies of the Yuki. The Yuki had to share their home with strangers who spoke other languages, lived with other beliefs, and used the land and its products differently. Indians came to Round Valley as they did to other reservations– by force. The word "drive", widely used at the time, is descriptive of the practice of "rounding up" Indians and "driving" them like cattle to

4352-426: The vicinity of Schierke and Torfhaus . Not until the montane zone between 450 m above NN and 750 m above NN and the submontane zone is the vegetation dominated by beech forests. Today's beech stands grow primarily on acidic soil. The most commonly encountered forest type is the Hainsimsen beech forest. At heights above 700 m it is usually adjacent to spruce-beech mixed woodland. But in

4420-616: The way. It is distinguished from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires that prisoners must be moved away from a danger zone such as an advancing front line, to a place that may be considered more secure. It is not required to evacuate prisoners who are too unwell or injured to move. In times of war, such evacuations can be difficult to carry out. Death marches usually feature harsh physical labor and abuse, neglect of prisoner injury and illness, deliberate starvation and dehydration , humiliation , torture , and execution of those unable to keep up

4488-446: The wind blown tree trunks from the affected areas. In the so-called natural development zone of the Harz National Park, which surrounds the core area, bark beetle measures are taken where necessary, and plantations are established where in order to encourage the natural development of the forest. To protect these beech and oak groves, national park wildlife management is required. Accusations that private or state hunts had taken place in

4556-412: Was established as part of GDR 's national park programme on 1 October 1990, two days before the reunification of Germany , on the basis of a ministerial decision by the East German government. The park included large parts of the eastern Harz , roughly from the Ecker Dam and the national park municipality of Ilsenburg in the north and Schierke in the south as well as the Brocken . The region

4624-414: Was exiled from large parts of Western Armenia and forced to march to the Syrian Desert. Many were raped , tortured, and killed on their way to the 25 concentration camps set up in the Syrian Desert. The most infamous camp was that of Der Zor , where an estimated 150,000 Armenians were killed. Grand Duke Nicolas (who was still commander-in-chief of the Western forces), after suffering serious defeats at

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