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78-499: The Steiger Award or Der Steiger is an international award established in 2005 and presented annually by the award organization based in Bochum , Germany . The title refers to steiger (mining foreman), reflecting the qualities of responsibility, honesty, openness and hard work valued in the Ruhr region where the award is presented. The award was created by private initiative and

156-436: A 5.1% increase). The city extends north to south 13.0 km (8.1 mi) and 17.1 km (10.6 mi) east to west. The perimeter of the city limits is 67.2 km (41.8 mi). It is surrounded by the cities of (in clockwise direction) Herne , Castrop-Rauxel , Dortmund , Witten , Hattingen , Essen and Gelsenkirchen . There is sedimentary rock of carbon and chalk . The geological strata can be visited in

234-550: A broad range of responsibilities as sewage treatment, care and maintenance of waterways, natural remodelling of open waste water canals, flood protection, regulation of water flow and management of groundwater and rainwater Until the start of industrialization in the Ruhr region from the middle of the 19th century, the Emscher was a meandering lowland river around 109 km long, which was also dammed by many weirs on its tributaries and in

312-590: A camp for Romani people in the present-day Wattenscheid district, and three subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp . A report from July 1943 listed 100 forced labour camps in Bochum. Because the Ruhr region was an area of high residential density and a centre for the manufacture of weapons, it was a major target in the war. Women with young children, school children and the homeless fled or were evacuated to safer areas, leaving cities largely deserted to

390-592: A centrally organized network. In the 1970s, Europe's largest and most modern sewage treatment plant was built at the mouth of the Emscher in Dinslaken, which was relocated in 1949, while the old mouths of the Emscher in Duisburg were treated biologically from 1965 and 1988 respectively. With the inauguration of the new Dortmund-Deusen wastewater treatment plant in 1994 and the Bottrop wastewater treatment plant in 1997,

468-482: A minimum of 1,3h per day in December and a lot more in early summer and late spring with May featuring 7,5h per day. The total amount of sunshine per year is 1689h. Due to the cities northern latitude of 51°N, seasonal day-length variation is significant. The longest day of the year, June 21, features 16 h 38 min. of daylight while the shortest day of the year which is December 21 is only 7 h and 50 min. long. Bochum

546-528: A model for the establishment of other water management associations. From 1906, the Emscher was lowered from Dortmund to the Rhine, straightened and diked. As subsidence of up to 10 meters was already expected for the natural estuary in Duisburg-Hamborn ("Alte Emscher"), the mouth of the Emscher was relocated from Oberhausen to Duisburg-Walsum ("Kleine Emscher") in 1906; in 1949, the mouth was relocated

624-473: A new interchange (Dreieck Bochum-West) between the Donezk-Ring and Autobahn A40 is being constructed within tight parameters due to the existence of a nearby factory. Apart from the autobahns and expressways, there is also a small ring road around the centre of Bochum, where most roads radiating out of Bochum begin. Most main roads in Bochum are multi-lane roads with traffic lights. Bochum is also served by

702-499: A research facility, its first outside Canada, adding several hundred jobs. Bochum has a municipal zoo, a large municipal park and a number of other gardens and parks. The Ruhr University Botanical Gardens has thousands of plants from all over the world. Among others there is a tropical garden, a cactus garden, and a Chinese garden designed in the southern Chinese style, the only one of its kind in Germany. The Geological Garden

780-409: A second peak in precipitation due to the return of the westerlies which leads to more thunderstorms being generated along frontal boundaries of Atlantic low-pressure systems. In recent years, the city was affected by summer and spring droughts. Thunderstorms are not uncommon in the warm season and can generate intense downpours and sporadically hail. The city experiences little sunshine in winter with

858-451: A second time to Dinslaken. With the completion of construction work in this estuary delta in 2018, the Emscher will be relocated for a third time to the Voerd city area. The first section from Herne to Duisburg was completed between 1906 and 1910, while the section from Herne to Dortmund was finished in 1914. At the same time, sewage treatment plants and pumping stations were built. The aim of

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936-831: A town charter, but the town remained insignificant until the 19th century, when the coal mining and steel industries emerged in the Ruhr area, leading to the growth of the entire region. In the early 19th century it was part of the Grand Duchy of Berg , a client state of France , then it passed to Prussia following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, and in 1871 it became part of the German Empire . The population of Bochum increased from about 4,500 in 1850 to 100,000 in 1904. Bochum acquired city status, incorporating neighbouring towns and villages. Additional population gains came from immigration, primarily from Poland . Bochum

1014-616: Is a cultural centre of the Ruhr region. There is a municipal theatre, the Schauspielhaus Bochum , and about 20 smaller theatres and stages. The musical Starlight Express , which opened in 1988, is the longest-running musical in Germany. The Bermudadreieck (Bermuda Triangle), in the city center of Bochum, functions as the town's nightlife hub. Around sixty different bars and restaurants are located there, serving multicultural cuisine such as Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Italian, Spanish and German gastronomic specialties. Close to

1092-624: Is characterised by rolling hills that rarely have more than three per cent graduation. Steeper graduation can be found at the Harpener Hellweg near the Berghofer Holz nature reserve (3.4%), at Westenfelder Straße in the borough of Wattenscheid (3.47%), or at Kemnader Straße, which begins at the banks of the Ruhr in Stiepel (71 m, 233 ft), and rises to its highest point in the centre of Stiepel (196 m, 643 ft,

1170-508: Is divided into six administrative sections ( stadtbezirke ), alongside their respective sub-districts ( stadtteile ), with a total of 362,213 inhabitants living in an urban area of 145.4 km (56.1 sq mi). The current mayor of Bochum is Thomas Eiskirch of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, and

1248-543: Is now one of the largest music events in Europe. Since the summer of 1995, the Kunstwerkstatt <Art Workshop> am Hellweg, a former carpenter's workshop, has hosted a wide variety of concerts all year round, from medieval music to baroque music, from Bach to jazz and boogie-woogie. In this informal setting, music fans have the opportunity not only to “sit in the front row”, but also to come into direct contact with

1326-740: Is presented annually to individuals who are notable for accomplishments in charity, music, film, media, sports, the environment and building of the European community. Past winners include Nena , Egon Bahr , Udo Jürgens , Jean-Claude Juncker , Boris Becker , David Frost , Bob Geldof , Maximilian Schell , Richard Chamberlain , Stefanie Powers , Robin Gibb , Christopher Lee , Mark Knopfler , Klaus Meine , Roger Daltrey , Jean-Michel Jarre , Bonnie Tyler and Peter Lindbergh . 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2019 Bochum The city lies on

1404-531: Is the oldest and biggest public German water board , („Wasserwirtschaftsverband”) located in Essen ( North Rhine-Westphalia / Germany ) and responsible for the 865 km Emscher catchment with 2.2 million citizens. In Europe‘s largest urban area, between Dortmund and Duisburg as well as in the northern perimeter of the Lippe region, The Emschergenossenschaft offers modern, cost-effective water management that covers

1482-670: Is working in an administrative collectivity with the Lippeverband, a water board established in 1926 in a neighboring river catchment area. Together, more than 1.500 employees work for both water boards, around 900 of them belong to the Emschergenossenschaft. Both public water boards together are the biggest water management and service provider in Germany. The tasks are regulated in the Emschergenossenschaftsgesetz (Emscher Cooperative Act) and

1560-605: The Autobahn network by the A 40 , A 43 and A 44 autobahns. In addition, Bochum has a ring road, built to expressway standards, consisting of four segments; the Donezk, Oviedo, Nordhausen and Sheffield-Ring roads. It serves as a three-quarter loop around central Bochum and begins and ends at Autobahn A40. Ruhr University Bochum is also served by an expressway running from the Nordhausen-Ring to Autobahn A43. Until 2012,

1638-546: The Bundesstraße 51 and Bundesstraße 226 . B51 runs to Herne and Hattingen, and B226 runs to Gelsenkirchen and Witten. Bochum has a central station situated on the line from Duisburg to Dortmund , connecting the city to the long-distance network of Deutsche Bahn as well as to the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network. Local service is supplied mainly by BOGESTRA , a joint venture handling transportation between

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1716-527: The Gestapo entered the headquarters of the Union of Poles in Germany in Bochum, searched it and interrogated its chief Michał Wesołowski, however, it did not obtain the desired lists of Polish activists, which had been previously hidden by Poles. Increased Nazi terror and persecutions of Poles followed, and in response, many Poles from the region came to Bochum for organizational and information meetings. During

1794-684: The Holocaust , including 19 who were younger than 16 years old. Joseph Klirsfeld was Bochum's rabbi at this time. He and his wife fled to Palestine. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher Else Hirsch began organising groups of children and adolescents to be sent to the Netherlands and England , sending ten groups in all. Many Jewish children and those from other persecuted groups were taken in by Dutch families and thereby saved from abduction or deportation and death. On 15 July 1939,

1872-793: The Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park in 1989. The south of the city has woods, the best known of which are the Weitmarer Holz  [ de ] . These are generally mixed forests of oak and beech . The occurrence of holly gives evidence of Bochum's temperate climate . 844 species of plants can be found within the city limts Bochum features an Oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ) characterized by cool winters and short warm summers. Extreme temperatures are uncommon. However, temperatures rising above 30 °C (86 °F) are to be expected on multiple days in summer and

1950-483: The Knöselbach . The Ruhr in combination with upstream reservoirs is also used for drinking water abstraction. The Emscher's tributaries are Hüller Bach with Dorneburger Mühlenbach, Hofsteder Bach, Marbach, Ahbach, Kabeisemannsbach and Goldhammer Bach. The industrial developments in the region since the 19th century were leading to a kind of division of labour between the two river catchments, pumping drinking water from

2028-520: The 1960s, problems were inevitable: As a result of mining, areas sank above ground and subsidence swamps formed (subsidence). The wastewater from mining and the smelting works, but also from the settlements, collected here and putrefied: the population of the Emscher towns increased rapidly in the 19th century. In 1818, cities such as Essen and Dortmund had less than 5,000 inhabitants; in 1910, Essen registered 294,653 and Dortmund 214,226 people. Since 1883, drafts and commissions had been discussing how to solve

2106-579: The 8a USDA plant hardiness zone (−12.2 to −9.4 °C or 10 to 15 °F). Some winters may pass without a frost below −5 °C (data from the nearest active climate station). These comparably mild conditions in Winter permit the planting of plants that would either not be reliably hardy or not able to bloom throughout Germany like Trachycarpus palms, Summer lilac , Paulownia tomentosa and Rosemary . However, winters can be unpredictable with strong fluctuations in temperatures: In mid-February 2021,

2184-624: The Bermudadreieck is the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr , opened in 2016. Founded in 1919, Bochum's orchestra, the Bochumer Symphoniker , has developed over the course of its history into one of the most important concert orchestras in western Germany. Since October 28, 2016, the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr has been a permanent venue. Tung-Chieh Chuang has been General Music Director of

2262-895: The Bochum Symphony Orchestra and Artistic Director of the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr since the 2021/2022 season. The Bochum Philharmonic Choir gives about four to five concerts a year and usually performs together with the Bochum Symphony Orchestra. In one of the venues, the Audimax of the Ruhr University Bochum , there is also one of the most modern organs from the Klais Orgelbau with 82 registers. The free rock festival Bochum Total has been taking place in Bochum city center since 1986. With 900,000 spectators, it

2340-481: The Emscher expansion was to restore a natural gradient so that the water could flow into the Rhine. To achieve this, the original 109 km long course of the Emscher was freed from many "loops" or it was partially laid parallel to the old river bed: In the Herne/Herten area, for example, the Emscher has been in the bed of its former tributary Fleuthe since 1914, because at the same time as the first Emscher expansion,

2418-410: The Emscher sewer was held on September 11, 2009. The AKE is 51 kilometers long and stretches from Dortmund-Deusen to Dinslaken. Due to its gradient of 1.5 per thousand, it requires three pumping stations on its way west, namely Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop and Oberhausen/Duisburg. The entire system was commissioned by the Emschergenossenschaft at the end of 2021. The consequences of mining are irreversible, so

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2496-457: The Emschergenossenschaft has been operating the world's only hospital wastewater treatment plant that can remove a large proportion of drug residues from wastewater using various treatment technologies and is then allowed to discharge them into a stream. Responsibilities and tasks of the Emschergenossenschaft are defined in the act „Emschergenossenschaftsgesetz“ (Emscher GG ), enacted July 14, 1904 and adapted until 2013: The Emschergenossenschaft

2574-630: The Emschergenossenschaft rapidly expanded the network of sewage treatment plants. In 1908, around 220,000 inhabitants were already connected to cooperative sewage treatment plants, 3 years later there were already over 700,000 people and 19 plants (1 cubic meter of water cost 0.34 pfennigs to purify at that time). At the beginning of the First World War, the Emschergenossenschaft had already created capacities for almost 1 million people; by 1932, 2 million people were connected. The cleaning costs here were on average around 20% per inhabitant compared to

2652-431: The Emschergenossenschaft took place on December 14, 1899. The Emschergenossenschaft was self-governing from the outset; the state was not directly involved, but only had influence through legislation and building permits. Any costs incurred were distributed proportionately among those responsible for wastewater or construction measures, i.e. mining, trade and industry as well as cities and municipalities (as representatives of

2730-682: The Executive Board and appoints a member of the Executive Board as Chairperson. The current members of the Executive Board are Ulrich Paetzel (Chairman and Board Member for Strategy and Finance), Frank Obenaus (Board Member for Water Management and Technology) and Dorothea Voss (Board Member for Human Resources and Sustainability). The former heads of the association: Wilhelm Middeldorf (1905 to 1911), Heinrich Helbing (1911 to 1933), Alexander Ramshorn (1934 to 1958), Erich Knop (1958 to 1974) since Wolfgang Türstig left 62 J to Gunther Annen (1974 to 1991) and Jochen Stemplewski (1992 to 2016). In 2015,

2808-600: The German invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, the Nazis carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists, who were then sent to concentration camps. Local Polish premises and seats of organizations were looted and expropriated by Nazi Germany. During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city with three forced labour subcamps within present-day city limits, an additional detention center,

2886-426: The Lippeverband, which was founded in 1926. Together, these two associations are the largest water management association and wastewater disposal company in Germany. Due to the northward migration of the coal mining industry, subsidence has almost come to a standstill. The Emschergenossenschaft can therefore "rebuild" the drainage system, i.e. the former streams are gradually freed from wastewater, which then flows into

2964-604: The Rhine-Herne Canal was built over a total length of 46 km and partly laid in the former Emscher riverbed. Today, the course of the Emscher is only 81 km long between its source in Holzwickede and where it flows into the Rhine. Just 10 years after construction began, 5,000 hectares of land had been freed from flooding and 2,000 hectares of previously marshy land were now dry and usable. Typhus, malaria and other epidemics had almost completely disappeared.[6] From 1906,

3042-587: The Rhineland and Westphalia. In the postwar period, Bochum began developing as a cultural centre of the Ruhr area. In 1965, the Ruhr University was opened, the first modern university in the Ruhr area and the first to be founded in Germany since World War II . Since the seventies, Bochum's industry has moved from heavy industry to the service sector. Between 1960 and 1980, the coal mines all closed. Other industries, such as automotive , compensated for

3120-601: The Ruhr into the municipal supply system and discharging waste water mainly into the Emscher system. Today approximately 10% of the waste water in the Emscher catchment is discharged via the Hüller Bach. and treated in the centralized waste water treatment plant of the Emschergenossenschaft in Bottrop . The ecological restoration of the Emscher tributaries initiated by the Emschergenossenschaft started with

3198-408: The administrative district borders were located here (corresponding to the historical borders between the Rhineland and Westphalia) due to the establishment in 1815/1816 - the administrative district of Münster from Münster Abbey and Vest Recklinghausen - the administrative district of Arnsberg with the territories of Sauerland and Siegerland (which received Arnsberg as the "Catholic capital" and -

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3276-425: The administrative district of Düsseldorf with the northern Rhine provinces The Emscher zone was not mapped until 1822 to 1835. The Emscher also had hardly any bridges or crossing facilities for a long time; the first north-south road link between the present-day cities of Recklinghausen and Herne, for example, was not built until 1842. When coal mining moved north from the Ruhr to the then sparsely populated Emscher in

3354-1032: The airport in Düsseldorf , there are ICE , InterCity , RE and S railway lines. Other reachable airports are the Cologne Bonn Airport , the Weeze Airport , the Münster International Airport and the Paderborn Lippstadt Airport . There are 61 primary schools , 9 Hauptschulen ("general schools") and 14 special schools . In addition, there are 11 preparatory (British: grammar) schools (" Gymnasien "), 5 comprehensive schools ("Gesamtschulen"), 8 Realschulen and 2 private Waldorf schools . "Gymnasien" – preparatory schools (British: grammar school): "Gesamtschulen" – comprehensive schools : Emschergenossenschaft The Emschergenossenschaft

3432-642: The appeal procedure against decisions by public bodies was reintroduced. Some of the appeal committees are elected by the respective association assembly, while others are appointed directly by the supervisory authority. The supervisory authority is the Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Consumer Protection, which is responsible for water management in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The delegate assemblies are reconstituted every five years. The newly elected delegates then appoint

3510-533: The arms industry, coal mines and steel plants and those unable to leave. During the Holocaust, in 1942–1943, local Jews were deported to German-occupied Czechoslovakia , Latvia and Poland . Bochum was first bombed heavily in May and June 1943. On 13 May 1943, the city hall was hit, destroying the top floor, and leaving the next two floors in flames. On 4 November 1944, in an attack involving 700 British bombers,

3588-442: The articles of association and rules of procedure. The bodies of the associations are the cooperative/association assembly, the cooperative/association council and the Executive Board. The association assemblies are the highest decision-making body and are made up of representatives of the members (delegates). The Emscher Cooperative Council is elected by the respective Association Assembly. The Cooperative and Association Council elects

3666-847: The artists. Often artists also play here who can be heard in the Carnegie Hall , in the Concertgebouw , in the Berlin Philharmonic or in the Great Hall of the Tchaikovsky Conservatory . Again and again. The initiators, Dr. Reinhard Cebulla and his wife Anna, received the Badge of Honor from the city of Bochum in 2013 and the Wattenscheid St. Gertrudis Prize in 2014. Bochum is connected to

3744-429: The catchment area almost every year from the municipal sewage system or from exceeding the technically dimensioned volumes of retention basins, as there can be no absolute certainty. Challenges continue to arise from so-called micropollutants, which have been present in wastewater for some time but are increasingly detectable thanks to ever-improving analytical methods. These include drug residues, for example. Since 2011,

3822-492: The catchment area since its foundation. In this respect, projects and campaigns on rainwater management with the "Future Agreement on Rainwater" and European network projects such as "SIC adapt!" or dynaklim as part of the Climate Train network are attempting to develop strategies to cope with the consequences of climate change. However, this has not been able to prevent flooding from local heavy rainfall events somewhere in

3900-585: The cities of Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. The Bochum Stadtbahn is a single underground line connecting the University of Bochum to Herne , and the Bochum/Gelsenkirchen tramway network is made up of several lines, partially underground, connecting to Gelsenkirchen, Hattingen and Witten . Public transport in the city is priced according to the fare system of the VRR transport association. As one of

3978-422: The citizens). The plan drawn up by government architect Wilhelm Middeldorf in 1901 "for the regulation of the receiving water and wastewater treatment in the Emscher region" predicted mining-related disruptions for the next 50 years with an assumed mining depth of up to 1,000 m.[6] On July 14, 1904, the Emschergenossenschaftsgesetz (Emscher Cooperative Act) was confirmed by Prussian King Wilhelm II and later served as

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4056-454: The city was affected by a severe cold spell bringing temperatures down to –15 degrees Celsius (5 °F) accompanied by heavy snowfall which hindered traffic for multiple days. A week later, a temperature of 17 °C (63 °F) was recorded, an increase of 32K. The total precipitation of 815mm is distributed relatively evenly through most of the year but has a peak in winter and two minima in late spring and July, respectively. June shows

4134-459: The climate station closest to the City did record a peak temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) on July 25, 2019. On the other extreme, freezing temperatures are common between mid-November and late March. In some years, however, frosts may occur as late as early May. Temperatures below −10 °C are, especially in recent years, only seen on rare occasions. The city lies within the warmer extent of

4212-542: The drainage emergency. The quantities of water pumped over from the Ruhr Valley as drinking water did not alleviate the problem, as the Ruhr water was also hygienically questionable and, together with the drainage emergency, led to a typhoid epidemic in Gelsenkirchen in 1901, in which 350 people died. As a result, Robert Koch founded the "Hygiene Institute of the Ruhr" here in 1901. The actual founding meeting of

4290-468: The end of the war, 38% of Bochum had been destroyed. 70,000 citizens were homeless and at least 4,095 dead. Of Bochum's more than 90,000 homes, only 25,000 remained for the 170,000 citizens who survived the war, many by fleeing to other areas. Most of the remaining buildings were damaged, many with only one usable room. Only 1,000 houses in Bochum remained undamaged after the war. Only two of 122 schools remained unscathed; others were totally destroyed. Hunger

4368-427: The entire Emscher system was rebuilt at a cost of €5.38 billion, with the aim of "first-time construction" for the main course of the Emscher. The Emscher sewer (AKE) is a prerequisite for the Emscher to be freed of wastewater and for the near-natural conversion of the watercourses. The planning and construction of the canal, with depths of up to 40 meters, was a masterpiece of engineering. The ground-breaking ceremony for

4446-537: The entire wastewater in the catchment area is treated biologically in conjunction with the Emschermündung wastewater treatment plant. In addition, there are the tributaries Kleine and Alte Emscher, which are disposed of via a joint wastewater treatment plant, as well as a hospital wastewater treatment plant at the Marienhospital in Gelsenkirchen. The Emschergenossenschaft forms an administrative unit with

4524-704: The few Ruhr area cities, Bochum is not directly connected with the German waterway net; the closest link is in the more northern located Herne at the Rhine-Herne Canal . In the south the border of Bochum is marked by the Ruhr . Up to the first half of the 19th century it was one of the most-travelled rivers in Europe and was mainly used for coal departure. Aside from cruise ships, it is no longer used for commercial navigation. The closest airports are Essen/Mülheim Airport (27 km), Dortmund Airport (31 km) and Düsseldorf Airport (47 km). To reach

4602-701: The former quarry of Klosterbusch in Querenburg and at the Geological Gardens in Wiemelhausen. The urban area is divided into the river Ruhr catchment in the south and the Emscher catchment in the north. The Ruhr's tributaries are the Oelbach (where as well a waste water treatment plant is established ), Gerther Mühlenbach, Harpener Bach, Langendreer Bach, Lottenbach , Hörsterholzer Bach and

4680-509: The integration failed. In 2007, the new synagogue of the Jewish community of Bochum, Herne und Hattingen was opened. In 2008, Nokia closed down its production plant, causing the loss of thousands of jobs, both at the plant and at local suppliers. 20,000 people showed up to protest against the closing. Within months, the Canadian high-tech company, Research in Motion , announced plans to open

4758-423: The loss of jobs. The Opel Astra was assembled at the Opel Bochum plant ; however, by 2009, the factory was in serious financial difficulties and in December 2012, Opel announced that it would stop vehicle production at the Bochum plant in 2016. In the course of a comprehensive community reform in 1975, Wattenscheid , a formerly independent city, was integrated into the city of Bochum. A local referendum against

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4836-436: The low rolling hills of Bochum land ridge (Bochumer Landrücken), part of the Ruhrhöhen (highest elevations) between the Ruhr and Emscher rivers at the border of the southern and northern Ruhr coal region. The highest point of the city is at Kemnader Straße (Kemnader Street) in Stiepel at 196 metres (643 ft) above sea level; the lowest point is 43 metres (141 ft) at the Blumenkamp in Hordel . The terrain of Bochum

4914-454: The members of the Cooperative Council and the Association Council and, in some cases, the members of the Appeals Committees. Multiple terms of office are permitted for all committee members. The Emschergenossenschaft is working in the 865 km catchment area of the Emscher with the municipalities (from east to west) The catchment is historically divided since cutting the Emscher main stream from its original estuary twice, first in 1906 from

4992-429: The need for pumping - i.e. to keep the settlement areas dry - remains permanent. These so-called perpetual costs are borne by the RAG-Stiftung. Challenges for water management arise from the signs of climate change and legal changes at state, federal and EU level. The long-term increase in local heavy rainfall events can be statistically proven by the Emschergenossenschaft, as precipitation data has been collected throughout

5070-421: The original mouth in Duisburg and 1949 again by shifting the mouth to Dinslaken. The former parts of the catchment area in Duisburg and Oberhausen are drained artificially and the waste water is – after treatment – pumped into the river Rhine. These sub catchments are called “Alte Emscher” and “Kleine Emscher”. The third shift of the Emscher mouth (under construction) has been leading to the municipality of Voerde as

5148-403: The partly branched main stream. These generated the necessary water pressure for the operation of the mills and were used for fish farming. As a result, the land along the Emscher was fertile, but settlements directly next to the river were not possible or were in constant danger of being flooded. The entire Emscher zone was also a little-noticed "outlying district" for the state administrations, as

5226-405: The performance of public tasks, especially as they are compatible with the democratic principle of the Basic Law in Article 20 (para. 2). The near-natural conversion of the Emscher system is the main task of the present and the future. This intergenerational project was initiated with the International Building Exhibition Emscherpark (1989-1999). In the planned and budgeted period from 1992 to 2021,

5304-481: The results were as follows: The Bochum city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: Bochum dates from the 9th century, when Charlemagne set up a royal court at the junction of two important trade routes. It was first officially mentioned in 1041 as Cofbuokheim in a document of the archbishops of Cologne. In 1321, Count Engelbert II von der Marck granted Bochum

5382-456: The steel plant, Bochumer Verein, was hit. One of the largest steel plants in Germany, more than 10,000 high-explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs were stored there, setting off a conflagration that destroyed the surrounding neighbourhoods. An aerial photo shows the devastation. The town centre of Bochum was a strategic target during the Oil Campaign . In 150 air raids on Bochum, over 1,300 bombs were dropped on Bochum and Gelsenkirchen . By

5460-671: The treatment plants in underground pipes. The streams can then be redesigned and "renaturalized". The first project was started in 1982 with the Dellwiger Bach in Dortmund. With the so-called water association decision of 5 December 2002, the Federal Constitutional Court strengthened the special organizational form of "functional self-administration" specific to the Emschergenossenschaft and other water associations (BVerfG, decision of 5 December 2002 - 2 BvL 5 and 6/98). The reasoning stated that outside of direct state administration, in defined areas such as water management, special organizational forms of municipal self-administration are permissible for

5538-474: The usual level in large German cities.[6] The citizens used the sewage sludge drying sites to extract the "Emscher fuel" mixed with coal dust, as the sewage sludge had almost the same calorific value as brown coal. The increasing problems with the lack of gradient in the streams, which arose again and again due to the subsidence caused by mining, were solved in many places by pumping stations. Over time, it often became economically and technically easier not to pump

5616-543: The war, Bochum was occupied by the British , who established two camps to house people displaced by the war . The majority of them were former Polish Zwangsarbeiter , forced labourers , many of them from the Bochumer Verein. Allied bombing destroyed 83% of the built up area of Bochum during World War II. Today around a third of Bochum consists of buildings from before World War II. More than sixty years after

5694-474: The war, bombs continue to be found in the region, usually by construction workers. One found in October 2008 in Bochum town centre led to the evacuation of 400 and involved hundreds of emergency workers. A month earlier, a buried bomb exploded in neighbouring Hattingen , injuring 17 people. After the war, Bochum was part of West Germany and the newly established state of North Rhine-Westphalia, consisting of

5772-540: The wastewater to a local sewage treatment plant in a mining subsidence area, but to route it to a central sewage treatment plant for several towns via the open, concrete-lined streams. By the end of the 1920s, the Emschergenossenschaft operated 30 sewage treatment plants. With the construction of the Emscher river sewage treatment plant at the mouth of the Boye in Bottrop in 1927 and the increasing number of pumping stations due to constant subsidence, wastewater treatment shifted to

5850-466: Was established by the German authorities in Bochum in 1909. On 28 October 1938, 250 Polish or stateless Jews were expelled from Bochum to Poland. On 9 November 1938, Kristallnacht , the Bochum synagogue was set on fire and there was rioting against Jewish citizens. The first Jews from Bochum were deported to Nazi concentration camps and many Jewish institutions and homes were destroyed. Some 500 Jewish citizens are known by name to have been killed in

5928-516: Was rampant. A resident of neighbouring Essen was quoted on 23 April 1945 as saying, "Today, I used up my last potato... it will be a difficult time till the new [autumn] potatoes are ready to be picked – if they're not stolen." The US army ground advance into Germany reached Bochum in April 1945. Encountering desultory resistance, the US 79th Infantry Division captured the city on 10 April 1945. After

6006-529: Was the first of its kind in Germany. The nearly 4-acre (16,000 m ) park is the site of an old coal mine, the Zeche Friederika, which operated from 1750 to 1907. In 1962, the property came under environmental protection and a decade later was turned into a geological garden. Other scenic areas include the West Park, Lake Kemnade, Lake Ümmingen and the municipal forest, Weitmarer Holz. Bochum

6084-678: Was the main center of the Polish community of the Ruhr , being the seat of various Polish organizations and enterprises. The Poles were subjected to anti-Polish policies aimed at Germanisation , and the Central Office for Monitoring the Polish Movement in the Rhine-Westphalian Industrial District ( Zentralstelle fur Uberwachung der Polenbewegung im Rheinisch-Westfalischen Industriebezirke )

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