62-483: Steilacoom may refer to: People [ edit ] Steilacoom people , an historical Coast Salish tribe who lived near the Puget Sound Steilacoom Tribe of Indians , a contemporary heritage group, unrecognized as a tribe Places [ edit ] Fort Steilacoom , a former US Army outpost near Lake Steilacoom Fort Steilacoom Park ,
124-464: A band centered on Clarks Creek, the location of their village. They were allied closely with a Steilacoom village on Clover Creek. Their name is derived from txʷskʷawqʷ , 'full of ravens', the name of Clarks Creek. The sqʷədabš (also recorded sqʷadabš , and not to be confused with the identically-named sqʷədabš ( Squinamish ) on the Skagit River ) had a village at
186-667: A large contingent of Puyallup gamblers visited the Snoqualmie to challenge them to a large Slahal game and horse races. The Puyallup side was led by a man named sɬəy̓shal . After several days of playing, the Puyallup eventually defeated the Snoqualmie, both in the races and in Slahal. Since the Fox Island Council in 1856, the Puyallup have continued to fight for treaty rights and civil rights, and were influential in
248-478: A mat roof. The floor was dug out and replaced with stone, upon which cedar twigs and bark were laid to make a fire. Each house could hold up to one or two people. Sweat bathing was done for many reasons, including cleanliness and physical health. It was also an act of ritual purification for a myriad of scenarios: after intercourse, contact with blood (including menstruation and childbirth), or the murder of another, as preparation for hunting or gambling, before taking on
310-642: A nine-member council, led by a chairperson. From 1975 until her death, Joan Ortez served as chairperson following the resignation of Lewis Layton. As of 1986 the group claimed about 615 members. As of 2003 there were 665 members, and as of 2008 there were 800 members. The group formed the Steilacoom Tribal Museum Association in 2019, under which they operate facilities like a museum, cafe, and business office. Puyallup people The Puyallup ( pew- AL -əp ; Lushootseed : spuyaləpabš , lit. 'people of
372-504: A period of fasting, ritual bathing, and undertaking difficult tasks to prove oneself. There are two main types of powers: sqəlalitut and dxʷdahəb . sqəlalitut powers helped one gain prestige in social life, and also were believed to cause people to develop certain personality traits. dxʷdahəb powers are special and only attainable by a person also called a dxʷdahəb (usually translated as shaman , doctor, or medicine man ). People with these powers are believed to have
434-452: A slave was not a slave, but carried the social taboo from being of slave descent and faced challenges in rising to a higher class. Authority in traditional Puyallup society was gained in several main ways. The first way was by being a highly respected professional in a field, such as being a master hunter or carver. The second way was through being a respected and well-liked public figure; a diplomat and leader who could take charge and advance
496-413: A spirit quest, as an act of mourning, and in general, from a desire for spiritual purification. Additionally, villages would host competitions to see who could last inside a sweat house the longest. A sweat bath was immediately followed with a cold-water plunge. The main form of water transportation for the Puyallup was historically the canoe, of which there are six types: the war canoe, the freight canoe,
558-721: A stand-in for all the related peoples of the southern Puget Sound area. Historically, the Steilacoom were not a unified people. There were five original bands which today make up the Steilacoom. These bands include the Steilacoom, the Sastuck, the Spanaway, the Tlithlow, and the Sequalitchew. The Steilacoom proper originally controlled just Steilacoom Creek. The Sastuck were on Clover Creek, the Spanaway were on Lake Spanaway,
620-404: Is č̓tilqʷəbš . The name is derived from sč̓itilqʷəb , the name of the main Steilacoom village in historic times. The name means "near the water." In English, the Steilacoom have also been called Stailakoom, Chillacum, Scht'ilaqwam, Steilacoomamish, Steilaquamish, Steilakumamish, and Stelakubalish. By 1855, the Steilacoom controlled a large portion (approximately 10,000 acres) of
682-441: Is a large gathering for the purpose of giving away gifts which can be both inter-tribal and intra-tribal. The potlatch system was historically the basis for friendly relations between different villages and tribes. Even today, potlatches can be held for many different reasons. Traditionally, the person throwing the potlatch invited important people from outside their village, who in turn, would invite whoever they wished to join them at
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#1732780150154744-474: Is an unrecognized tribe based in Steilacoom Washington which claims descent from the historic Steilacoom people. They are neither a federally recognized tribe nor a state-recognized tribe . The organization has attempted to seek recognition and/or compensation from the federal government since 1929. Most recently, they were denied federal recognition in 2008. The organization is run by
806-551: Is believed that many signatures were forced or entirely forged. The hasty treaty negotiations, poor reservation conditions, and persecution and outright murder of Native people resulted in growing tensions between several tribes and the United States. The Puyallup, along with several other tribes, fought the United States in the 1855-1856 Puget Sound War , also called the Treaty Wars or Indian Wars. During this period,
868-546: Is derived from the name of the Puyallup River above the Carbon River. However, according to Waterman, it is only the name of a creek near the Puyallup River. According to oral tradition, the name is derived from the words of a girl who was occasionally seen in the area. It was suspected she was a c̓iyatkʷuʔ , or at least captured by the c̓iyatkʷuʔ , creatures in indigenous Puget Sound folk tales which stalk
930-440: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Steilacoom people The Steilacoom people ( Lushootseed : č̓tilqʷəbš ) are Lushootseed-speaking Southern Coast Salish people, indigenous to the southern Puget Sound region of Washington state . The name Steilacoom is an anglicization of their Lushootseed endonym . In their native Lushootseed language, their name
992-619: Is now Sumner . The name, stəx̌ʷabš , derived from the name of the Stuck River itself, stəx̌ʷ , 'pull, drag'. This references how the Stuck River once flowed down the Wapato Creek bed, rather than directly into the Puyallup River as it does today. The village was originally located along that channel, but moved to the contemporary confluence after the river's flow changed. According to Puyallup oral tradition, whales were trapped inland, and in their attempts to gain access to
1054-488: The Carbon River ), meaning "bend at the bottom". However, this is contested by linguist T. T. Waterman , who says that the name puyaləp is restricted only to a specific location below a bluff, where the river used to flow, and the location of a former village. The name spuyaləpabš traditionally referred to two groups: the Puyallup proper (also sometimes called the "real" Puyallup), who had four villages near
1116-530: The Fish Wars leading to the Boldt Decision of 1974. By the contact period, the Puyallup had many villages along the Puyallup River, as well as along the nearby coastline of Puget Sound if those under the more broad definitions of Puyallup are included. The core of Puyallup population was near the Puyallup River mouth, and these Puyallup proper had just four known villages: The largest buildings of
1178-548: The Puyallup Tribe of Indians , a federally-recognized tribe located in parts of King and Pierce counties. They control the 66.9 acre Puyallup Indian Reservation . The Puyallup Tribe is governed by the Tribal Council ( Twulshootseed : sk̓ʷapad ʔə tiiɫ siʔiʔab , lit. 'council of leaders'), a democratically-elected body which oversees the operation of the tribe. The potlatch ( sgʷigʷi )
1240-527: The Skokomish and Port Madison reservations, while some still stayed behind. From 1855-1856, during the Puget Sound War , the Steilacoom were forcibly removed from their territory and placed on Fox Island by J. V. Weber, Indian agent . By 1900, just four pockets of the Steilacoom remained off-reservation, at Steilacoom, DuPont , Roy , and Yelm . The leader of the Steilacoom at this time
1302-589: The Snoqualmie , and were much closer related to them than their downriver neighbors. During the reservation period, the people of this village moved to the Muckleshoot reservation, rather than the Puyallup reservation. The Homamish ( Lushootseed : sx̌ʷəbabš , lit. 'swift water people'; also called the S'Homamish or Sqababsh) were not originally considered part of the Puyallup in pre-contact times, however, they had strong alliances with
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#17327801501541364-611: The Carbon River and its tributaries, the Tkwakwamish proper did not control them, and the other villages were autonomous, as were the other Puyallup villages. One such autonomous village of the Tkwakwamish was located at what is now South Prairie , near the mouth of Cole Creek. This village, although it was Tkwakwamish and Puyallup, was closely allied with the Green River peoples (Such as the Skopamish and Yilkoamish ) and
1426-471: The Carbon River, according to some anthropologists. Specifically, it is the name of a group of people whose village was located north-west of Orting , near where Vogt Creek enters the Carbon River. The name dxʷxʷaq̓ʷəbš is derived from the Lushootseed name for the Carbon River, dxʷxʷaq̓ʷ , 'Flowing from xʷaq̓ʷ ( Mount Rainier )'. Although this name was applied to other villages along
1488-533: The Nisqually River's delta, were not owned by one people, and instead were shared equally between the groups of the vicinity, including the Steilacoom. They neighbored the Puyallup and Nisqually , to whom they are closely related culturally and linguistically. Various writers have classified the Steilacoom as a part of the Puyallup and Nisqually, however this stems primarily from the terms being used as
1550-507: The Puget Sound traditionally classed themselves into broader ethnic units stemming from their relationships to the land. While all Puyallup villages were spuyaləpabš , i.e, from the Puyallup River, they were part of several larger units that modern anthropologists have classed as ethnic groups: saltwater people, river people, prairie people, and inland people. While the people of the qal̕qaləqʷ village identified as saltwater people,
1612-458: The Puyallup attended the Treaty of Medicine Creek at McAllister Creek ( Twulshootseed : šxʷnanəm or šxʷdadəb ). Over three days, several representatives from the signatory tribes and the United States, represented by Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens , negotiated a treaty which established the 1,280-acre Puyallup reservation. The Puyallup signatories did not understand English, and it
1674-569: The Puyallup historically, and during the reservation period, they joined the Puyallup on the Puyallup Reservation and became part of the modern Puyallup people. Their territory covered southern Vashon Island and much of the coastline west of the Tacoma Narrows, until Carr Inlet. Their main village was located at txʷaalqəɬ , 'place where deer exists', what is now Gig Harbor , and was founded many generations before
1736-419: The Puyallup were large cedar longhouses. These structures were communal dwellings usually inhabited by four, six, or eight families with each family having their own section. Along the Puyallup River drainage, most longhouses were constructed in a gable-roof fashion. The Puyallup also historically built "sweat houses;" small, round buildings made of maple posts and either a wooden roof made of cedar or fir, or
1798-511: The Puyallup, however, as they moved to the Puyallup Reservation, they became part of the modern Puyallup people. They controlled Carr Inlet and had three villages: The Steilacoom people ( Lushootseed : č̓tilqʷəbš ) historically controlled the Steilacoom Creek area and the nearby shoreline. They had two villages, one located at what is now Steilacoom , and the other on Clover Creek. They may have had another village, located at
1860-483: The Steilacoom were signatory to the Treaty of Medicine Creek , under which they ceded their land to the United States in return for a reservation. They did not receive a reservation inside their territory; they were instead instructed to remove to the nearby Puyallup , Nisqually , and Squaxin Island reservations. Following this, many of the remaining Steilacoom families settled on the nearby reservations. Others moved to
1922-478: The Tacoma Basin and the nearby coastline, with their core land base being the area surrounding Steilacoom Creek and what is now Steilacoom, Washington . Within their territory were two major waterways: Steilacoom Creek ( Lushootseed : sč̓itilqʷəb ) and Sequalitchew Creek ( Lushootseed : sčəgʷaliču ). The islands of Anderson, McNeil, and Fox were also used by the Steilacoom. These islands, as well as
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1984-475: The Tlithlow were on Murray Creek, and the Sequalitchew were located on Sequalitchew Creek. An archaeological site on the north shore of Chambers Creek in Pierce County, Washington , was confirmed by Western Washington University archaeologist Herbert C. Taylor Jr. as being a Steilacoom summer encampment. The Steilacoom were one of the first peoples affected by colonization in western Washington, as
2046-557: The United States forced non-combatant Puyallup to be confined to Squaxin Island, to segregate them from the "hostiles". The war ended with the 1856 Fox Island Council , where a new treaty between the Puyallup and the United States was negotiated, which expanded or relocated the reservations previously established in the Treaty of Medicine Creek, in addition to the formation of the Muckleshoot Reservation. Around 1870,
2108-502: The ability to both cure and cause death by sending their power into people. Someone whose affliction was caused by a shaman can only be cured by another shaman. Shamans who cannot control their powers are said to get sick and die. Traditionally, having powerful doctors living in a village brought social prestige to the inhabitants of the village, and doctors from different villages would "duel" against one another by sending their power at one another's relatives, which, if cured, would result in
2170-521: The aggressor shaman being inflicted with their own curse. The Puyallup, like other Northwest Coast peoples, traditionally had a highly stratified society comprising three classes: high class (also called nobles), commoners (also called "nothing" people), and slaves. The noble class was by far the largest, with the slave class being the smallest. Membership in a class was determined by one's prestige, accumulated through bloodlines, property, reputation, deeds, and authority. A high class individual ( siʔab )
2232-417: The bend' ) are a Lushootseed-speaking Southern Coast Salish people indigenous to the Puget Sound region of Washington state . They are primarily enrolled in and represented by the Puyallup Tribe of Indians , a federally-recognized Indian tribe located near Tacoma . For centuries, the Puyallup and their sub-groups had several villages along the Puyallup River and the nearby coastline. Each village
2294-509: The catching of fish. These weirs were constructed by a series of sticks aligned in tripods with large poles as platforms to allow for walking across the weir. Weirs were owned and utilized by those who took part in its construction. A non-alcoholic drink called stəgʷədalqʷuʔ was created by de-pulping and juicing salmonberries. After the introduction of alcohol, people began fermenting the drink for several weeks, turning it into an alcoholic beverage. In traditional Puyallup culture, religion
2356-481: The coast and small creeks, they did not rely as much on hunting and adopted the horse later than their neighbors like the Nisqually. When the Steilacoom did go hunting, they generally traveled to general hunting grounds not owned exclusively by themselves. The traditional language of the Steilacoom is Lushootseed (also called Puget Sound Salish ), of which they spoke the southern dialect . The Steilacoom Tribe
2418-485: The contact period by Puyallup people, likely from the sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš group. For this reason, they were extremely closely connected with the Puyallup, especially the sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš . They were also closely related to and allied with the Shotlemamish. Their two other villages were located on Vashon Island: The Shotlemamish ( Lushootseed : sx̌əƛ̕əbabš ), like their Homamish neighbors, were not originally part of
2480-502: The first trading post, army post, church, and town located north of the Columbia River were founded inside their territory. In 1849, Fort Steilacoom was constructed on their land, located about 6 miles north of Fort Nisqually . In the writings of Hudson's Bay Company factors William F. Tolmie and John McLaughlin, as well as in the writers of the fort's staff, the Steilacoom are mentioned heavily. Later, in 1850, Port Steilacoom
2542-427: The fishing canoe, river canoe (also called a shovel-nose canoe), the one-man canoe, and the children's canoe. The traditional diet of the Puyallup was diverse, employing a mix of fish, meat, shellfish, berries, nuts, and other plants. Traditionally, fish were caught in a variety of ways, including with line and hook, traps, rakes, and spears. In addition, massive weirs were constructed over rivers and streams to aid in
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2604-428: The forests at night, whistling to imitate birds. They capture women, and the girl in the stories was believed to be held captive by c̓iyatkʷuʔ . When she was spotted, the only word she could be heard saying was the name of the stream, or, alternatively, the upper Puyallup River. Tkwakwamish ( Lushootseed : dxʷxʷaq̓ʷəbš ) is the broad term for all the villages along the upper Puyallup drainage system, including
2666-553: The hospital is actually in the neighboring city of Lakewood, Washington Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Steilacoom . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steilacoom&oldid=1067083918 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2728-502: The husband's village, and people tended to marry outside of their village. During the winter, the village was the focus of all economic and social activity. However, during the summer, people left their village and traveled to other villages in which they had relatives or friends to pursue summer hunting, fishing, and gathering activities. The Steilacoom were primarily reliant on fishing for their food. Although they neighbored peoples who were more reliant on hunting, due to their locality on
2790-675: The largest park in Lakewood, Washington Lake Steilacoom , a lake in Pierce County, Washington, approximately 2.5 miles southwest of Tacoma, Washington Steilacoom Creek , an older name for Chambers Creek, in Washington State Steilacoom, Washington , a town in Pierce County, Washington Colloquially, in Washington State, "Steilacoom" is also used to refer to Western State Hospital , although
2852-555: The many villages along the coastline and rivers of Puget Sound formed a continuous weave far beyond the Puyallup, linking neighboring autonomous villages to one another up and down the coast. The sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš had their village on Hylebos Creek in Fife Heights . Formerly, the creek was used primarily for fishing silver salmon. Their name is derived from the Lushootseed name of Hylebos Creek, sx̌ax̌ƛ̕ , 'a little difficult or brushy '. The txʷskʷawqʷabš were
2914-593: The mouth of Simons Creek, where it entered Wapato Creek. The name is derived from the name of Simons Creek, which is sqʷəd , 'waterfall'. The Stuck people ( Lushootseed : stəx̌ʷabš ), (also called the Stuck River people; not to be confused with the Stkamish, a nearby people living on the Green River ), had their main village near the confluence of the Puyallup and Stuck rivers, close to what
2976-486: The mouth of the Puyallup River, as well as the other peoples who were not spuyaləpabš exactly, but did live along the upper Puyallup drainage. Today, the term even more broadly refers to any people who moved to the Puyallup Reservation, which included peoples who did not live along the Puyallup River, such as the Homamish , Shotlemamish , and Steilacoom . The Puyallup are a Southern Coast Salish people, along with
3038-828: The other Lushootseed-speaking peoples and the Twana . The broader Coast Salish are a group of linguistically and ethnically related peoples along the Northwest Coast , generally centered around the Salish Sea and its tributaries. Although they have different languages, customs, and cultures, they share many broader cultural elements. Among the Southern Coast Salish, the nations are linked by strong cultural, linguistic, ceremonial, and family ties. Historically, they were also linked through alliances, marriages, joint feasting, and territorial usage. The peoples of
3100-409: The other three Puyallup villages were river people. Prior to the reservation period, all peoples living along the Puyallup River were seen as belonging to the Puyallup in a broad sense. However, they were indeed their own sovereign villages who were not controlled by the Puyallup proper. Today, they may be classified as "subgroups" or "bands" of the Puyallup, although this is somewhat anachronistic, as
3162-405: The potlatch. Each group of guests would arrive at the potlatch on a different day, and, upon arrival, the leader of the group would sing their power song with their group of guests. Once all guests arrived, the host would begin giving away their possessions to the guests, and the host was expected to leave the potlach having lost a significant amount of wealth, if not all, as a show of dignity. During
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#17327801501543224-513: The present site of Spanaway . The Steilacoom were also closely tied with the Nisqually . According to Puyallup tradition, the Puyallup people were created by dukʷibəɬ , the Changer. dukʷibəɬ is the figure in Puyallup religion who made the world the way it is today by creating the Puyallup language, making animals smaller, and teaching the people how to live. On December 24, 1854,
3286-410: The size of their reservation. Since then, the Puyallup people have continued to fight for their language, culture, and treaty rights. The name "Puyallup" is an anglicization of the Lushootseed word spuyaləpabš . The name means "people of the bend (at the bottom of the river)," literally s√puy=áləp=abš , from the root √puy̓ , 'curve'; the suffix =alap , 'leg or hip'; and
3348-535: The sound, they created the valley through which the Stuck flows. This village was closely allied to the Duwamish and Smulkamish . One group of people, whose exact name is uncertain, had their village on the upper Puyallup River, above its confluence with the Carbon River . Their name, which is "identical" to c̓iyatkʷuʔ , according to T.T. Waterman, is unclear to modern scholars. According to Marian Smith, it
3410-402: The suffix =abš , 'people', and refers to the way that the Puyallup people live on the winding river. The name refers to the population center of the Puyallup near the mouth of the Puyallup River near what is now downtown Tacoma. According to anthropologist Marian Smith , the name puyaləp on its own refers to Puyallup River (specifically the area downriver of its confluence with
3472-507: The well being of themself and others. Another way of gaining authority, was being a skilled fighter. During wartime, brave warriors could quickly ascend to prominence for their daring acts and prowess, however, due to warfare being seen as a net negative and best to be avoided, warriors did not have much influence during peacetime and people attempted to tone down their warlike ways. There were no chiefs or other formalized occupations of authority in traditional Puyallup society. Rather, authority
3534-533: Was John Steilacoom, who died shortly later in 1906. His older cousin Joseph McKay became leader following his death, and would later move to the Puyallup Reservation. For the Steilacoom, the highest level of governance was the village. Villages were autonomous, and although they were linked via alliance and shared customs, language, culture, and history, they were truly autonomous and one had no formalized authority over another. Married women generally settled in
3596-444: Was at the very center of society. Skills, property, good health, even personality traits were believed to be obtained through a partnership with one or several powers . One's entire childhood was spent preparing to receive a power, and a power can come to anyone who displays purity and cleanliness, both of the body and spirit. In pre-colonial times, children went on a spirit journey to obtain a power when they reached maturity, undergoing
3658-408: Was autonomous, but united in a shared culture, language, and history. In 1854, the Puyallup were signatories to the Treaty of Medicine Creek , which ceded their land to the United States in return for the Puyallup Reservation and several other treaty rights. Following the controversial treaty, they participated in the Puget Sound War , eventually resulting in the 1856 Fox Island Council which increased
3720-481: Was built at their main settlement, and a year later, Steilacoom City was built just upriver. Prior to European contact, the Steilacoom were believed to number around 500. However, their population was decimated by colonization and several vicious smallpox epidemics, together claiming up to two-thirds of their total population. By 1853, their population was reported by Fort Steilacoom officers to be at 175, and by 1854, it had decreased to just 25 individuals. In 1854,
3782-538: Was identified by their accumulation of property, participation in religious and cultural customs, belonging to a village or family, and in general by their participation in society. The vast majority of people in traditional Puyallup society around this time were high class. Low class or commoners were those who had no family or community or those who broke social taboos. Slaves were those captured in war. As they were viewed as property of their master, they could be bought or given away in potlatches like any other. A child of
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#17327801501543844-422: Was nominally entrusted in individuals who were respected by their community. Although their voice held influence and sway over others, they could not actually compel anyone to do anything. An entire village might have one leader or it might have several, depending on the needs of the people, although there was generally only one recognized as the leader of their field. Today, the Puyallup people are represented by
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