Misplaced Pages

#21978

48-789: Stepanov wrote his book from an anatomical perspective. The movements were written in terms of joints of the body, along with flexion , extension, rotation, direction, and adduction . After taking an anatomy course, he continued his studies in Paris. Once it was adopted by the St. Petersburg school, Stepanov was given the title Instructor in Movement Analysis and Notation; however, he died at age 29. The system continued to develop following his death. After Stepanov's death, Alexander Gorsky printed Table of Signs in Stepanov notation. This publication

96-511: A bedpan and/or a wheelchair during pregnancy. Some may experience permanent disability. Hypermobility syndrome is generally considered to comprise hypermobility together with other symptoms, such as myalgia and arthralgia . It is relatively common among children and affects more females than males. Current thinking suggests four causative factors: Hypermobility can also be caused by connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) and Marfan syndrome . Joint hypermobility

144-465: A clockwise circle. With Stepanov notation, arm movements are written as symbols similar in appearance to music notes with streaks around them. The streaks indicate how the dancer is supposed to move his/her arms and the notes indicate on which beat each arm movement is to occur. A space on the paper specifies the audience's location. Stepanov’s system does not require the study of many symbols to understand it. This system makes it possible to show more than

192-399: A fist, are examples of flexion. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion is movement in the anterior direction. When the chin is against the chest, the neck is flexed, and the trunk is flexed when a person leans forward. Flexion of the shoulder or hip is movement of the arm or leg forward. Extension

240-485: A gene in each cell is sufficient to cause a disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new (sporadic) gene mutations. Such cases can occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. The dermatosparaxis and kyphoscoliosis types of EDS and some cases of the classic and hypermobility forms, are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. In autosomal recessive inheritance , two copies of

288-447: A joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. Rotational motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder , and are described as internal or external . Other terms, such as elevation and depression , describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomical terms derive from Latin terms with the same meaning. Motions are classified after the anatomical planes they occur in, although movement

336-409: A person is typing on a computer keyboard, their hands are pronated; when washing their face, they are supinated. Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body. When the forearm and hand are supinated, the thumbs point away from the body. Pronation of the foot is turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on

384-467: A serious medical condition, such as Stickler syndrome , Ehlers–Danlos syndrome , Marfan syndrome , Loeys–Dietz syndrome , rheumatoid arthritis , osteogenesis imperfecta , lupus , polio , Fragile X syndrome , Down syndrome , Morquio syndrome , cleidocranial dysostosis or myotonia congenita . Hypermobility has been associated with myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) and fibromyalgia . Hypermobility causes physical trauma (in

432-422: A single movement at a time. Overall, it has been claimed to be a good approach to describing body movement. Stepanov notation encounters difficulty in describing body direction as it utilizes a system of relative "greater than" and "less than" positions relative to the current facing of the dancer, requiring them to memorize the meanings of these terms in relation to every position in the dance. Some might also call

480-646: A symptom largely unique to the syndrome. When diagnosing hEDS, the Beighton Criteria are used, but are not always able to distinguish between generalized hypermobility and hEDS. Ehlers–Danlos hypermobility type can have severe musculoskeletal effects, including: Joint hypermobility syndrome shares symptoms with other conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta . Experts in connective tissue disorders formally agreed that severe forms of Hypermobility Syndrome and mild forms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type are

528-415: Is hyperextension of the wrist joint, towards the dorsal side of forearm. Pronation and supination refer generally to the prone (facing down) or supine (facing up) positions. In the extremities, they are the rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the standard anatomical position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly when in supination and posteriorly when in pronation. As an example, when

SECTION 10

#1732797248022

576-447: Is a common symptom for both. EDS has numerous sub-types; most include hypermobility in some degree. When hypermobility is the main symptom, then EDS/hypermobility type is likely. People with EDS-HT experience frequent joint dislocations and subluxations (partial/incomplete dislocations), with or without trauma, sometimes spontaneously. Commonly, hypermobility is dismissed by medical professionals as nonsignificant. Joint hypermobility

624-408: Is bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Dropping the arms to the sides, and bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction. Adduction of the wrist is also known as ulnar deviation which moves the hand towards the ulnar styloid (or, towards the little finger ). Abduction of the wrist is also called radial deviation which moves the hand moving towards

672-403: Is more often than not a combination of different motions occurring simultaneously in several planes. Motions can be split into categories relating to the nature of the joints involved: Apart from this motions can also be divided into: The study of movement in the human body is known as kinesiology . A categoric list of movements and the muscles involved can be found at list of movements of

720-405: Is often correlated with hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS, known also by EDS type III or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT)). Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations or hereditary genes, but the genetic defect that produced hEDS is largely unknown. In conjunction with joint hypermobility, a common symptom for hEDS is smooth, velvety, and stretchy skin;

768-427: Is supervised by a physician and physical therapist can reduce symptoms because strong muscles increase dynamic joint stability. Low-impact exercise such as closed kinetic chain exercises are usually recommended as they are less likely to cause injury when compared to high-impact exercise or contact sports. Heat and cold treatment can help temporarily to relieve the pain of aching joints and muscles but does not address

816-490: Is the opposite of flexion, a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the arm or leg backward. Even for other upper extremity joints – elbow and wrist, backward movement results in extension. The knee, ankle, and wrist are exceptions, where

864-435: The anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the anatomical plane it occurs in. Flexion and extension are examples of angular motions, in which two axes of

912-522: The radial styloid (or, towards the thumb ). Elevation and depression are movements above and below the horizontal. The words derive from the Latin terms with similar meanings. Elevation is movement in a superior direction. For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula. Depression is movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation. Rotation of body parts may be internal or external, that is, towards or away from

960-436: The shoulder joint . Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. These terms are used to resolve confusion, as technically extension of the joint is dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive as

1008-403: The Latin prefix indicating ' away ' , ad- indicating ' toward ' , and ducere meaning ' to draw or pull ' . Abduction is a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body, carried out by one or more abductor muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. For example, raising

SECTION 20

#1732797248022

1056-405: The angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg; for example, the movement when depressing a car pedal or standing on tiptoes. Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's dorsal surface, which in anatomical position is considered

1104-428: The arms up, such as when tightrope -walking, is an example of abduction at the shoulder . When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split , the legs are abducted at the hip. Adduction is a motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb, carried out by one or more adductor muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it

1152-401: The back of the arm; and flexion between the hand and the body's palmar surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm. The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of embryological rotation of the limbs in opposite directions. Palmarflexion is flexion of the wrist towards the palm and ventral side of forearm . Dorsiflexion

1200-452: The body makes. Most terms have a clear opposite, and so are treated in pairs. Flexion and extension are movements that affect the angle between two parts of the body. These terms come from the Latin words with the same meaning. Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment. For example, bending the elbow , or clenching a hand into

1248-404: The center of the body. Internal rotation ( medial rotation or intorsion ) is rotation towards the axis of the body, carried out by internal rotators . External rotation ( lateral rotation or extorsion ) is rotation away from the center of the body, carried out by external rotators . Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff , a group of muscles that help to stabilize

1296-434: The different numbers of turns in the same order and pattern the dancer executes them. For example, if the numbers 1, 2, and 3 were written in a straight line, then the dancer would similarly turn three times in a straight line. As another example, if the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are written in a circle, with 0 at the top and the numbers in increasing order clockwise around the circle, the dancer does 5 turns while walking in

1344-467: The distal end has to move in the anterior direction for it to be called extension. For the toes , flexion is curling them downward whereas extension is uncurling them or raising them. Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline while adduction is motion towards the center of the body. The center of the body is defined as the midsagittal or longitudinal plane. These terms come from Latin words with similar meanings, ab- being

1392-511: The following: These abnormalities cause unusual joint stress, meaning that the joints can wear out, leading to osteoarthritis . The condition tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic basis for at least some forms of hypermobility. The term double jointed is often used to describe hypermobility. However, the name is a misnomer and should not be taken literally, as hypermobile joints are not doubled/extra in any sense. Most people have hypermobility with no other symptoms. Approximately 5% of

1440-566: The foot away from the median plane . Inversion is the movement of the sole towards the median plane . For example, inversion describes the motion when an ankle is twisted . Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. For example: Other terms include: Hypermobility (joints) Hypermobility , also known as double-jointedness , describes joints that stretch further than normal. For example, some hypermobile people can bend their thumbs backwards to their wrists and bend their knee joints backwards, put their leg behind

1488-418: The form of joint dislocations , joint subluxations , joint instability, sprains , etc.). These conditions often, in turn, cause physical and/or emotional trauma and are possible triggers for conditions such as fibromyalgia. People with hypermobility may experience particular difficulties when pregnant. During pregnancy, the body releases relaxin and certain hormones that alter ligament physiology, easing

Vladimir Stepanov (dancer) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-489: The gene in each cell are altered. Most often, both parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder. As of July 2000, hypermobility was diagnosed using the Beighton criteria. In 2017, the criteria changed, but still involved the Beighton score. The Beighton criteria did not replace the Beighton score, but instead used

1584-535: The head or perform other contortionist "tricks". It can affect one or more joints throughout the body. Hypermobile joints are common and occur in about 10 to 25% of the population, but in a minority of people, pain and other symptoms are present. This may be a sign of hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD). Hypermobile joints are a feature of genetic connective tissue disorders such as hypermobility spectrum disorder or Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS). Until new diagnostic criteria were introduced, hypermobility syndrome

1632-411: The healthy population have one or more hypermobile joints. However, people with symptomatic hypermobility are subject to many difficulties. For example, their joints may be easily injured, be more prone to complete or partial dislocation due to the weakly stabilized joint and they may develop problems from muscle fatigue (as muscles must work harder to compensate for weakness in the ligaments that support

1680-456: The human body . The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits, such as in hypermobility , hyperflexion or hyperextension . The range of motion describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do. For example, if a part of the body such as a joint is overstretched or "bent backwards" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it can be described as hyperextended . Hyperextension increases

1728-927: The intent of narrowing the pool of hEDS patients in the hope of making it easier to identify a common genetic mutation, hEDS being the only EDS variant without a diagnostic DNA test. At the same time, joint hypermobility syndrome was renamed as hypermobility spectrum disorder and redefined as a hypermobility disorder that does not meet the diagnostic criteria for hEDS, other types of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome, or other heritable Connective Tissue Disorder (such as Marfan's , Loeys–Dietz , or osteogenesis imperfecta ). People with joint hypermobility may develop other conditions caused by their unstable joints. These conditions include: Those with hypermobile joints are more likely to have ADHD , autism , dyspraxia , fibromyalgia , hereditary connective tissue disorders , mitral valve prolapse , and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder . Hypermobility generally results from one or more of

1776-409: The joints). Hypermobility syndromes can lead to chronic pain or even disability in severe cases. Musical instrumentalists with hypermobile fingers may have difficulties when fingers collapse into the finger locking position. Conversely, they may also display superior abilities due to their increased range of motion for fingering, such as in playing a violin or cello. Hypermobility may be symptomatic of

1824-407: The medial part of the foot. Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge. Inversion and eversion are movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body. Eversion is the movement of the sole of

1872-427: The motion reduces the angle between the foot and the leg. Dorsiflexion is where the toes are brought closer to the shin . This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg . For example, when walking on the heels the ankle is described as being in dorsiflexion. Similarly, dorsiflexion helps in assuming a deep squat position. Plantar flexion or plantarflexion is the movement which decreases

1920-486: The previous score in conjunction with other symptoms and criteria. HMS is diagnosed in the presence of either two major criteria, one major and two minor criteria, or four minor criteria. The criteria are: The Beighton score is an edited version of the Carter/Wilkinson scoring system which was used for many years as an indicator of widespread hypermobility. Medical professionals varied in their interpretations of

1968-407: The results; some accepting as low as 1/9 and some 4/9 as a diagnosis of HMS. Therefore, it was incorporated, with clearer guidelines, into the Beighton Criteria. The Beighton score is measured by adding 1 point for each of the following: It is important that hypermobile individuals remain fit – even more so than the average individual – to prevent recurrent injuries. Regular exercise and exercise that

Vladimir Stepanov (dancer) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-467: The same disorder. Generalized hypermobility is a common feature in all these hereditary connective tissue disorders and many features overlap, but often features are present that enable differentiating these disorders. The inheritance pattern of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome varies by type. The arthrochalasia, classic, hypermobility and vascular forms usually have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance occurs when one copy of

2064-481: The stress on the ligaments of a joint, and is not always because of a voluntary movement. It may be a result of accidents, falls, or other causes of trauma. It may also be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures. Or it may be used as a pain compliance method to force a person to take a certain action, such as allowing a police officer to take him into custody. These are general terms that can be used to describe most movements

2112-465: The stretching needed to accommodate fetal growth as well as the birthing process. The combination of hypermobility and pregnancy-related pelvic girdle during pregnancy can be debilitating. The pregnant person with hypermobile joints will often be in significant pain as muscles and joints adapt to the pregnancy. Pain often inhibits such people from standing or walking during pregnancy. Some pregnant people who have one of these disorders find they need to use

2160-416: The translation from some manuscripts for ballet steps crude due to the difficulty of translating an anatomical movement onto the paper. Flexion Motion , the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms . Motion includes movement of organs , joints , limbs , and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to

2208-553: The underlying problems. Medication is not the primary treatment for hypermobility, but can be used as an adjunct treatment for related joint pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the primary medications of choice. Narcotics are not recommended for primary or long-term treatment and are reserved for short-term use after acute injury. For some people with hypermobility, lifestyle changes decrease symptom severity. In general, activity that increases pain should be avoided. For example: Hypermobile joints occur in about 10 to 25% of

2256-532: Was a slightly enhanced version of Stepanov's original work. Many other variations of Stepanov notation were made following this, such as Conte notation and Nicholas notation. In his publication of Stepanov's method, Alexander Gorsky stated: “Poses or Movement lasting two units of time we notate with signs called halves (½) as they are made up of two quarters. Poses or movements lasting four units are notated with two half notes connected by arches.” In Stepanov notation, downturns can be written in terms of numbers, putting

2304-442: Was sometimes considered identical to hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS), formerly called EDS Type 3. As no genetic test can distinguish the two conditions and because of the similarity of the diagnostic criteria and recommended treatments, many experts recommend they be recognized as the same condition until further research is undertaken. In 2016, the diagnostic criteria for hEDS were re-written to be more restrictive, with

#21978