69-691: Stephen Gilman (1917 in Chicago – November 23, 1986 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American Hispanist , known for his work on the 15th-century novel La Celestina . Gilman studied at Princeton University under Américo Castro and received his doctorate in 1943 with the work A critical analysis of the "Quijote apocrifo" of Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda (published in Spanish: "Cervantes y Avellaneda. Estudio de una imitación", Mexico City 1951, Ann Arbor 1987). After two years of military service, he
138-670: A Spanish centre,” observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera. “The nomenclatures have a radial implication which both initiates and sanctions the flawed concept that all cultural materials under this heading emanate from a singular source: the Peninsula.” The rise of “Hispanism” as a term, notes Joan Ramon Resina, “in Spain as in Latin America, was accomplished for the purpose of political administration and obedience to Castilian rule through methods of domination that eventually led to independence and
207-722: A chair of Spanish at King's College ), spread knowledge of the Spanish language and its literature. John Hookham Frere was a friend of the Duke of Rivas when the latter was in Malta, and Hookham translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. The brothers Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen and Benjamin B. Wiffen were both scholars of Spanish culture. The "Lake Poet" Robert Southey , translated Amadís de Gaula and Palmerín de Inglaterra into English, among others works. English novelists were strongly influenced by Cervantes. Especially so
276-544: A luxurious London edition of Don Quixote in Spanish was published, prepared by the Sephardic Cervantist Pedro Pineda , with an introduction by Gregorio Mayans and ornate engravings. Also in the 18th century two new translations of Don Quixote were published, one by the painter Charles Jervas (1742) and one by Tobias Smollett , a writer of picaresque novels (1755). Smollet appears as an avid reader of Spanish narrative, and that influence
345-410: A new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492 Antonio de Nebrija published his Gramática castellana , the first published grammar of a modern European language. Juan de Valdés composed his Diálogo de la lengua (1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyer Cristóbal de Villalón wrote in his Gramática castellana (Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian
414-528: A prologue in Spanish. Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber , German consul in Spain, was a devoted student of Calderón de la Barca , of Spanish classical theater generally, and of traditional popular literature. The philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt traveled through Spain taking notes and was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was an avid reader and translator of Gracián . Count Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815–1894) made
483-415: A strong influence on Manet , and more recently, painters such as Picasso and Dalí have influenced modern painting generally. Spanish music has influenced composers such as Georges Bizet , Emmanuel Chabrier , Édouard Lalo , Maurice Ravel , and Claude Debussy . Giovanni Mario Alessandri Giovanni Mario Alessandri was an Italian Hispanist and grammarian from the 16th century. He spent
552-709: A trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remnants of the Moorish civilization and became a devoted scholar of things Spanish. Hispanists of German, Austrian, and Swiss origins include Franz Grillparzer , Wendelin Förster , Karl Vollmöller , Adolf Tobler , Heinrich Morf , Gustav Gröber , Gottfried Baist , and Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke . Among them are two emigrants to Chile, Rodolfo Lenz (1863–1938), whose works include his Diccionario etimolójico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indíjenas americanas (1904) and Chilenische Studien (1891), as well as other works on grammar and
621-500: Is always present in his works. Meanwhile, the best work of the 17th-century writer Charlotte Lennox is The Female Quixote (1752), which was inspired by Cervantes. Cervantes also was the inspiration for The Spiritual Quixote , by Richard Graves . Thwe first critical and annotated edition of Don Quixote was that of the English clergyman John Bowle (1781). The novelists Henry Fielding and Lawrence Sterne also were familiar with
690-870: Is devoted to the Golden Age, and Klaus Dieter Vervuert's Iberoamericana Vervuert Verlag , which has branches in Frankfurt and Madrid and facilitates collaboration among Hispanists. In Austria, Franz Grillparzer was the first scholar of Spanish and a reader of the theater of the Golden Age. Anton Rothbauer also distinguished himself, as a translator of modern lyric poetry and scholar of the Black Legend . Rudolf Palgen and Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach (for example with his study of Lope de Vega ) also contributed to Hispanism in Austria. Hispanism in France dates back to
759-602: Is thought to have read Juan Luis Vives . Fletcher's frequent collaborator Francis Beaumont also imitated Don Quixote in the more well-known The Knight of the Burning Pestle . Fletcher also borrowed from other works by Cervantes, including Los trabajos de Persiles y Segismunda for his The Custom of the Country and La ilustre fregona for his beautiful young saleswoman. Cervantes also inspired Thomas Middleton and William Rowley , with his La gitanilla (one of
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#1732793612225828-572: The Novelas ejemplares ) influencing their The Spanish Gipsy (1623). The first translation of Don Quixote into a foreign language was the English version by Thomas Shelton (first part, 1612; second, 1620). And Don Quixote was imitated in the satirical poem Hudibras (1663–78), composed by Samuel Butler . In addition, the works of some great Golden Age poets were translated into English by Richard Fanshawe , who died in Madrid. As early as 1738,
897-510: The Duke of Rivas and Antonio Alcalá Galiano . He wrote Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris , which are costumbrista sketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novels Les âmes du purgatoire [ de ; fr ; pl ] (1834) and Carmen (1845) are classic works on Spain. Honoré de Balzac was a friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and dedicated his novel El Verdugo (1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's play Abén Humeya
966-652: The Iberian Peninsula and Hispanic America , etc. During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post- Renaissance Europe. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed
1035-570: The Nazi regime (1933–1945), German philology went through a difficult time. Some Romanists, through their work, praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Meanwhile, others lost their professorships or underwent anti-Jewish persecution (such as Yakov Malkiel and Leo Spitzer , both of whom emigrated), by falling into disfavor with the regime or actively opposing it (for example Helmut Hatzfeld , who fled from Germany, and Werner Krauss (not to be confused with
1104-612: The Pacific , such as Equatorial Guinea and the former Spanish East Indies . A hispanist is a scholar specializing in Hispanicism. It was used in an article by Miguel de Unamuno in 1908 referring to 'el hispanista italiano Farinelli', and was discussed at length for the U.S. by Hispanist Richard L. Kagan of Johns Hopkins University . The work carried out by Hispanists includes translations of literature and they may specialize in certain genres, authors or historical periods of
1173-655: The Philippines , the Hispanists (or hispanista in Tagalog ) are a term that has become associated with white washing , colonial mentality and cultural cringe for the past years. In particular, it has surfaced in social media as a bias on Philippine history that regards the colonizers and conquistadors as heroes and "civilizers", and the Philippine national heroes like Andres Bonifacio and Lapulapu as
1242-1044: The actor of the same name), who lost his academic position in 1935). Laboriously reconstructed after World War II, the Hispanic philology of the German-speaking countries contributed the works of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos and Ernst Robert Curtius . Also: The Deutscher Hispanistenverband ( German Association of Hispanists ) was established in 1977 and since then has held a congress biennially. Currently in Germany, Spanish often surpasses French in number of students. About forty university departments of Romance philology exist in Germany, and there are more than ten thousand students of Spanish. Today in Germany there are publishers specialized in Hispanic Studies, such as Edition Reichenberger , in Kassel , which
1311-428: The "villains". Issues and reactions had stirred on the so-called hispanista movement of Spanish restoration for their radicalism. Claims and historical narratives in the social media have included proposing to “replace” the current Filipino as the country's official language, alluding to the country's status as a former Spanish Empire colony. The anti-Tagalog bias and the demand to credit cultural achievements in
1380-434: The 18th and 19th centuries include John Hookham Frere , Henry Richard Vassall-Fox , better known as Lord Holland (1773–1840), a great friend of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos and Manuel José Quintana , and benefactor of José María Blanco White . Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions about those trips. He also collected books and manuscripts and wrote a biography of Lope de Vega . His home
1449-541: The 1960s, almost the only German university institution dedicated to Spanish and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The Institute published the journal Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen (1926–1944), devoted specifically to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, in general, patterns of the Wörter und Sachen school. Meanwhile, Berlin's Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut was founded in 1930. Today,
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#17327936122251518-622: The 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such as Eugène Delacroix and Henri Regnault ; well-known authors such as Alexandre Dumas , Théophile Gautier , George Sand , Stendhal , Hippolyte Taine and Prosper Mérimée ; and other writers, including Jean-François de Bourgoing , Jean Charles Davillier , Louis Viardot , Isidore Justin Séverin , Charles Didier , Alexandre de Laborde , Antoine de Latour , Joseph Bonaventure Laurens , Édouard Magnien , Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Frédéric Ozanam . Victor Hugo
1587-590: The Beauty and Good Properties of Women, as Their Vices and Evil Conditions with a Moral Conclusion and Exhortation to Virtue. . The Scottish poet William Drummond (1585–1649) translated Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán . The English knew the masterpieces of Castilian literature, from early translations of Amadís de Gaula by Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo and the Cárcel de amor by Diego de San Pedro . Sir Philip Sidney had read Los siete libros de la Diana by
1656-567: The Berlin institute houses Europe's largest library dedicated to studies of Spain, Portugal, and Latin America, and to the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque, and the indigenous languages of the Americas). The Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut in Berlin is engaged in research in the fields of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history, and art history. Under
1725-613: The Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), Frenchman César Oudin (1597, 1607), Italians Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624) and Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated Don Quixote . This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle , for example,
1794-571: The Filipino culture to the Spanish colonizers have resulted in backlash and a negative reputation for online supporters of these ideas in the Philippines. In the late 19th century Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó and Cuban José Martí were writers stressing the value of Spanish language and cultural heritage as part of the construction of an identity for the new Hispanic American independent nations. The first Spanish book translated into English
1863-481: The French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisher Abel Hugo , brother of Victor Hugo , emphasized the literary value of the romancero , translating and publishing a collection of romances and a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, and Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol in 1822. He also composed a stage review, Les français en Espagne (1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at
1932-687: The Hispano-Portuguese Jorge de Montemayor , whose poetry influenced him greatly. John Bourchier translated Libro de Marco Aurelio by Antonio de Guevara . David Rowland translated Lazarillo de Tormes in 1586, which may have inspired the first English picaresque novel , The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), by Thomas Nashe . By the end of the 16th century, the Celestina had been translated fully (in London, J. Wolf, 1591; Adam Islip , 1596; William Apsley , 1598; and others). Some of
2001-782: The Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), [1] Jean Palet (1604) and [2] François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and of the Franco-Spanish author Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism. Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of
2070-546: The Romantics. One of the émigrés, Antonio Alcalá Galiano , taught Spanish literature as a professor at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. The publisher Rudolph Ackerman established a great business publishing Catecismos (text books) on different matters in Spanish, many of them written by Spanish émigrés, for the new Spanish-American republics. Matthew G. Lewis set some of his works in Spain. And
2139-471: The Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign of Joseph Bonaparte . Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV of Friedrich Bouterwek 's Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts in 1812 and gave it
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2208-678: The Spanish culture among his contemporaries; in addition, he created the prize that bears his name in the Spanish Royal Academy , to reward the best works in Spanish poetry, fiction, and essays. The Austrian Romance scholar Ferdinand Wolf , a friend of Agustín Durán , was particularly interested in the romancero , in the lyric poetry of the medieval Spanish cancioneros , and in other medieval folk poetry; he also studied Spanish authors who had resided in Vienna, such as Cristóbal de Castillejo . The Swiss scholar Heinrich Morf edited
2277-639: The Spanish culture. Vossler, along with Helmut Hatzfeld and Leo Spitzer , began a new school of stylistics based on aesthetics, which focused on the means of expression of various authors. The early twentieth century marked the founding of two German institutions dedicated to Hispanic Studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), in Hamburg and Berlin respectively. The University of Hamburg's Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut (Ibero-American Research Institute) was, from its founding in 1919 until
2346-756: The Spanish of the Americas; and Friedrich Hanssen (1857–1919), author of Spanische Grammatik auf historischer Grundlage (1910; revised ed. in Spanish, Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana , 1913), as well as other works on Old Spanish philology, Aragonese dialectology, and the Spanish of the Americas. The Handbuch der romanischen Philologie (1896) by Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke was a classic in Spain, as were his Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (1890–1902), Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft (1901) (translated into Spanish), and Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1935). Johannes Fastenrath , through his translations and other works, spread
2415-434: The birth (rather than fragmentation) of a constellation of republics.” He goes on to say that “it is incumbent on us to face up to the possibility that Hispanism no longer has a future in the university.” While Nicolas Shumway believes Hispanism “is an outmoded idea based on an essentialist, ideologically driven, and Spain-centric, notions,” Carlos Alonso maintains the field of Hispanism “must be rethought and exploded.” In
2484-475: The declining great power and its now independent former colonies. Inside Spain, after the country lost definitely its empire in the Spanish defeat in 1898 , calls for cultural regeneration and a new conception of identity based in language and humanities began to emerge. During the Romantic period , the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured
2553-433: The enthusiasm that German Romantics had for Miguel de Cervantes , Calderón de la Barca , and Gracián . Friedrich Diez (1794–1876) can be considered the first German philologist to give prominence to Spanish, in his Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (1836–1843) and his Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (1854). His first Spanish-related work, Altspanische Romanzen , was published in 1819. Important to
2622-627: The first work on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish. Authors who made more specialized contributions to Hispanic philology include the following: Fritz Krüger created the famous Hamburg School (not to be confused with the pop music genre of the 1980s, of the same name), which applied the principles of the Wörter und Sachen movement, founded earlier by Swiss and German philologists such as Hugo Schuchardt , Ruduolf Meringer, and Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke , aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. Between 1926 and 1944 Krüger directed
2691-477: The following: as well as Geoffrey Ribbans ; William James Entwistle ; Peter Edward Russell ; Nigel Glendinning ; Brian Dutton ; Gerald Brenan ; John H. Elliott ; Raymond Carr ; Henry Kamen ; John H. R. Polt ; Hugh Thomas ; Colin Smith ; Edward C. Riley ; Keith Whinnom ; Paul Preston ; Alan Deyermond ; Ian Michael ; and Ian Gibson . The Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI)
2760-463: The imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism. Hispanism has traditionally been defined as
2829-461: The journal Volkstum und Kultur der Romane and its supplements (1930–1945). It totaled 37 volumes, in which many of his students published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially on that of western Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and the Pyrenees, and he traveled on foot to gather the materials for his monumental work Die Hochpyrenäen , in which he meticulously described
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2898-558: The landscape, flora, fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the Central Pyrenees. The versatile Romance scholar Gerhard Rohlfs investigated the languages and the dialects of both sides of the Pyrenees and their elements in common, as well as pre-Roman substrate languages of the Iberian Peninsula and Guanche loanwords . The works of Karl Vossler , founder of the linguistic school of idealism , include interpretations of Spanish literature and reflections on
2967-550: The legend of Don Juan , changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864. François-René de Chateaubriand traveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in the French intervention in Spain in 1823, which he describes in his Mémoires d'Outre-tombe (1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to write Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje (1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that
3036-460: The medieval Poema de José (Leipzig, 1883). The works of Karl Vossler and Ludwig Pfandl on linguistic idealism and literary stylistics were widely read in Spain. Calderón studies in Germany were advanced by the editions of Max Krenkel . Other important authors were Emil Gessner , who wrote Das Altleonesische (Old Leonese) (Berlin 1867); Gottfried Baist , who produced an edition of Don Juan Manuel 's Libro de la caza (1880), as well as
3105-802: The more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591), John Minsheu (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the French Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat (1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614); and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630). Dictionaries were composed by
3174-681: The outline of a historical grammar of Spanish, Die spanische Sprache , in the encyclopedia of Romance philology published by Gustav Gröber in 1888; Hugo Schuchardt , known for his study of Spanish flamenco music, Die cantes flamencos ; and Armin Gassner , who wrote Das altspanische Verbum (the Old Spanish verb) (1897), as well as a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. And Moritz Goldschmidt [ de ] wrote Zur Kritik der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen (Bonn 1887),
3243-522: The powerful influence of Spanish Golden Age literature on authors such as Pierre Corneille and Paul Scarron . Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled the Inquisition , many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These included Juan de Luna , author of a sequel to Lazarillo de Tormes . N. Charpentier's Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597)
3312-732: The promotion of Hispanism in Germany was a group of Romantic writers that included Ludwig Tieck , an orientalist and poet who translated Don Quixote into German (1799–1801); Friedrich Bouterwek , author of the unorthodox Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts and translator of the Cervantes short farce El juez de los divorcios [ es ] ; and August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), who translated works of Calderón de la Barca ( Spanisches Theater , 1803–1809) and Spanish classical poetry into German. The philologist and folklorist Jakob Grimm published Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1816) with
3381-425: The protagonist of Jane Austen 's Abbey of Northanger is deranged by her excessive reading of Gothic novels , much as was Don Quixote with his books of chivalry . Sir Walter Scott was an enthusiastic reader of Cervantes and tried his hand at translation. He dedicated his narrative poem The Vision of Roderick (1811) to Spain and its history. Thomas Rodd translated some Spanish folk ballads . Lord Byron also
3450-424: The publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited by Eugenio de Ochoa . Images of Spain were offered by the travel books of Madame d'Aulnoy and Saint-Simon , as well as the poet Théophile Gautier , who travelled in Spain in 1840 and published Voyage en Espagne (1845) and Espagne (1845). These works are so full of color and
3519-501: The sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such as José Zorrilla and narrators such as those of the Generation of '98 ), as well as to Alexandre Dumas , who attended the production of Zorrilla's Don Juan Tenorio in Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in his Impressions de voyage (1847–1848). In his play Don Juan de Marana , Dumas revived
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#17327936122253588-781: The study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The Instituto Cervantes has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as the British Council , the Alliance Française or the Goethe Institute have done for their own countries. Hispanism as an organizing rubric has been criticized by scholars in Spain and in Latin America. The term "attempts to appropriate Latin-American topics and subordinate them to
3657-468: The title of Histoire de la littérature espagnole . Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss author Simonde de Sismondi with his study De la littérature du midi de l'Europe (1813). Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volume Espagne poétique (1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated by Juan María Maury . In Paris,
3726-673: The translators of that time traveled or lived for some time in Spain, such as Lord Berners, Bartholomew Yong , Thomas Shelton , Leonard Digges and James Mabbe . William Cecil (Lord Burghley; 1520–1598) owned the largest Spanish library in the United Kingdom. Elizabethan theater also felt the powerful influence of the Spanish Golden Age . John Fletcher , a frequent collaborator of Shakespeare , borrowed from Miguel de Cervantes 's Don Quixote for his Cardenio , possibly written in collaboration with Shakespeare, who
3795-658: The works of Cervantes. Among the British travellers in Spain in the 18th century who left written testimony of their travels are (chronologically) John Durant Breval , Thomas James , Wyndham Beawes , James Harris , Richard Twiss , Francis Carter , William Dalrymple , Philip Thicknesse , Henry Swinburne , John Talbot Dillon , Alexander Jardine , Richard Croker , Richard Cumberland , Joseph Townsend , Arthur Young , William Beckford , John Macdonald ( Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman ), Robert Southey and Neville Wyndham . Other English travel writers who straddled
3864-665: Was Charles Dickens , who created a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller of Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club . John Ormsby translated the Cantar de Mio Cid and Don Quixote . Percy Bysshe Shelley left traces of his devotion to Calderón de la Barca in his work. The polyglot John Bowring traveled to Spain in 1819 and published the observations of his trip. Other accounts of travel in Spain include those of Richard Ford , whose Handbook for Travellers in Spain (1845)
3933-559: Was a Princeton assistant professor from 1946 to 1948. He went to Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio and was first an associate professor, then a full professor from 1950 to 1956. For the academic year 1950–1951 he was a Guggenheim Fellow. From 1957 until his retirement in 1985, he taught at Harvard University as a professor of Romance languages. In 1961 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Gilman
4002-491: Was founded in 1955 by a group of university professors at St. Andrews , and since then it has held congresses annually. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of the Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (AIH), whose first congress was held at Oxford in 1962. Aside from the imitation of the picaresque novel by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen , Hispanism bloomed in Germany around
4071-437: Was greatly interested in Spain and was a reader of Don Quixote . He translated the ballad Ay de mi Alhama in part of his Childe Harold and Don Juan . Richard Trench translated Pedro Calderón de la Barca and was friends with some of the emigrated Spaniards, some of whom wrote in both English and Spanish, such as José María Blanco White and Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío , and many of whom (including Juan Calderón, who held
4140-563: Was in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a " grandee of Spain", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions to El Cid and the works of Miguel de Cervantes . Prosper Mérimée , even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in his Théatre de Clara Gazul (1825) and in La Famille de Carvajal (1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them
4209-500: Was open to all Spaniards, but especially to the liberal émigrés who arrived in the London district of Somers Town in the 19th century, fleeing the absolutist repression of King Ferdinand VII and the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country. Many of them subsisted by translating or teaching their language to English people, most of whom were interested in conducting business with Spanish America, although others wished to learn about Spanish medieval literature, much in vogue among
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#17327936122254278-580: Was produced in Paris in 1831.) The Spanish romancero is represented in the French Bibliothèque universelle des romans , which was published in 1774. Auguste Creuzé de Lesser published folk ballads about El Cid in 1814, comparing them (as Johann Gottfried Herder had done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to
4347-416: Was republished in many editions, and George Borrow , author of the travelogue The Bible in Spain , which was translated into Castilian by Manuel Azaña , the poet and translator Edward Fitzgerald , and the literary historian James Fitzmaurice-Kelly , who was mentor to a whole British generation of Spanish scholars such as Edgar Allison Peers and Alexander A. Parker . Other outstanding Hispanists include
4416-531: Was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons. For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in Louvain : Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola (1555) and Gramática de la lengua vulgar de España (1559). Among
4485-406: Was supplemented by the grammar of César Oudin (also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French. Michel de Montaigne read the chroniclers of the Spanish Conquest and had as one of his models Antonio de Guevara . Molière , Alain-René Lesage , and Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian borrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature. French travelers to Spain in
4554-410: Was the Celestina , as an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 by John Rastell . It includes only the first four acts and is based on the Italian version of Alfonso de Ordóñez; it is often referred to as an Interlude , and its original title is A New Comedy in English in Manner of an Interlude Right Elegant and Full of Craft of Rhetoric: Wherein is Shewed and Described as well
4623-493: Was the son-in-law of Jorge Guillén and the brother-in-law of Claudio Guillén . Hispanist Hispanism (sometimes referred to as Hispanic studies or Spanish studies ) is the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish -speaking world, principally that of Spain and Hispanic America . It may also entail studying Spanish language and cultural history in the United States and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in Africa , Asia , and
4692-405: Was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of
4761-486: Was widely read was the Lettres d'un espagnol (1826), by Louis Viardot , who visited Spain in 1823. Stendhal included a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay De l'amour (1822). Later (1834) he visited the country. George Sand spent the winter of 1837–1838 with Chopin in Majorca , installed in the Valldemossa Charterhouse . Their impressions are captured in Sand's Un hiver au midi de l'Europe (1842) and in Chopin's Memoirs . Spanish classical painting exerted
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