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119-526: Stephen Thomas may refer to: Stephen Thomas of Bosnia ( c.  1411 –1461), King of Bosnia, 1443–1461 Stephen Thomas (Medal of Honor) (1809–1903), American Union Army officer and politician Stephen Thomas (rugby) (1865–1937), Welsh rugby union player Stephen Thomas (architect) (1892–1949), practiced mainly in Charleston, South Carolina Stephen Thomas (economist) , professor of economics at

238-503: A Bosnian Christian, also had to convert to Catholicism for the marriage to proceed. These developments angered Ivaniš Pavlović and Petar Vojsalić , another vassal, but in the end no conflict with them took place. Elaborate festivities marked the royal wedding in mid-May in Milodraž , conducted by Catholic rite , followed by the couple's coronation in Mile . For the first time, a crown

357-764: A Christian coalition against the Turks, and cooperating more closely with his father-in-law. The lack of a firmer action against the Ottomans was blamed on Bosnian Christians, whom he described as being more inclined towards the Muslims than towards other Christians. The heavy Ottoman defeat by Hungarians at the Battle of Belgrade in July 1456 did nothing to alleviate Thomas' situation, as Mehmed started exerting an even greater pressure on Bosnia. In addition to financial extortion, Thomas

476-704: A commoner named Vojača and their children. He was loyal to King Tvrtko, and together the two took part in a skirmish in Usora , where Thomas was wounded. His loyalty likely influenced the childless and ailing King to ensure his succession; Thomas was certainly preferable to his brother Radivoj, whom Tvrtko detested. Count Hermann II of Celje , a descendant of the Kotromanić family once designated as heir presumptive , had died in 1435. Tvrtko II died in November 1443. The Stanak approved his choice of heir, and Thomas

595-504: A daughter named Catherine in 1453. Croatia proper In contemporary geography, the terms Central Croatia ( Croatian : Središnja Hrvatska ) and Mountainous Croatia ( Gorska Hrvatska ) are used to describe most of the area sometimes historically known as Croatia or Croatia proper ( Uža Hrvatska ), one of the four historical regions of the Republic of Croatia , together with Dalmatia , Istria , and Slavonia . It

714-873: A daughter-in-law of imperial blood, but also found a way to extend the Kotromanić rule to the Despotate of Serbia, now reduced to the Smederevo Fortress and its surroundings, as Lazar had left no sons. Thomas sent word of the plans to King Matthias, his feudal overlord, in October. In early December, Thomas himself went to meet Matthias at a diet in Szeged . Matthias was thrilled and urged Thomas to send his son as soon as possible. During Thomas' long absence, Turks broke into Bosnia and besieged Bobovac and Vranduk , but his son Stephen and brother Radivoj escaped. Thomas returned to Bosnia in mid-January 1459 and took up

833-409: A good Catholic king, Thomas' religious policy was not initially so resolute. He continued honoring Bosnian Christians and their clergy as his predecessors had done, which led to disputes with local Franciscans. Pope Eugene agreed that, for political reasons, King Thomas had to tolerate heretics. Peace brought unusual stability to Bosnia as well as security to Thomas. He retook Srebrenica once again in

952-557: A member of the House of Kotromanić , reigned from 1443 until his death as the penultimate king of Bosnia . An illegitimate son of King Ostoja , Thomas succeeded King Tvrtko II , but his accession was not recognized by the leading magnate of the Kingdom of Bosnia , Stjepan Vukčić Kosača . The two engaged in a civil war which ended when the King repudiated his wife, Vojača , and married

1071-622: A more effective defence. Thomas, still estranged from his in-laws, fell ill in June 1461 and requested a physician from Ragusa. He died in July, aged around 50. He was buried in the royal mausoleum in Bobovac. The circumstances of his death are unclear. Rumours circulated, first recorded by a gunsmith from Nuremberg , that the King's death was not natural. Specifically, it was said that his brother Radivoj and son Stephen had conspired against him. Later narratives also involved Mehmed and Matthias in

1190-696: A narrow road between Karlobag and Gospić—the first to span Velebit. Those first roads were replaced by the more modern Josephina connecting Karlovac to Senj, largely tracing the Roman trading route across the Vratnik pass , and the Theresiana following a different route between Karlobag and Gospić, completed in 1779 and 1784 respectively. In 1789, a road to Dalmatia, branching from the Josephine road at Žuta Lokva towards Gračac via Gospić. Louisiana road

1309-412: A prince more refined and dignified, surpassing even the intellectual humanist Federico da Montefeltro , Broglio's idol. At the same time, Thomas' inconstancy and lack of courage inspired disdain. He was capable of both great generosity and pettiness. Fickleness damaged his reputation abroad, while religious persecution and forced conversions caused disapproval at home; he was cursed in the early years of

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1428-524: A tense relationship with the menacing Ottoman Empire . After years of skirmishes and raids, Thomas appeared willing to lead the Christian coalition against the Turks, but received no assistance from fellow Christian rulers. Having failed to expand into Croatia proper , Thomas turned again to the east in 1458, arranging a match between his son Stephen and the Serbian heiress Helena . Bosnian control over

1547-741: A terminal in Slavonski Brod further east on the Sava River, and the Omišalj oil terminal—a part of the Port of Rijeka. The JANAF system also includes a petroleum derivatives pipeline to a fuel handling terminal in Zagreb. The region forms a center of Croatia's natural gas supply system, based on an underground storage facility located approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Zagreb. The Dinaric mountain ranges of Lika and Gorski Kotar in

1666-521: A war with the Republic of Ragusa, Thomas refused to join either side, but still interceded with Pope Nicholas V to prevent his father-in-law's excommunication . However, Ragusa persisted and promised to return the favor by helping Thomas take Drijeva from Kosača, and Hodidjed from the Turks. In the summer, Thomas was even approached by Kosača's family, namely the King's brother-in-law Vladislav and mother-in-law Jelena, who were gravely offended when

1785-547: Is also home to the Ruđer Bošković Institute —the leading Croatia's scientific research institute —and to the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Croatia proper as a region has defined itself historically through territorial losses of the medieval Kingdom of Croatia to the Republic of Venice and Ottoman conquest starting in the 15th century. Modern history recorded the first Ottoman raids in

1904-660: Is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps and in turn, the Mountainous Croatia. There are numerous caves in the Mountainous Croatia . The longest cave in Croatia and in the entire Dinaric Alps, 20,656-metre (67,769 ft) Kita Gaćešina , is located in southern Velebit area of the Mountainous Croatia. The vast majority of the region is encompassed by the Black Sea drainage basin . The area includes all

2023-545: Is located between Slavonia in the east, the Adriatic Sea in the west, and Dalmatia to the south. The region is not officially defined, and its borders and extent are described differently by various sources. The term Central Croatia refers to the northeastern part, and the term Mountainous Croatia refers to the southwestern part of the territory; the far western part is known as the Croatian Littoral ; likewise

2142-592: Is not typically used, and instead its territory is variously classified under Pannonian Croatia ( Croatian : Panonska Hrvatska ), Central Croatia ( Središnja Hrvatska ), Mountainous Croatia ( Gorska Hrvatska ), Zagreb macroregion ( Zagrebačka makroregija ), Rijeka macroregion ( Riječka makroregija ). Croatia proper roughly corresponds to the area of Zagreb and ten Croatian counties : Bjelovar-Bilogora , Karlovac , Koprivnica-Križevci , Krapina-Zagorje , Lika-Senj , Međimurje , Primorje-Gorski Kotar , Sisak-Moslavina , Varaždin , and Zagreb County . In

2261-412: Is often considered the most significant centre of baroque culture and heritage in Croatia. That claim is reflected in the city's historical architecture and cultural events, based on traditions of the city from the era. Zagreb, on the other hand, is the largest cultural centre, not only in the region, but also in Croatia as a whole. It is home to dozens of galleries, museums, and theatres as well as being

2380-737: Is the 22nd-ranked food processing industry company Vindija , while the 31st-ranked also food processing industry company Podravka , based in Koprivnica , is the largest company in Koprivnica-Križevci County .The 41st-ranked petrochemical plant Petrokemija , based in Kutina is the largest company in Sisak-Moslavina County , while the 57th-ranked PPK Karlovac a meat processing company headquartered in Karlovac

2499-457: Is the largest city in Croatia proper, followed by Rijeka , Karlovac, Varaždin, Sisak , and Velika Gorica . Other cities in Croatia proper have populations below 30,000. According to the 2001 census, Croats account for 92.0 percent of population of the region, and the most significant ethnic minority are Serbs , comprising 3.4 percent of the population. The largest proportion of the Serb minority

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2618-681: Is the largest company in Karlovac County .The 106th-ranked glass-packaging producing company Vetropack Straža is the largest company in Krapina-Zagorje County , while the 168th-ranked meat processing company headquartered in Čakovec is the largest company in Međimurje County .The largest company in Lika-Senj County is 237th-ranked Calcit Lika . In contrast, the regions of Lika and Gorski Kotar are

2737-615: The A4 motorway , spanning from Zagreb to Varaždin and the border of Hungary , and a section of the A1 and A6 motorways , extending south of Zagreb towards Karlovac and Rijeka . The transport corridor also contains a parallel railway line connecting the Port of Rijeka and Budapest via Zagreb. The second major transport route is the corridor X, represented as the A3 motorway and a double-track railway spanning

2856-571: The Adriatic Sea , because of the absence of its moderating effect. The lowest temperature of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) was recorded on 3 February 1919 in Čakovec , and the highest temperature of 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Karlovac . Gorski Kotar and Lika represent the coldest parts of Croatia as mean annual temperature there ranges between 8 and 10  °C (46 and 50  °F ) at lower elevations and 2 and 4  °C (36 and 39  °F ) at greater elevations. Gorski Kotar mountain peaks of Risnjak and Snježnik receive

2975-526: The Banovina region , along the Sava River, and their westernmost landforms being 1,272-metre (4,173 ft) Ćićarija and 1,396-metre (4,580 ft) Učka mountains in Istria. The Mountainous Croatia contains five out of eight mountains in Croatia higher than 1,500 metres (4,900 feet): Velebit , Plješivica , Velika Kapela , Risnjak and Snježnik . Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and

3094-639: The NUTS-2 statistical classification , Međimurje County, Varaždin County, Koprivnica-Križevci County, Krapina-Zagorje County, and Zagreb County make up Northern Croatia , Primorje-Gorski Kotar and Lika-Senj counties are part of Adriatic Croatia , while Bjelovar-Bilogora, Karlovac and Sisak-Moslavina counties are part of the Pannonian Croatia . The ten counties and Zagreb cover 28,337 square kilometres (10,941 square miles) of land, corresponding to 50% of

3213-478: The Ottoman rule for robbing the indigenous Bosnian Church of its property. Thomas' union with Vojača produced at least four children: Stephen (who succeeded him), a son who died as a child during a pilgrimage to Meleda , a daughter who married a Hungarian nobleman in 1451, and another daughter who married in 1451. With Catherine, who outlived both him and his kingdom, Thomas had a son named Sigismund in 1449 and

3332-677: The Pleistocene epoch during the formation of the Transdanubian Mountains . Ultimately up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. The result is large plains, particularly in river valleys, and especially along the Sava, Drava , and Kupa rivers. The plains are interspersed with horst and graben structures, believed to have broken

3451-747: The Plitvice Lakes , listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and Rastoke , to the north of the Plitvice Lakes. Lika and Gorski Kotar are marked by several significant rivers draining north towards the Pannonian Basin. Those are the Kupa , tracing the northern boundary of the region, Dobra , Mrežnica and the Korana —forming travertine barriers and waterfalls before discharging into Kupa in area of Karlovac , as well as Una , in

3570-492: The Ramsar list of internationally important wetlands are located in the region— Lonjsko Polje along the Sava and Lonja rivers near Sisak , and Crna Mlaka near Jastrebarsko . A high degree of karstification of the terrain in the Dinaric Alps has resulted in an increased permeability of soil and rocks and the formation of travertine barriers and waterfalls. The finest examples of the interaction of watercourses and karst are

3689-651: The Republic of Venice and the Ottoman conquest starting in the 15th century. In effect, Croatia proper loosely corresponds to what was termed reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae (the relics of the relics of the formerly great and glorious Kingdom of Croatia) and the subsequent Kingdom of Croatia within the Habsburg monarchy . Central Croatia contains most of the 180 preserved or restored castles and manor houses in Croatia , as it sustained less large-scale war damage in history. Varaždin and Zagreb occupy prominent spots in terms of culture among

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3808-593: The Roman Catholic Church . Negotiations with Kosača intensified in the beginning of 1446. King Thomas was then finally converted from Bosnian Christianity to Roman Catholicism by Tommaso Tommasini , Bishop of Lesina ; however, Cardinal Juan Carvajal only performed the baptism in 1457. Thomas' intention to marry Kosača's daughter Catherine was made known in April, their lands and borders reverting to status quo ante bellum . The prospective bride,

3927-853: The Sava River. The Dinaric Alps are linked to a fold and thrust belt active from the Late Jurassic to recent times, and is itself part of the Alpine orogeny that extends southeast from the southern Alps . Karst topography is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during the Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny . Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to

4046-578: The Sava River. The Dinaric Alps area is typified by karst topography, while the Pannonian Basin exhibits plains, especially in the river valleys—along the Sava, Drava , and Kupa —interspersed with hills and mountains developed as horst and graben structures. Lika and Gorski Kotar are part of the Dinaric Alps , and contain five out of eight mountains in Croatia higher than 1,500 metres (4,900 feet). Karst topography predominates in that area, resulting in specific landforms and hydrology because of

4165-617: The Trakošćan Castle —the most beautiful castle in Croatia. Its construction started in the 14th century, and it has been substantially expanded and rebuilt since. Another example is the Veliki Tabor Castle —the best-preserved medieval castle in Croatia—completed in the second half of the 15th century. Among the cities in the region, Varaždin and Zagreb occupy particularly prominent places in terms of culture. Varaždin

4284-480: The medieval Kingdom of Croatia was governed by rulers based further south, in areas closer to the Adriatic Sea coast, there are few Early and High Middle Ages monuments preserved in the region—most of them date back to the Late Middle Ages and later periods. There are, however, archaeological sites with features from prehistory and classical antiquity . The most significant prehistoric site in

4403-621: The 1593 Battle of Sisak , the first decisive Ottoman defeat, which led to a more lasting stabilisation of the frontier. As the Ottoman control of the area waned, the Military Frontier expanded to include the entirety of Lika. In 1881, that region was incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , together with Gorski Kotar , which remained a part of the Kingdom of Croatia throughout the Croatian–Ottoman Wars . After

4522-522: The Albanian lord Skanderbeg . The ultimately failed crusading efforts did not preclude Thomas from seeking expansion. The death of the heirless Ulrich of Celje reopened the possibility of seizing Talovac lands, but his father-in-law moved more quickly, leading to a new brief cooling in their relations. However, in January 1458 a new opportunity arose on Bosnia's eastern border. The turmoil that followed

4641-688: The Bosnian throne and tried to gather support among Thomas's opponents. Because of this, Thomas hastened to send word of his accession to foreign rulers, including the German king Frederick IV , Ulrich's rival, and Ragusan and Venetian authorities, hoping to receive recognition. Ulrich was occupied with the feud waged against him by Frederick, as well as with the succession struggle in Hungary, where he had taken side with his cousin, queen dowager Elizabeth of Luxembourg and her infant son Ladislaus against

4760-597: The Christians defeated the Ottomans. In 1456, Thomas sent a letter to Pope Callixtus III asking him to find a bride for his son Stephen, hoping that the Holy See would provide him with a daughter-in-law of royal blood. Preparations were under way for another Ottoman attack on Hungary in the beginning of that year. Mehmed the Conqueror , the Ottoman sultan, issued unusual demands to the King of Bosnia and his nobles,

4879-667: The Croatia proper by income among were INA , Konzum plus (a part of Fortenova Grupa corporate group ) and Hrvatska elektroprivreda — all of them headquartered in Zagreb. The largest company by income in Zagreb County is 5th-ranked Lidl Hrvatska , while the 8th-ranked retail chain Plodine is the largest company in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County .The largest company by income in Varaždin County

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4998-556: The Croatian Littoral and Mountainous Croatia has become more pronounced over time, as the western, mountainous areas of Lika and Gorski Kotar suffered from population depletion during the 20th century, especially during World War II and the Croatian War of Independence . The 2001 census indicated a large proportion of elderly, when 31.5% of population of Lika was over 60 years of age. The Ogulin-Plaški Valley contains

5117-416: The Croatian Littoral, Podravina , Posavina , Kordun , Banovina , Prigorje , Turopolje , Moslavina , and Žumberak . The region covers 28,337 square kilometres (10,941 square miles) of land and has a population of 2,418,214. Croatia proper straddles the boundary between the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Basin . The boundary of these two geomorphological units runs from Žumberak to Banovina , along

5236-428: The Dinaric Alps. The region is a part of the Dinaric Alps , linked to a Late Jurassic to recent times fold and thrust belt , itself part of the Alpine orogeny , extending southeast from the southern Alps . The Dinaric Alps in Croatia encompass the entire Gorski Kotar and Lika regions, as well as considerable parts of Dalmatia , with their northeastern edge running from 1,181-metre (3,875 ft) Žumberak to

5355-588: The Duke took his son's charming Sienese bride as his concubine. In mid-December, Thomas finally agreed with Ragusa on a pact against his infamous father-in-law, but the war ended abruptly when Hungary and the Ottomans signed a truce which specifically forbade the latter's tributary to attack Ragusa. Open rebellion against Stjepan Kosača broke out in March 1452. Vladislav, along with his mother and grandmother, raised an army and took control over most of his father's territory. Thomas, Vladislav's king and brother-in-law, answered his call for help and arrived with his army

5474-402: The Good of Burgundy all reported refusals of help. Cardinal Carvajal was sent to Bosnia to meet with King Thomas. Cardinal Giovanni Castiglione sceptically wrote that Carvajal would have been better off if he had stayed in Buda . Indeed, Carvajal found Thomas ill-equipped to deal with the enemy. The Pope became disillusioned with him, and transferred the leadership of the Christian coalition to

5593-430: The Holy See. The Bosnian Church had been decimated by Catholic, and then even Orthodox, proselytization and its own low morale. Thomas' order that its clergy either convert or leave his domain was followed by confiscation of their considerable property, which probably helped him make the otherwise difficult decision. The persecution lasted almost two years. 12,000 people were forcefully converted , while forty members of

5712-438: The Hungarians had not yet appointed a new ban of Croatia , he and the Republic should split the banate among themselves. In June, he warned Venice that the new Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus , Hunyadi's son, would not be a good neighbour to either Bosnia or Venice if he took hold of Croatia. A large Turkish raid in February 1458 forced Thomas to sign a truce, despite his earlier crusading vows, but Mehmed no longer insisted on

5831-442: The King made peace again with his insubordinate father-in-law. The dispute was even taken before the Diet of Hungary . To finance this incessant warfare, as well as to sustain the royal court, King Thomas engaged in vigorous commerce and made business deals with Dalmatian traders. He relied heavily on his silver mining, but profited most from his salt trade monopolies. In 1451 when Kosača sought to improve his own economy through

5950-523: The Kosačas and the Pavlović family . He asked Thomas to send 10,000 loads of food, his father-in-law 8,000 and Petar Pavlović 4,000. Mehmed also demanded that they commit their troops and personally take part in the war on the Ottoman side. He also requested from Thomas the cession of four towns: two in the middle of Bosnia and two bordering Hungary and Venetian Dalmatia . This was all refused. By now Thomas suspected that Mehmed also intended to conquer his kingdom. Therefore, he started taking more interest in

6069-400: The Mountainous Croatia, along with Risnjak and Sjeverni Velebit . Croatia proper has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate (Dfb) as defined by the Köppen climate classification . Mean monthly temperatures range between −3 °C (27 °F) (in January) and 18 °C (64 °F) (in July). Temperature peaks are pronounced in the region compared to parts of Croatia closer to

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6188-409: The Ottoman defeat in the Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), a separate Kingdom of Slavonia was formed out of the regained territories, confirming the established borders of the Kingdom of Croatia. Pursuant to provisions of the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, Slavionia was added to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia —the territory ruled from Zagreb—and the military frontier

6307-415: The Ottoman threat became greater. Pope Pius II informed Thomas that he would not come to his aid as long as the Bosnian Church was tolerated. Thomas was anxious to appear as a good Catholic in the wake of Hungarian accusations of betraying the Christendom . The decision Thomas took in 1459 made him the first Bosnian ruler to persecute people for their religious beliefs, a policy popes had long demanded by

6426-405: The Ottomans, who had just stunned Europe by conquering Constantinople , would soon be at their gates as well. Another concern was the end of regency for the hitherto underage Hungarian king Ladislaus the Posthumous , which decreased the influence of Thomas' friend János Hunyadi, and led to the rise of Ulrich of Celje, who was supported by Kosača. After Ladislaus made Ulrich the new Ban of Croatia,

6545-434: The Pannonian Sea's surface as islands . The tallest among these landforms are 1,059-metre (3,474 ft) Ivanščica and 1,035-metre (3,396 ft) Medvednica , north of Zagreb . Parts of 489-metre (1,604 ft) Moslavačka gora , along with igneous landforms on Papuk and Požeška gora mountains in Slavonia to the east, are possibly remnants of a volcanic arc from the same tectonic plate collision that caused

6664-466: The Republic declined and made peace with Kosača. In April 1445, Thomas lost Srebrenica and the entire Drina Valley to Branković. Ivaniš Pavlović came to his aid again, and the two advanced towards Pomorje . Thomas retook Drijeva, but his advance was suddenly halted, perhaps by another Turkish incursion or a truce. Hostilities finally ended in September. Having failed to strengthen royal authority by force, King Thomas decided to seek another way to pacify

6783-400: The Republic in return. However, throughout May successful negotiations with Hungary rendered this cession unnecessary. János Hunyadi 's intercession with King Vladislaus I led to Hungarian recognition of Thomas in June, for which the grateful King of Bosnia promised Hunyadi free passage, shelter, an annual income and assistance in any matter. Thus, by summer, Thomas had secured his grip on

6902-406: The Turks back and begging for help. The only ruler to provide assistance to Thomas was Bianca Maria Visconti , Duchess of Milan, who sent 300 men via Ancona . Unlike in other Balkan states of the time, the politics of Bosnia were not dominated by religion, and its rulers as well as the common people were entirely indifferent to the religious beliefs of others. However, this changed in 1459 when

7021-426: The Turks who plundered his land. The accusation reached Pope Pius, who ordered that the King be excommunicated if such a grave offense against Christian interests were proven. Though Thomas probably did invite the Turkish raiders, the excommunication never took place. The fall of Serbia meant that the eastern border of Thomas' realm was now the bulwark of Christendom . However, Bosnia was not Mehmed's priority. Thomas

7140-563: The Turks. He was far from capable of succeeding, and even suffered a Turkish raid in the beginning of 1457. Pope Callixtus III took King Thomas very seriously: he ordered that the King of Bosnia be handed the Crusaders' cross , the papal flag and the crusading fund, marking him as the leader of the coalition in July 1457. However, Thomas relied not on his own dubious strength, but on the assistance of Western rulers. His emissaries to King Alfonso V of Aragon , Doge Francesco Foscari of Venice, Duke Francesco I Sforza of Milan, and Duke Philip

7259-462: The University of Greenwich Business School Stephen Thomas (sailor) (born 1977), Welsh Paralympic sailor See also [ edit ] Steven Thomas (disambiguation) Steve Thomas (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Stephen Thomas [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

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7378-451: The area are Plitvice Lakes —16 interlinked lakes between Mala Kapela and Plješevica, through which Korana River flows. The area is abundant in travertine barriers, waterfalls and caves of biological origin—created through deposition of calcium carbonate through agency of moss, algae and aquatic bacteria. The Plitvice Lakes are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and they are a part of one of three Croatia's national parks located in

7497-427: The area in the late 15th century after fall of the Medieval Kingdom of Bosnia —culminating in the Battle of Krbava Field in 1493. The region now known as Croatia proper only became so in 1522, when the capital of Croatia was moved from Dalmatia to Bihać . In response, Croatian Military Frontier was established under direct Habsburg imperial rule. By 1528, nearly all of Lika was under Ottoman control. Venice seized

7616-462: The area of present-day Dalmatia as the Ottomans advanced, winning the decisive Battle of Krbava Field in 1493 and the Battle of Mohács in 1526. This led to the loss of Slavonia and the defeat of the Kingdom of Hungary , to which Croatia was tied through a personal union . The extent of the Ottoman conquest still marks the southern and eastern boundaries of Croatia proper as a geographical region. In effect, Croatia proper loosely corresponds to what

7735-425: The autumn of 1446, and eventually struck a short-lived compromise with Branković by which the two would share the town and its mining revenues. It was not to last, however. Unfounded rumour had it that Hungarian noblemen considered offering the Holy Crown of Hungary to him, which testified to his growing reputation. The Ottomans, who wanted to weaken Bosnia by encouraging internal division , were very displeased by

7854-484: The cession of the four towns; he intended to conquer Serbia instead. At that time, King Thomas dropped the plan of having his son marry an illegitimate daughter of Francesco Sforza; the match with a bastard daughter of a duke was far beneath the King's expectations for Stephen. Instead, he successfully negotiated with Lazar's widow, the Byzantine princess Helena Palaiologina , about a marriage between Stephen and her oldest daughter, Helena . That way Thomas procured not only

7973-514: The challenges of the time. Thomas was the son of King Ostoja , who died in 1418, and his mistress, whose name is not recorded. He was a doubly adulterine child, as both his father and mother were married at the time of his birth. Thomas was raised as a member of the Bosnian Church , to which his parents adhered. Tvrtko II deposed Stephen Ostojić , Ostoja's only known legitimate child and successor, in 1421. Thomas' illegitimate older brother, Radivoj , unsuccessfully contested Tvrtko's rule with

8092-447: The clergy fled to his father-in-law's domain. In 1461, he sent three men accused of heresy to be questioned by Cardinal Juan de Torquemada in Rome. The Bosnian Church was thus all but annihilated by King Thomas. The persecution did little to restore Thomas' reputation in Catholic Europe. When possession of the formerly Talovac-held Čačvina Castle caused another feud with his father-in-law in 1459, Kosača accused him of having invited

8211-456: The death of Lazar Branković enabled Thomas to retake the formerly Bosnian part of the Drina River valley, conquered by Lazar's father in the preceding decade, as well as to expand into its right bank. Thomas captured a total of eleven towns, keeping Srebrenica, Zvornik and Teočak for himself, and distributing the rest among the local nobility who swore fealty to him. He then turned his attention back to Croatia. He suggested to Venice that since

8330-430: The east and the Adriatic Sea in the west. Its exact borders are determined ambiguously, and the extent of the region is defined differently by various sources. The border with Slavonia to the east was variously defined throughout history, depending on the political divisions of Croatia. Modern-day Croatian sources often discuss different kinds of regional division of Croatia, where the historical region of Croatia proper

8449-458: The eastern part of the region, at the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, there are losing streams such as Gacka , Krbava and Lika rivers, reflecting a high degree of karstification of the terrain in the region, resulting in increased permeability of soil and rocks. Ingress of water underground resulted in formation of subterranean watercourses and lakes. Probably the finest example of interaction of karst terrain and watercourses in

8568-464: The economy of the city of Zagreb, the county's economic income is largely generated by small and medium businesses (64.6%). The city of Zagreb and Zagreb County dominate the economy of the Croatia proper and Croatia as a whole: nearly 91% of all Croatia's wholesale and retail trade companies and 45% of the Croatian processing industry is headquartered there. In 2020, largest companies headquartered in

8687-461: The fight against the attackers, even trying to eject them from Hodidjed. In mid-April, he raided the outskirts of Hodidjed and besieged the fort. Meanwhile, Thomas' son had married Lazar's daughter and taken possession of Smederevo. Thomas boasted about his son being made despot , but the arrangement was cut short by the arrival of Mehmed at the head of a vast force before the walls of Smederevo. Terrified, Thomas' son and brother agreed to surrender

8806-665: The following month. Ragusa also joined them. However, King Thomas proved reluctant to attack and soon went back north to ward off a Turkish incursion. Kosača seized the opportunity to enlist help from Venice, which took Drijeva from Vladislav, and to entice uprisings against the rebels themselves. Thomas returned, as he had promised, chasing the Venetians from Drijeva and easily defeating his brother-in-law's enemies. The coalition then suddenly fell apart when it became clear that Vladislav would not hand over parts of his patrimony that Thomas claimed as his due, namely Drijeva and Blagaj , which

8925-465: The following year. The aged Đurađ Branković also died, his despotate passing to his son Lazar . Realizing that Hungary was drastically weakened, and that he had crossed the point of no return by refusing the Sultan's demands, Thomas decided to step forward to head the Christian coalition. In August 1456, Ragusa received an information from the King in the utmost secrecy: he was intent on declaring war on

9044-677: The formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 12–17  Mya ; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary tectonic uplift of the Carpathian Mountains cut off the flow of water to the Black Sea , and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in

9163-490: The greatest precipitation in Croatia—3,500 millimetres (140 inches) per year. Overall, the region has no arid periods of the year. Gorski Kotar also receives the least sunlight—1,700 hours per year on average. According to the 2011 census, the total population of the ten counties of Croatia proper, together with that of the city of Zagreb, is 2,418,214—representing 56.4% of the population of Croatia. The largest proportion of

9282-592: The help of the Ottoman Turks and the Kosača family , the leading magnates of the Kingdom of Bosnia . The narrative sources refer to Thomas (as well as his father and brother) as a Kristić, which is thought to be the name of a cadet branch of the Kotromanić dynasty . Thomas was thus closely related to Tvrtko II, likely his first cousin. Avoiding the limelight during the reign of Tvrtko II, Thomas lived with

9401-577: The important customs town to the royal domain for the first time in three decades. Pressed by his simultaneous war with Venice, and receiving no help from the Ottoman Turks, Kosača agreed to a truce in March. Both sides hoped to buy time to regain strength for future clashes. King Thomas tried to exact the promise of help from Venice in the event of a Hungarian offensive against him, even offering 25-year-long control over some of his towns and mines to

9520-609: The insubordinate nobleman's daughter, Catherine . Thomas and his second wife, both raised in the Bosnian Church tradition, converted to Roman Catholicism and sponsored construction of churches and monasteries throughout the kingdom. Throughout his reign, Thomas waged a war with the Serbian Despotate over the lucrative mining town of Srebrenica and its surroundings, in addition to (or in conjunction with) multiple conflicts with his father-in-law. Moreover, he had

9639-473: The interaction of the karst and the region's watercourses—this is exemplified by the Plitvice Lakes . Most of the region has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate , although there is considerable seasonal snow at greater elevations. The region belongs almost exclusively to the Black Sea drainage basin and includes most of the large rivers flowing in Croatia . The boundaries of Croatia proper were shaped by territorial losses of medieval Croatia to

9758-630: The kingdom's stability. At the request of Đurađ Branković, the Turks broke into both King Thomas' personal lands, and those of his father-in-law, in March 1448, plundering and burning towns. Kosača, who now called himself " Herzog of Saint Sava ", was thus forced to side with Branković against his son-in-law and king. In mid-September, Branković's brother-in-law Thomas Kantakouzenos , leading an army that included Kosača himself, soundly defeated King Thomas. King Thomas reconquered Srebrenica again in February 1449, but hostilities continued until 1451, when

9877-456: The kingdom. A rapprochement with Kosača via marriage with his daughter Catherine was probably already envisaged in 1445, when Thomas improved relations with the Holy See in order to be cleared of the "stain of illegitimacy " as well as to receive an annulment of his union with Vojača. Pope Eugene IV responded affirmatively on 29 May. By that time, Thomas appears to have decided to join

9996-532: The largest rivers flowing in the country—Sava, Drava, Mura , and Kupa—except the Danube . The largest lakes in Croatia proper are 17.1-square-kilometre (6.6 sq mi) Lake Dubrava and 10.1-square-kilometre (3.9 sq mi) Lake Varaždin reservoirs, both near Varaždin , through which the Drava River flows. Croatia proper has a wealth of wetlands. Two out of the four Croatian wetlands included in

10115-586: The largest settlement of the area, Ogulin , with a population of 8,216. The second-largest settlement in Mountainous Croatia, and the largest in Lika, is Gospić . Croatia proper straddles the boundary between the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Basin , two of three major geomorphological parts of Croatia. The boundary runs from the 1,181-metre (3,875 ft) Žumberak range to the Banovina area, along

10234-453: The latter started seizing control of Croatian towns, which met strong opposition from Thomas. The Bosnian king feared that Ulrich would take Talovac's land and have his territory border Kosača's. Not wishing to break peace with his father-in-law yet again, the King turned to Venice for help. The Holy See put King Thomas under its protection in 1455, and promised that he would be given back the lands taken by Turks and his treacherous magnates if

10353-578: The least developed area of the region and the country in general. The main source of income in the area was forestry , farming and animal husbandry . Forests represent a development potential of the area as 45% of Lika and as much as 83% of Gorski Kotar is forested. Industrialisation of the region started after the World War II, with a particular emphasis on development of wood processing industry in Gorski Kotar and other industries elsewhere in

10472-527: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Thomas&oldid=1182201946 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Stephen Thomas of Bosnia Stephen Thomas ( Serbo-Croatian : Stefan Tomaš / Стефан Томаш , Stjepan Tomaš / Стјепан Томаш ; c. 1411 – 10 July 1461),

10591-454: The most significant economic area of Croatia in terms of its contribution to the national gross domestic product (GDP). The city of Zagreb alone contributes 34.3 % of Croatia's GDP, followed by Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Zagreb and Varaždin counties contributing 8.3, 5.9 and 3.6 percent of the nation's GDP respectively. The area contributes 65.5 percent of Croatia's GDP and has an average GDP per capita of 14,414  euros —17.5 percent above

10710-689: The national average. The economy of the city of Zagreb represents the bulk of the economy of Croatia proper. Its most significant components are wholesale and retail trade, accounting for 38.1% of the city's economic income, followed by the processing industry , encompassing 20.3% of the economy of Zagreb. Further industries, by income share, are the energy industry —the supply of electric power , natural gas , steam, and air conditioning (7.8%); information and communications (7.2%); civil engineering (5.4%), professional technical and scientific services (4.6%); financial services (4.5%); and transport and storage services (3.9%). These account for 91.8% of

10829-549: The plot, with the Hungarian king as the mastermind. These rumours are generally dismissed by historians. Stephen succeeded him, to the benefit of the doomed kingdom, as the ruptures between the monarch and his nobles were finally healed. Thomas was a man of many contradictions. His good looks and noble comportment greatly impressed his contemporaries. The Italian condottiero Gaspare Broglio da Lavello (son of Angelo Tartaglia ), whom he met in 1452, wrote that he had never met

10948-527: The preferable faith early in Thomas' reign. Many Bosnian noblemen followed the King's example in converting to Catholicism, but some soon returned to the Bosnian Church; Kosača wrote that he considered conversion, but never went through with it. Churches and Franciscan monasteries sprang up throughout Bosnia during Thomas' reign, some erected by the King himself. Despite his efforts to project an image of

11067-595: The rebellious Kosača, an Ottoman tributary. The Turks were now ready to assist the Duke and broke into Bosnia, forcing the King to flee from Kozograd to Bobovac , and enabling Kosača to reverse all his losses. In August, the Ottomans restored Serbia to Đurađ Branković , who allied with Kosača against King Thomas. The destruction of the Hungarian army in November 1444 at the Battle of Varna , where King Vladislaus himself perished, left Thomas vulnerable. Forced again to rely solely on Venice, Thomas repeated his earlier offer, but

11186-677: The region from west to east, as well as the A2 motorway —the Xa branch of the corridor X. The three routes form junctions near Zagreb. The region is also home to the largest airport in Croatia—the Zagreb Airport . In April 2012, a 30-year concession contract to develop and manage the airport as a regional transport centre was signed by the Government of Croatia and Zagreb Airport International Company Limited . The only navigable river in

11305-666: The region is a Homo neanderthalensis site discovered in Krapina . The region contains most of the 180 preserved or restored castles and manor houses in Croatia —most of the best preserved-ones were built in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Ottoman conquest was no longer a threat. A substantial number of buildings were destroyed in the Second World War. The largest number of preserved castles and manor houses are situated in Hrvatsko Zagorje, including

11424-548: The region is the Sava, downstream of Sisak. The navigable route became disused after onset of the Croatian War of Independence in 1991, and it has not been fully restored since the end of the war, limiting the size of vessels that may reach Sisak. Pipeline transport infrastructure in the region comprises the Jadranski naftovod (JANAF) pipeline, connecting the Sisak and Virje crude oil storage facilities and terminals to

11543-434: The region's cities. The west of the region represents a natural barrier between the Adriatic Sea and the Pannonian Basin , and this, along with Ottoman conquest and resulting military frontier status, has contributed to the relatively poor development of the economy and infrastructure of that area. Croatia proper is a historical region of Croatia that encompasses territory around Zagreb , located between Slavonia in

11662-726: The region's western reaches represent a natural barrier between the Adriatic Sea to its west and the Pannonian Basin and to its east, traversed by few high-performance transport routes until recently. The region was first spanned by a trading route between Senj and Pannonia in classical antiquity and later in Middle Ages , but the first modern road in the area was the Caroline road , completed in 1732 connecting Rijeka and Karlovac via Fužine , Mrkopalj , Ravna Gora and Vrbovsko , and named after Charles VI who ordered its construction. The same emperor commissioned construction of

11781-490: The region, but it did not create sufficient jobs to prevent economic migrations. Furthermore, the economic structure of the area sustained great downturn in the 1990s during the Croatian War of Independence. Since the 2000s, an increasing prominence is given to tourism sector, especially rural tourism . Three Pan-European transport corridors and corridor branches run through Croatia proper. The corridor Vb encompasses

11900-599: The reigning monarch Vladislav I , leaving Thomas ample space of maneuver. King Thomas acted resolutely to strengthen his position. In January 1444, he penetrated the Bosnian-held region of Zachlumia , ruled by the Kosačas. Kosača's nephew Ivaniš Pavlović accompanied him, and the Radivojević family , the discontented vassals of the Kosačas, joined them upon their arrival. The party soon took Drijeva , thus restoring

12019-662: The remnants of the Serbian Despotate lasted merely a month before the Ottoman conquest of the state. King Thomas' failure to defend Serbia permanently damaged his reputation in Europe. Wishing to improve his image among Europe's Catholics, Thomas turned against the Bosnian Church, thus becoming the first ruler of Bosnia to engage in religious persecution . Thomas' sometime contradictory traits earned him both admiration and scorn from his contemporaries. His son Stephen succeeded him, and immediately proved more apt at dealing with

12138-639: The site of numerous landmarks . The landmarks include the Zagreb Cathedral , founded in 1093 and rebuilt numerous times since, the last major reconstruction being after the 1880 earthquake . The cathedral is the tallest structure in Croatia. Zagreb is the most significant centre of scientific work and education in the region and the entire country. It is the site of the University of Zagreb —the oldest place of higher education in Croatia and Southeast Europe , operating continuously since 1669. It

12257-590: The start of the Croatian War of Independence . After the January 1992 ceasefire, a United Nations peacekeeping force was deployed to the area. The area remained outside control of the government of Croatia until August 1995, when it was recaptured in Operation Storm . The Croatian Army campaign ended following the surrender of the last operational corps of the RSK military in Viduševac, near Glina . After

12376-513: The terms 'Zagreb macroregion' and 'Rijeka macroregion' can be used instead. Central Croatia is the most significant economic area of the country, contributing well over 50% of Croatia's gross domestic product . The capital of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb , is the largest city and most important economic centre in Central Croatia. Croatia proper comprises several smaller regions of its own: Lika , Gorski Kotar , Zagorje , Međimurje ,

12495-437: The territory of Croatia, and have a population of 2,418,214 yielding a population density of 85.3377/km (221.024/sq mi). Croatia proper comprises several smaller historical regions of its own: the Croatian Littoral , Lika , Gorski Kotar , Zagorje , Međimurje , Podravina , Posavina , Kordun , Banovina , Prigorje , Turopolje , Moslavina , and Žumberak . The sociogeographical distinction between Central Croatia,

12614-419: The throne. In July 1444, the Hungarian king informed Thomas of his intention to break the truce with the Ottomans. King Thomas decided to make the best of his membership in the Christian coalition. In May he had already conquered the lucrative silver mining town of Srebrenica , taken by the Ottomans from the Serbian Despotate , which in turn had taken it from Bosnia. He now decided to resume his war against

12733-421: The total income of the city's economy. Small businesses generate 22% of the total income; 14.4% is attributed to medium enterprises and the rest to large companies. The economy of Zagreb County, largely contiguous with Zagreb's metropolitan area, is dominated by wholesale and retail trade (53.5% of total income) and the processing industry (25.7%), followed by transport (6.1%) and civil engineering (5.3%). Unlike

12852-570: The total population lives in the city of Zagreb, followed by Zagreb County. Lika-Senj County is the least populous county of Croatia proper. The population density of the counties ranges from 156.9 to 9.5 persons per square kilometre, with the highest density recorded in Međimurje County and the lowest in Lika-Senj County. The highest population density is recorded in the city of Zagreb area, at 1,236.9 persons per square kilometre. Zagreb

12971-495: The town and fortress on 20 June in exchange for safe conduct . Thomas and Radivoj were bitterly reproached by the Hungarian king. Matthias told all Europe that Thomas had sold the fortress of paramount importance to the enemy. Thomas took great pains to clear his name, explaining to Pope Pius II that Smederevo could not have been defended. The King sent a delegation to the Council of Mantua in July, promising to do his best to hold

13090-577: Was abolished. Rijeka was removed from the new kingdom, as the Corpus separatum attached it to Hungary instead. Following World War I and the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost Rijeka and Međimurje , as well as other territories, to the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The 1921 constitution defined the country as a unitary state and abolished the historical administrative divisions, effectively ending Croatia's autonomy. Međimurje

13209-591: Was assigned to Croatia in 1947—when all the borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics were defined by demarcation commissions, pursuant to decisions of the AVNOJ of 1943 and 1945. After the break-up of Yugoslavia and Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991, the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) was proclaimed in parts of Croatia, including parts of the Croatia—Banovina and Kordun—encompassing areas east of Karlovac and south of Sisak, marking

13328-660: Was completed in 1809, also running between Rijeka and Karlovac, although via Delnice . The first railway built in the region was the Zagreb  – Rijeka railway, completed in 1875. Since the 2000s, the region is spanned by modern motorways . Most of Central Croatia is distinguished in Croatia by its relatively high population density – a consequence of the fact that the region was largely spared from large-scale war damage. This also allowed preservation of numerous cultural heritage sites, including medieval city cores, hill forts , manor houses , castles, palaces, and churches. Because

13447-527: Was duly elected king by 5 December. Like his predecessors, he added the royal name Stephen to his own. However, the kingdom's most powerful magnate, Grand Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača , refused to accept Thomas as king, and announced his support for Radivoj. The authorities of the neighbouring Republic of Ragusa immediately expressed concern about the situation. Kosača and Radivoj appealed to Ragusa not to recognize Thomas as king, but to no avail. Simultaneously, Hermann's grandson Ulrich II pressed his claim to

13566-514: Was forced to surrender northeastern Bosnia, namely Usora , Srebrenica, Zvornik and Teočak, in early 1460, allowing the Turks to cross the Sava to the Hungarian regions of Slavonia and Syrmia . Both Thomas and his father-in-law were aware that the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia was inevitable. They continued to seek foreign assistance, but were also preparing for a life in exile. However, this prospect did not help them settle their differences and put up

13685-401: Was now forbidden to export silver, which Mehmed claimed for himself. This severe crippling of the Bosnian economy suffocated the kingdom. The situation in Hungary took a sharp turn for the worse immediately after the celebrated victory over the Turks. The victorious commanders, including János Hunyadi, died of plague, Ulrich of Celje was murdered, and even the young King Ladislaus died suddenly

13804-591: Was recorded in the Sisak-Moslavina and Karlovac counties (11.7 percent and 11.0 percent respectively), while a significant Czech minority was observed in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, comprising 5.3 percent of population of the county. [REDACTED] Zagreb [REDACTED] Rijeka [REDACTED] Karlovac [REDACTED] Varaždin The lowland regions of Croatia proper are

13923-565: Was sent from Rome to be placed on the head of a Bosnian king. The Bishop of Feltre and papal legate to Bosnia, another Tommaso Tommasini , fetched the crown from the Cathedral of Saint Domnius in Spalato in July, but it never reached Thomas. As it facilitated alliances with Western rulers and came along with Western cultural influences (in art , architecture , music and fashion ) that penetrated Bosnia, Roman Catholicism became

14042-618: Was termed the relics of the relics of the formerly great and glorious Kingdom of Croatia ( Latin : reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae ) and subsequent Kingdom of Croatia within the Habsburg Empire. The Croatian Military Frontier was gradually established in the second half of the 16th century, removing further territory from the Kingdom of Croatia and placing the military zone under direct imperial rule. Ottoman advances into Croatian territory continued until

14161-604: Was the Kosača seat and the key to Zachlumia. New conflict emerged in 1453 upon the death of Petar Talovac , who had governed Croatia proper as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king. Both Thomas and his recently widowed father-in-law wished to gain control of Talovac's allodial land by offering marriage to his widow, Hedwig Garai; Kosača proposed himself, while Thomas suggested his son Stephen . Kosača invited Turks to Bosnia in autumn, but neither prevailed as Venice moved in to protect Talovac's heirs. They then made peace, realizing that

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