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37-478: The Stüber emerged from the vierlander ("coin of four provinces"), that Philip III of Burgundy had minted from 1434 as a common denomination for Brabant , Flanders , Holland and the Hainault ( Hennegau ) and which had a value of 1 ⁄ 20 Rhenish gulden . It corresponded to 3 Brabant Plakken , 2 Flemish Groten , 16 Dutch pfennigs or 1 Artesian schilling . The name "stuiver" derives from

74-540: A proxy marriage the year before. This marriage produced three sons, only one of whom reached adulthood: Philip had 24 documented mistresses and fathered at least 18 illegitimate children . Duke of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy ( French : duc de Bourgogne ) was a title used by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy , from its establishment in 843 to its annexation by the French crown in 1477, and later by members of

111-629: A few weeks later in Bruges after the latter insurrection. Philip's court can only be described as extravagant. Despite the flourishing bourgeois culture of Burgundy, with which the ducal court kept in close touch, he and the aristocrats who formed most of his inner circle retained a world-view dominated by the ideas and traditions of chivalry . He declined membership in the Order of the Garter in 1422, which would have been considered an act of treason against

148-609: A poor decision in the long term; Charles VII and his successors saw the Burgundian State as a serious impediment to the expansion of royal authority in France, and for this reason they constantly tried to undermine Burgundy, so as to subordinate it to French sovereignty. Philip's defection to the French proved not only catastrophic to the dual monarchy of England and France , but to his own domains as well, subordinating them to

185-641: A portrait of the daughter of King John I , the Infanta Isabella , personally for Philip in advance of their marriage. With help from more experienced Portuguese shipbuilders, Philip established a shipyard in Bruges, which helped commerce flourish. Rogier van der Weyden painted his portrait twice on panel. Only copies survive, but in each he is shown wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The only extant original van der Weyden of Philip

222-605: A powerful centralised Valois monarchy. He then attacked Calais , a strategic possession of the English, but the alliance with Charles was broken in 1439. Philip supported the revolt of the French nobles the following year (an event known as the Praguerie ) and offered shelter to the Dauphin Louis , who had rebelled against his father Charles VII. Philip was generally preoccupied with matters in his own territories and

259-650: A stiver! And folks who put me in a passion may find me pipe after another fashion." The name Stüber was also considered for a coin that would have been a sub-division of the Austrian Schilling introduced in 1924; In the end, however, the name Groschen was chosen. Lakshmi Plaques 3 BC to 107 AD Philip III of Burgundy Philip III the Good ( French : Philippe le Bon ; Dutch : Filips de Goede ; 31 July 1396 – 15 June 1467) ruled as Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death in 1467. He

296-905: A superb miniature known as " Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good " (above right). The painter Hugo van der Goes of the Early Netherlandish school is credited with paintings for the church where Philip's funeral was held. Philip married his second cousin Michelle of France (1395–1422) in June 1409, when he was 12 and she was 14. She was a daughter of Charles VI, King of France (1368–1422) and his wife and consort, Isabeau of Bavaria ( c.  1370 –1435). They had one daughter, Agnes, who died in infancy , and Michelle died on 8 July 1422. On 30 November 1424 in Moulins-Engelbert , Philip married

333-740: Is not surprising that in 1435 Philip began to style himself the " Grand Duke of the West ". In 1463, Philip gave up some of his territory to Louis XI of France . That year he also created an Estates-General for the Netherlands based on the French model. The first meeting of the Estates-General was to obtain a loan for a war against France and to ensure support for the succession of his son Charles I to his now vast dominions. In 1465 and 1467, Philip crushed two rebellions in Liège before dying

370-971: The Habsburgs control of the remainder of the Burgundian Inheritance . Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire as well as the County of Charolais in France. They often used

407-779: The House of Habsburg , including Holy Roman Emperors and kings of Spain , who claimed Burgundy proper and ruled the Burgundian Netherlands . The Duchy of Burgundy was a small portion of the traditional lands of the Burgundians west of the river Saône which, in 843, was allotted to Charles the Bald 's kingdom of the West Franks . Under the Ancien Régime , the duke of Burgundy was the premier lay peer of

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444-598: The Kingdom of France . Beginning with Robert II of France ( r.  996–1031 ), the title was held by the Capetians , the French royal family. In 1032 King Henry I of France granted the duchy to his younger brother, Robert , who founded the House of Burgundy . When the senior line of the House of Burgundy became extinct in 1361, the title was inherited by King John II of France through proximity of blood. John granted

481-508: The Treaty of Troyes . In 1423, the marriage of Philip's sister Anne to John, Duke of Bedford , regent for Henry VI of England , strengthened the English alliance. On 23 May 1430, Philip's troops under the Count of Ligny captured Joan of Arc at Compiègne , and later sold her to the English, who orchestrated a heresy trial against her conducted by pro-Burgundian clerics, after which she

518-623: The assassination of John the Fearless , his father. Philip accused Charles , the Dauphin of France and Philip's brother-in-law, of planning the murder, which took place during a meeting between John and Charles at Montereau . Because of this, he continued to prosecute the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War , which in turn became entangled in the larger Hundred Years' War . In 1420, Philip allied himself with Henry V of England under

555-716: The widow of his late paternal uncle, Philip II, Count of Nevers (1389–1415), Bonne of Artois (1396 – 17 September 1425). She was the daughter of Philip of Artois, Count of Eu (1358–1397) and his wife, Marie of Berry , suo jure Duchess of Auvergne ( c.  1375 –1434). Bonne died within a year of the wedding, and the couple had no children, leaving Philip with no legitimate sons to this point. On 7 January 1430 in Bruges , Philip married his third wife, Infanta Isabella of Portugal (21 February 1397 – 17 December 1471), daughter of John I, King of Portugal (1357–1433) and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster (1360–1415) after

592-536: The 1430 seizure of Joan of Arc , whom Philip ransomed to the English after his soldiers captured her, resulting in her trial and eventual execution. In political affairs, he alternated between alliances with the English and with the French in an attempt to improve his dynasty 's powerbase. Additionally, as ruler of Flanders , Brabant , Limburg , Artois , Hainaut , Holland , Luxembourg , Zeeland , Friesland and Namur , he played an important role in

629-462: The Duchy as a peace settlement, having disputed the succession to the throne of France with his brother Henry . John II of France , the second Valois king, successfully claimed the duchy after the death of Philip , the last Capet duke. John then passed the duchy to his youngest son Philip as an apanage . In 1477, the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Maximilian , Archduke of Austria , giving

666-573: The Dutch stuiven ("flying sparks"), since on early Flemish stuivers "spark-producing flints of the Collar of the Golden Fleece " were depicted. Twenty stuivers equalled a Dutch Guilder . It circulated until the Napoleonic Wars . In 1818 the Netherlands decimalised its guilder into 100 cents. Two stuivers equalled a dubbeltje - the ten-cent coin. After the decimalisation of Dutch currency,

703-457: The Dutch, Danish , and Swedish islands . It was also a denomination that formed part of the currency system of Demerara-Essequibo (later British Guiana , now Guyana ). In the British colonies, a stiver had a value of twopence . The currency was also mentioned in the famous poem by Robert Browning , The Pied Piper of Hamelin : "With you, don't think I'll bate [abate, reduce my demands by]

740-460: The Fearless"; 1371–1419) and his wife and consort, born Margaret of Bavaria (1363–1424). He was a great-grandson of John II, King of France (1319–1364), and a first cousin once removed of the then-ruling king, Charles VI (1368–1422). His father succeeded Philip's grandfather, Philip II ("Philip the Bold", 1342–1404) as Duke of Burgundy in 1404. On 28 January 1405, at the age of eight, Philip

777-511: The Napoleonic era. The title was subsequently revived for several younger sons of the House of Bourbon and since 1975, branches of it have used "duke of Burgundy" as a revived courtesy title . The first margrave ( marchio ), later duke ( dux ), of Burgundy was Richard of the House of Ardennes , whose duchy was created from the merging of several regional counties of the kingdom of Provence which had belonged to his brother Boso . Richard

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814-427: The Netherlands, as did other foreign buyers. Philip himself is estimated to have added six hundred manuscripts to the ducal collection, making him by a considerable margin the most important literary patron of the period. Jean Miélot , one of his secretaries, translated into French such works as Giovanni Boccaccio 's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium which is good example of the sophistication of Philip's court. Philip

851-487: The coins were simply stamped on both sides with their denomination but from 1783, the VOC monogram and date were added. The coins were minted at Colombo , Jaffna , Galle and Trincomalee . These coins were issued till British occupation in 1796. The stiver ( Sinhala : තුට්ටුව ) was a currency denomination ( 1 ⁄ 48 Ceylonese rixdollar ) in use across the 18th and 19th century Sri Lanka and Caribbean, especially among

888-712: The defeat of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainault , in the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars . He inherited the Duchies of Brabant and Limburg and the Margraviate of Antwerp in 1430 on the death of his cousin Philip of Saint-Pol and purchased Luxembourg in 1443 from Elisabeth of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg . In 1456, Philip also managed to ensure his illegitimate son David was elected Bishop of Utrecht and his nephew Louis de Bourbon elected Prince-Bishop of Liège . It

925-680: The duchy to his younger son, Philip the Bold , in 1363. The Valois dukes gradually came to rule over a vast complex of territories known as the Burgundian State , and became dangerous rivals to the senior French royal line of the House of Valois . When the male line of the Valois dukes of Burgundy became extinct in 1477, the Duchy of Burgundy was confiscated by Louis XI of France . The title "duke of Burgundy" passed to Habsburg monarchs after Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I of Austria in 1477. The Habsburgs used this connection to claim Burgundy proper and to rule their Burgundian inheritance until

962-478: The history of the Low Countries . He married three times and had three legitimate sons, all from his third marriage; only one legitimate son reached adulthood. Philip had 24 documented mistresses and fathered at least 18 illegitimate children . Philip of Valois-Burgundy was born on 31 July 1396 in Dijon , France as the fourth child and first son of John, Count of Nevers (later Duke of Burgundy known as "John

999-669: The king of France, his feudal overlord. Instead, he created his own Order of the Golden Fleece , based on the Knights of the Round Table and the myth of Jason , in 1430. In time his order would become the most prestigious and historic of all knightly orders of chivalry in all of Europe. Philip had no fixed capital (seat of government) and moved the court between various palaces, the main urban ones being in Brussels , Bruges , and Lille . He held grand feasts and other festivities, and

1036-663: The knights of his Order frequently travelled throughout his territory to participate in tournaments . In 1454, Philip planned a crusade against the Ottoman Empire , launching it at the Feast of the Pheasant , but this plan never materialized. In a period from 1444 to 1446, he is estimated to have spent a sum equivalent to 2% of Burgundy's main income in the recette génerale , with a single Italian supplier of silk and cloth of gold , Giovanni di Arrigo Arnolfini . Philip's court

1073-416: The name "stuiver" was preserved as a nickname for the five-cent coin until the introduction of the euro in 2002. The word can still refer to the 5 euro cent coin , which has almost exactly the same diameter and colour despite being over twice the value of the older coin. The Stüber (abbreviation: stbr .) or Stüver was a small groschen coin that was minted in north-west Germany, especially in

1110-771: The territories of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and in the County of East Frisia roughly from the end of the 15th century to the early 19th century. On the Lower Rhine , these coins mostly had a value of 1 + 1 ⁄ 3 albus or 16 hellers , in Cleves , 21 hellers . One Rechnungstaler corresponded to 60 Stüber . From 1660, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) began to strike copper stuiver coins for local use in Dutch Ceylon . At first,

1147-460: Was burnt at the stake . Despite this action against Joan of Arc, Philip's alliance with England was broken in 1435 when he signed the Treaty of Arras , which completely revoked the Treaty of Troyes and recognised Charles VII as king of France. Philip signed the treaty for a variety of reasons, one of which may have been a desire to be recognised as the preeminent duke in France. This action proved

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1184-742: Was a considerable patron of the visual arts. He commissioned many tapestries (which he tended to prefer over oil paintings), pieces from goldsmiths, jewellery, and other works of art, including numerous mechanical automata and fountains at the Chauteau of Hesdin . It was also during his reign that the Burgundian chapel became the musical centre of Europe, with the activity of the Burgundian School of composers and singers. Esteemed composers such as Gilles Binchois , Robert Morton , and later Guillaume Dufay were all part of Philip's court chapel. In 1428, van Eyck travelled to Portugal to paint

1221-488: Was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty , to which all 15th-century kings of France belonged. During his reign, the Burgundian State reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige, and became a leading centre of the arts. Duke Philip has a reputation for his administrative reforms, for his patronage of Flemish artists (such as Jan van Eyck ) and of Franco-Flemish composers (such as Gilles Binchois ), and for

1258-400: Was created Count of Charolais as an appanage and was probably engaged to his second cousin , nine-year-old Michelle of France (1395–1422), daughter of King Charles VI on the same day. They were married in June 1409. In 1419, at the age of 24, Philip became duke of Burgundy (fief of France ) and count of Flanders (France), Artois (France) and Burgundy ( Holy Roman Empire ) upon

1295-477: Was regarded as the most splendid in Europe by his contemporaries, and it became the accepted leader of taste and fashion, which probably helped the Burgundian economy considerably, as Burgundian (usually Flemish) luxury products became sought by the elites across Europe. During his reign, for example, the richest English commissioners of illuminated manuscripts moved away from English and Parisian products to those of

1332-465: Was seldom involved directly in the Hundred Years' War between England and France, although he did play a role during a number of periods, such as the campaign against Compiègne during which his troops captured Joan of Arc. In 1429, he incorporated Namur into Burgundian territory (by purchase, from John III, Marquis of Namur ) and Hainault and Holland , Friesland and Zeeland in 1432 with

1369-515: Was the son of Eccard of Macon and Richildis of Arles, Boso the son of Bivin of Gorze and Richildis of Arles. His descendants and their relatives by marriage ruled the duchy until its annexation over a century later by the French crown, their suzerain. In 1004, Burgundy was annexed by the king, of the House of Capet . Otto William continued to rule what would come to be called the Free County of Burgundy . His descendants formed another House of Ivrea . Robert , son of Robert II of France , received

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