The Stockholm Bloodbath ( Swedish : Stockholms blodbad ; Danish : Det Stockholmske Blodbad ) was a trial that led to a series of executions in Stockholm between 7 and 9 November 1520. The event is also known as the Stockholm massacre .
98-529: The events occurred after the coronation of Christian II as the new king of Sweden , when guests in the crowning party were invited to a meeting at Tre Kronor castle. Archbishop Gustav Trolle , demanding economic compensation for things such as the demolition of Almarestäket's fortress , questioned whether the former Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger and his supporters had been guilty of heresy . Supported by canon law , nearly 100 people were executed in
196-810: A Messiah (Hebrew for the one who was anointed.) Christianity developed from the association of Jesus of Nazareth with the Jewish prophecies of an "Anointed One". His epithet " Christ " is a form of the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew title. He was not anointed by the High Priest in accordance with the ceremony described in Exodus, but he was considered to have been anointed by the Holy Spirit during his baptism . A literal anointing of Jesus also occurs when he
294-558: A common jury at Solbjerg outside Copenhagen. He was found guilty and executed in November 1517. This act precipitated the division between the king and aristocracy that ultimately led to Christian's deposition. Christian's chief counsellor was Dyveke's mother, Sigbrit Willoms . Christian appointed her controller of the Sound Dues of Øresund , and took her advice on all financial matters. A bourgeoise herself, she acted to extend
392-718: A council, headed by Archbishop Trolle, sentenced the proscribed to death for being heretics ; the main point of accusation was their having united in a pact to depose Trolle a few years earlier. However, many of them were also leading men of the Sture party and thus potential opponents of the Danish kings. At noon, the anti-unionist bishops of Skara and Strängnäs were led out into the great square and beheaded . Fourteen noblemen, three burgomasters , fourteen town councillors and about twenty common citizens of Stockholm were then hanged or beheaded. The executions continued throughout
490-524: A few days after Christian III. The new king, Frederick II , ordered that a royal funeral be held in his memory. He is buried in Odense next to his wife, parents, and son John , who died in the summer of 1532. Christian II is one of the most discussed of all Danish kings. He has been regarded as both a hypocritical tyrant and a progressive despot, who wanted to create an absolute monarchy based upon "free citizens". His psychological weaknesses have caught
588-515: A horn. Anointment by the chrism prepared according to the ceremony described in the Book of Exodus was considered to impart the "Spirit of the Lord". It was performed by Samuel in place of a coronation of both Saul and David . The practice was not always observed and seems to have been essential only at the consecration of a new line or dynasty. Because of its importance, the High Priest and
686-549: A human victim's caul fat to gain his powers. In religions like Christianity where animal sacrifice is no longer practiced, it is common to consecrate the oil in a special ceremony. According to scholars belonging to the early part of the twentieth century (Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Bonnet, Cothenet, Kutsch, Martin-Pardey ) officials of ancient Egypt were anointed as part of a ceremony that installed them into office. This assumption has been questioned by scholars like Stephen Thompson, who doubt such anointing ever existed: After
784-568: A measure necessary to avoid a papal interdict , but, when apologising to the Pope for the decapitation of the bishops, he blamed his troops for performing unauthorised acts of vengeance . Gustav Vasa was a son of Erik Johansson , one of the victims of the executions. Vasa, upon hearing of the massacre, travelled north to the province of Dalarna to seek support for a new revolt. The population, informed of what had happened, rallied to his side. They were ultimately able to defeat Christian's forces in
882-429: A person or object with any perfumed oil, milk, butter, or other fat. Scented oils are used as perfumes and sharing them is an act of hospitality . Their use to introduce a divine influence or presence is recorded from the earliest times; anointing was thus used as a form of medicine , thought to rid persons and things of dangerous spirits and demons which were believed to cause disease. In present usage, "anointing"
980-443: A priesthood ordinance in preparation for the administration of a priesthood blessing , and 2) in conjunction with washing as part of the endowment . The Doctrine and Covenants contains numerous references to anointing and administration to the sick by those with authority to perform the laying on of hands. On 21 January 1836, Joseph Smith instituted anointing during the rites of sanctification and consecration preparatory to
1078-541: A promise of safe conduct from Fredrick I, in 1532. Frederick did not keep his promise, and Christian was kept prisoner for the next 27 years, first in Sønderborg Castle until 1549, and afterwards at the castle of Kalundborg . Stories of solitary confinement in small dark chambers are inaccurate; King Christian was treated like a nobleman, particularly in his old age, and he was allowed to host parties, go hunting, and wander freely as long as he did not go beyond
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#17327647816651176-403: A review of the evidence for the anointing of officials in ancient Egypt as a part of their induction into office, I must conclude that there is no evidence that such a ceremony was ever practiced in ancient Egypt. Attempts to trace the origin of the Hebrew practice of anointing kings to an Egyptian source are misdirected. The only definite case in which an Egyptian king anointed one of his officials
1274-536: A saint, or which has been taken from an oil lamp burning in front of a wonderworking icon or some other shrine . In the Armenian Church , crosses are traditionally not considered holy until they have been anointed and prayed over, thus introducing the Holy Spirit into them. The same ritual was formerly observed in the other Orthodox churches. Owing to their particular focus upon the action of
1372-410: A shield predates the anointing of other objects in that the "smearing" (Hebrew "mashiach") of the shield renewed the leather covering on a wooden shield. A victorious soldier was elevated on his shield by his comrades after a battle or upon his selection as a new king. The idea of protection and selection arose from this and was extended to the idea of a "chosen one" thus leading to the modern concept of
1470-595: Is a necessary part of the baptismal process. The Gospel of Philip claims that chrism is superior to baptism, for it is from the word "chrism" that we have been called "Christians", certainly not from the word "baptism". And it is from the "chrism" that the "Christ" has his name. For the Father anointed the Son , and the Son anointed the apostles, and the apostles anointed us. He who has been anointed possesses everything. He possesses
1568-597: Is a powerful weapon against a spiritual attack of the enemy, which can translate into a disease designed to destroy the body. The Roman Catholic , Anglican and Lutheran Churches bless three types of holy oils for anointing: " Oil of the Catechumens " (abbreviated OS, from the Latin oleum sanctum , meaning holy oil), "Oil of the Infirm" (OI), and " Sacred Chrism " (SC). The first two are said to be blessed , while
1666-568: Is abuse. Later French legend held that a vial of oil, the Holy Ampulla , descended from Heaven to anoint Clovis I as King of the Franks following his conversion to Christianity in 493. The Visigoth Wamba is the earliest Catholic king known to have been anointed, although the practice apparently preceded him in Spain. The ceremony, which closely followed the rite described by
1764-525: Is believed to empower him—through the grace of the Holy Spirit —with the ability to discharge his divinely appointed duties, particularly his ministry in defending the faith. The same myron used in Chrismation is used for the ceremony. In Russian Orthodox ceremonial, the anointing took place during the coronation of the tsar towards the end of the service, just before his receipt of Holy Communion . The sovereign and his consort were escorted to
1862-441: Is common, although the practice typically employs water or yoghurt, milk, or (particularly) butter from the holy cow , rather than oil. Many devotees are anointed as an act of consecration or blessing at every stage of life, with rituals accompanying birthing , educational enrollments, religious initiations , and death . New buildings, houses, and ritual instruments are anointed, and some idols are anointed daily. Particular care
1960-524: Is normally kept on the Holy Table or on the Table of Oblation . During chrismation, the "newly illuminate" person is anointed by using the myron to make the sign of the cross on the forehead, eyes, nostrils, lips, both ears, breast, hands, and feet. The priest uses a special brush for this purpose. Prior to the 20th century, the myron was also used for the anointing of Orthodox monarchs. The oil that
2058-522: Is performed immediately after the Mystery of Baptism as part of a single ceremony. The ritual employs the sacred myron ( μύρον , " chrism "), which is said to contain a remnant of oil blessed by the Twelve Apostles . In order to maintain the apostolic blessing unbroken, the container is never completely emptied but it is refilled as needed, usually at a ceremony held on Holy Thursday at
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#17327647816652156-559: Is retained in the present day. It is a common misconception in Sweden that King Christian II is given the contrary byname Christian den Gode ( Christian the Good ) in Denmark, but this is apocryphal . According to Danish historians, no bynames have been given to Christian II in Danish historical tradition. In an interview with Richardson in 1979, Danish historian Mikael Venge , author of
2254-639: Is taken in such rituals to the direction of the smearing. People are anointed from head to foot, downwards. The water may derive from one of the holy rivers or be scented with saffron , turmeric , or flower infusions ; the waste water produced when cleaning certain idols or when writing certain verses of scripture may also be used. Ointments may include ashes, clay, powdered sandalwood , or herbal pastes. Buddhist practices of anointing are largely derived from Indian practices but tend to be less elaborate and more ritualized. Buddhists may sprinkle assembled practitioners with water or mark idols of Buddha or
2352-571: Is that of EA 51. In this instance, it is probable that Thutmosis III was engaging in a custom common among Asiatics, rather than that he was introducing an Egyptian custom into Syria-Palestine Anointment of the corpse with scented oils was however a well attested practice as an important part of mummification . In Indian religion , late Vedic rituals developed involving the anointing of government officials, worshippers, and idols. These are now known as abhisheka . The practice spread to Indian Buddhists . In modern Hinduism and Jainism , anointment
2450-431: Is thus cognate with "unction". The oil used in a ceremonial anointment may be called " chrism ", from Greek χρῖσμα ( khrîsma ) ' anointing ' . Anointing served and serves three distinct purposes: it is regarded as a means of health and comfort, as a token of honor, and as a symbol of consecration . It seems probable that its sanative purposes were enjoyed before it became an object of ceremonial religion, but
2548-632: Is typically used for ceremonial blessings such as the coronation of European monarchs . This continues an earlier Hebrew practice most famously observed in the anointings of Aaron as high priest and both Saul and David by the prophet Samuel . The concept is important to the figure of the Messiah or the Christ ( Hebrew and Greek for "The Anointed One") who appear prominently in Jewish and Christian theology and eschatology . Anointing—particularly
2646-422: Is used to anoint the catechumens before baptism is simple olive oil which is blessed by the priest immediately before he pours it into the baptismal font . Then, using his fingers, he takes some of the blessed oil floating on the surface of the baptismal water and anoints the catechumen on the forehead, breast, shoulders, ears, hands, and feet. He then immediately baptizes the catechumen with threefold immersion in
2744-636: The Bodhisattvas with cow or yak butter . Flower-scented water is also used, as are ink-water and "saffron water" stained yellow using saffron or turmeric . In antiquity, use of a holy anointing oil was significant in the Hebrews ' consecration of priests, the Kohen Gadol (High Priest), and the sacred vessels. Prophets and the Israelite kings were anointed as well, the kings from
2842-654: The Count's Feud in 1536. Christian died at Kalundborg in 1559. Christian married Isabella of Austria , granddaughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , in 1515. Isabella died in 1526, after which her family took Christian's three children from him. His relationship with his mistress, Dyveke Sigbritsdatter , pre-dated his marriage and continued until her death in 1517. Christian's persecution of her supposed murderer contributed to his political isolation and downfall. Dyveke's mother, Sigbrit Willoms , became an influential councillor and followed Christian into exile. Christian
2940-668: The Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512) . He was appointed viceroy of Norway in 1506, and succeeded in maintaining control of the country. During his administration in Norway, he attempted to deprive the Norwegian nobility of its traditional influence exercised through the Rigsraadet privy council, leading to controversy with the latter. In 1513, he succeeded his father as king of Denmark and Norway. Christian's succession to
3038-521: The Gelasian sacramentary , the formula for doing so is: Send forth, O Lord, we beseech thee, thy Holy Spirit the Paraclete from heaven into this fatness of oil, which thou hast deigned to bring forth out of the green wood for the refreshing of mind and body; and through thy holy benediction may it be for all who anoint with it, taste it, touch it, a safeguard of mind and body, of soul and spirit, for
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3136-520: The Holy Doors ( Iconostasis ) of the cathedral and jointly anointed by the metropolitan . Afterwards, the tsar was taken alone through the Holy Doors—an action normally reserved only for priests—and received communion at a small table set next to the Holy Table . In the present day, royal unction is less common, being practiced only upon the monarchs of Britain and of Tonga . The utensils for
3234-612: The Holy Spirit , Pentecostal churches sometimes continue to employ anointing for consecration and ordination of pastors and elders, as well as for healing the sick. The Pentecostal expression "the anointing breaks the yoke" derives from a passage in Isaiah which discusses the power given the prophet Hezekiah by the Holy Spirit over the tyrant Sennacherib . Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints practice anointing with pure, consecrated olive oil in two ways: 1) as
3332-797: The New Testament into Danish. Isabella died in January 1526, and Christian's children were taken by her family so as not to be raised as heretics. Popular agitation against Fredrick I in Denmark centered on Søren Norby , who gathered an army of peasants in Scania , but was defeated in 1525. By 1531, Christian had reverted to Catholicism and reconciled with the Emperor. He took a fleet to Norway, and landed in Oslo to popular acclaim in November 1531. Christian failed to subdue Akershus Castle , and accepted
3430-750: The Old Testament ., was performed in 672 by Quiricus , the archbishop of Toledo ; It was apparently copied a year later when Flavius Paulus defected and joined the Septimanian rebels he had been tasked with quieting. The rite epitomized the Catholic Church 's sanctioning the monarch's rule; it was notably employed by usurpers such as Pepin , whose dynasty replaced the Merovingians in France in 751. While it might be argued that
3528-814: The Patriarchate of Constantinople or the patriarchal cathedrals of the autocephalous churches. At the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the process is under the care of the Archontes Myrepsoi , lay officials of the Patriarchate. Various members of the clergy may also participate in the preparation, but the Consecration itself is always performed by the Patriarch or a bishop deputed by him for that purpose. The new myron contains olive oil, myrrh , and numerous spices and perfumes. This myron
3626-725: The Resurrection , the Light, the Cross , the Holy Spirit . The Father gave him this in the bridal chamber; he merely accepted the gift. The Father was in the Son and the Son in the Father. This is the Kingdom of Heaven . In the Acts of Thomas , the anointing is the beginning of the baptismal ritual and essential to becoming a Christian, as it says God knows his own children by his seal and that
3724-586: The Song of Songs " and by Origen in his "Commentary on Romans ". Origen opines that "all of us may be baptized in those visible waters and in a visible anointing, in accordance with the form handed down to the churches". Anointing was particularly important among the Gnostics . Many early apocryphal and Gnostic texts state that John the Baptist 's baptism by water was incomplete and that anointment with oil
3822-555: The Swedish War of Liberation . The massacre became the catalyst that permanently separated Sweden from Denmark. The Stockholm Bloodbath precipitated a lengthy hostility towards Danes in Sweden, and from then on the two nations were almost continuously hostile toward each other. These hostilities, developing into a struggle for hegemony in the Scandinavian and North German area, lasted for nearly three hundred years. Memory of
3920-522: The ancient Hebrews and continued among the Arabs into the 20th century. In the sympathetic magic common to prehistoric and primitive religions , the fat of sacrificial animals and persons is often reckoned as a powerful charm, second to blood as the vehicle and seat of life. East African Arabs traditionally anointed themselves with lion's fat to gain courage and provoke fear in other animals. Australian Aborigines would rub themselves with
4018-557: The anointing of the sick —may also be known as unction ; the anointing of the dying as part of last rites in the Catholic church is sometimes specified as " extreme unction ". The present verb derives from the now obsolete adjective anoint , equivalent to anointed . The adjective is first attested in 1303, derived from Old French enoint , the past participle of enoindre , from Latin inung ( u ) ere , an intensified form of ung ( u ) ere ' to anoint ' . It
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4116-526: The 1968 revision of the rite of ordination the ordaining bishop anointed the hands of the new priest with the Oil of Catechumens, The older form is now used only in ordaining members of associations, such as the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter , dedicated to the preservation of the pre- Vatican II liturgy. In the later form, priests, like bishops, are anointed with chrism, the hands of a priest,
4214-517: The Bloodbath served to let Swedes depict themselves (and often, actually regard themselves) as the wronged and aggrieved party, even when they were the ones who eventually took the political and military lead, such as the conquest and annexation of Scania until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The event earned Christian II the nickname of Kristian Tyrann ( Christian [the] Tyrant ) in Sweden, which
4312-698: The Kalundborg town boundaries. Fredrick I died in April 1533, and the Danish Council of State was at first unable to choose a successor. The mayor of Lübeck , Jürgen Wullenwever , took advantage of the resulting interregnum to conspire for the restoration of Christian II to the throne of Denmark. He formed an alliance with two prominent nobles, Ambrosius Bogbinder and Jørgen Kock , mayor of Malmö. With Christopher, Count of Oldenburg as his military commander he succeeded in seizing Scania and Zeeland in
4410-1226: The Melchizedek priesthood may perform. In addition to its use for the Israelite kingship , anointing has been an important ritual in Christian rites of Coronation , especially in Europe. As reported by the jurisconsult Tancredus , initially only four monarchs were crowned and anointed, they were the Kings of Jerusalem , France , England and Sicily : Et sunt quidam coronando, et quidam non, tamen illi, qui coronatur, debent inungi: et tales habent privilegium ab antiquo, et de consuetudine. Alii modo non debent coronari, nec inungi sine istis: et si faciunt; ipsi abutuntur indebite. […] Rex Hierosolymorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Francorum Christianissimus coronatur et inungitur; Rex Anglorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Siciliae coronatur et inungitur. And [the kings] are both crowned and not, among them, those who are crowned must be anointed: they have this privilege by ancient custom. The others, instead, must not be crowned or anointed: and if they do so unduly it
4508-550: The Swedes. During a meeting on what is thought to be Beckholmen, outside of Djurgården , Christian swore that all acts against him would be forgotten, and gave pardon to several named persons (including Gustav Vasa , who had escaped from Denmark, where he had been held hostage). Lady Kristina would be given Hörningsholm and all Mörkön as a fief , and was also promised Tavastehus in Finland . When this had been written down on paper,
4606-580: The Swedish throne, led in short order to Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union. Didrik Slagheck , whom Christian appointed to the bishopric of Skara and as one of the three regents of Sweden, proved brutal and inept. The remaining Swedish nobility, appalled by the bloodbath, rose against Christian and the Swedish Diet elected Gustav Vasa regent and subsequently King of Sweden. On account of
4704-527: The Town Law and the Land Law – which governed respectively trade and the behaviour of the clergy. The Town Law strengthened the rights of tradesmen and peasants at the expense of the nobility. Trade was reorganised and was to be conducted solely through market towns, which were to be governed by officials appointed by the king. Trading in peasants was forbidden, and peasants were given the right to negotiate
4802-424: The act "sweet and useful", punning on khristós ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : χριστóς , "anointed") and khrēstós ( χρηστóς , "useful"). He seems to go on to say "wherefore we are called Christians on this account, because we are anointed with the oil of God", and "what person on entering into this life or being an athlete is not anointed with oil?" The practice is also defended by Hippolytus in his "Commentary on
4900-494: The anti-unionists and the Danish aristocracy , which in other aspects was opposed to King Christian. The anti-unionist party was headed by Sten Sture the Younger , and the pro-unionist party by the Archbishop Gustavus Trolle . King Christian, who had already taken measures to isolate Sweden politically, intervened to help Archbishop Trolle, who was under siege in his fortress at Stäket . However, he
4998-702: The article about Christian II in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon said: "I think you ought to protest the next time the Swedish radio claims anything so utterly unfounded that could be understood as if the Danes approved of the Stockholm bloodbath." Despite this, even today, tourist guides in Stockholm spice up their guiding of the Old Town ( Gamla Stan ) with the news about Christian II's "rehabilitation" back in Denmark. The Stockholm Bloodbath has been depicted in several pieces of fiction: 59°19′30″N 18°04′15″E / 59.32500°N 18.07083°E / 59.32500; 18.07083 Christian II of Denmark Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559)
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#17327647816655096-419: The beginning of autumn Kristina's forces began winning. The inhabitants of Stockholm had a large supply of food and fared relatively well. Christian realized that his stockpile was dwindling and that it would doom his army to maintain the siege throughout the winter. With the help of Bishop Mattias , Hemming Gadh and other Swedes of high stature, Christian sent a proposal for retreat that was very advantageous for
5194-419: The bodies of the dead are sometimes anointed. In medieval and early modern Christianity, the practice was particularly associated with protection against vampires and ghouls who might otherwise take possession of the corpse. Anointing guests with oil as a mark of hospitality and token of honor is recorded in Egypt , Greece , and Rome , as well as in the Hebrew scriptures . It was a common custom among
5292-425: The chrism is consecrated . The Oil of Catechumens is used to people immediately before baptism , whether they are infants or adult catechumens . In the early church converts seeking baptism, known as "catechumens", underwent a period of formation known as catechumenate, and during that period of instruction received one or more anointings with the oil of cathecumens for the purpose of expelling evil spirits. Before
5390-438: The church like the myron , but consecrated anew for each individual service. When an Orthodox Christian dies, if he has received the Mystery of Unction and some of the consecrated oil remains, it is poured over his body just before burial. It is also common to bless using oils which have been blessed either with a simple blessing by a priest (or even a venerated monastic ), or by contact with some sacred object, such as relics of
5488-413: The country in 1520, the subsequent slaughter of leading Swedish nobility, churchmen, and others, known as the Stockholm Bloodbath , caused the Swedes to rise against his rule. He was deposed in a rebellion led by the nobleman and later king of Sweden Gustav Vasa . He attempted to bring in a radical reform of the Danish state in 1521–22, which would have strengthened the rights of commoners at the expense of
5586-481: The custom appears to predate written history and the archaeological record, and its genesis is impossible to determine with certainty. Used in conjunction with bathing, anointment with oil closes pores . It was regarded as counteracting the influence of the sun , reducing sweating . Aromatic oils naturally masked body and other offensive odors. Applications of oils and fats are also used as traditional medicines . The Bible records olive oil being applied to
5684-506: The days following the meeting despite promises of amnesty. Among those killed were many people from the aristocracy who had been supporting the Sture Party in the previous years. Thereafter King Christian II became known in Sweden as Kristian Tyrann ("Christian [the] Tyrant"). The Stockholm Bloodbath was a consequence of conflict between Swedish pro-unionists (in favour of the Kalmar Union , then dominated by Denmark) and anti-unionists (supporters of Swedish independence), and also between
5782-426: The deposed King, and the two of them share various adventures. Christian II had six children by his wife, Isabella of Austria (1501–1526), only three of whom survived infancy and two reached adulthood. They were: Anointing Anointing is the ritual act of pouring aromatic oil over a person's head or entire body. By extension, the term is also applied to related acts of sprinkling, dousing, or smearing
5880-413: The expulsion of all pains, of every infirmity, of every sickness of mind and body. For with the same thou hast anointed priests, kings, and prophets and martyrs with this thy chrism, perfected by thee, O Lord, blessed, abiding within our bowels in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, confirmation is known as chrismation . The Mystery of Chrismation
5978-415: The following day (10 November). According to the chief executioner, Jörgen Homuth, 82 people were executed. It has been claimed that Christian also took revenge on Sten Sture's body, having it dug up and burnt, as well as the body of his child. Sture's widow Lady Kristina and many other noblewomen were taken as prisoners to Denmark. Christian justified the massacre in a proclamation to the Swedish people as
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#17327647816656076-401: The head of a bishop. (In the older form, a bishop's hands, as well as the head, are anointed with chrism. The traditional Roman Pontifical also has a rite of coronation of kings and queens including anointing with the Oil of Catechumens. In some countries, as in France, the oil used in that rite was chrism. Oil of the Infirm is used for administration of the sacrament of anointing of the sick ,
6174-488: The influence of the middle classes, and formed an inner council, which competed with the Rigsraadet for power. Her influence was resented by the aristocracy, who blamed her for the king's favouring the working classes. Christian was meanwhile preparing for the inevitable war with Sweden. The anti-Danish faction, headed by the regent Sten Sture the Younger , was opposed by the pro-Danish party led by Archbishop Gustav Trolle . In 1517 Christian dispatched ships and soldiers to
6272-428: The interest of historians, especially his frequently mentioned irresolution, which as years passed seemed to dominate his acts. Christian clearly made too many enemies. Furthermore, the Danish middle class was still not strong enough to support royal power. However some of his ambitions were fulfilled by the victory of absolutism in 1660. Christian den Anden (Christian II) is a 1889 play by Jenny Blicher-Clausen which
6370-408: The king were sometimes called "the Anointed One". The term— מָשִׁיחַ , Mashiaẖ —gave rise to the prophesied figure of the Messiah ( q.v. ) and a long history of claimants . The expression "anoint the shield" which occurs in Isaiah is a related or poetic usage, referring to the practice of rubbing oil on the leather of the shield to keep it supple and fit for war. The practice of anointing
6468-487: The massacre Christian is remembered in Sweden as Christian the Tyrant ( Kristian Tyrann ). In June 1521, the Danish king paid a visit to Charles V in the Netherlands , where he remained for some months. He visited most of the large cities, made the personal acquaintance of Quentin Matsys and Albrecht Dürer , and met Erasmus , with whom he discussed the Protestant Reformation . Directly upon his return to Denmark in September 1521 Christian issued two bodies of laws –
6566-422: The mayor of the city delivered the keys to the city on Södermalm and Christian held his grand entry. Shortly after, he sailed back to Denmark, to return in October for his coronation. On 4 November, Christian was anointed by Gustavus Trolle in Storkyrkan Cathedral and took the usual oath to rule the kingdom through native-born Swedes only. A banquet was held for the next three days. Lots of wine and beer
6664-470: The name of Christian II in a conflict known as the Count's Feud . However, Fredrick's eldest son, also named Christian, raised an army in Holstein which, led by Johann Rantzau , took in turn Holstein, Jutland and Zeeland in a series of brilliant military manoeuvers. He formed an alliance with Gustav Vasa, who subdued Scania, and took the throne as Christian III of Denmark . Christian II remained in prison in Kalundborg. Christian II died in January 1559,
6762-406: The name of the Trinity . Anointing of the sick is called the " Sacred Mystery of Unction ". The practice is used for spiritual ailments as well as physical ones, and the faithful may request unction any number of times at will. In some churches, it is normal for all of the faithful to receive unction during a service on Holy Wednesday of Holy Week . The holy oil used at unction is not stored in
6860-452: The nobles and clergy. The nobility rose against him in 1523, and he was exiled to the Netherlands, ceding the Danish throne to his uncle Frederick . After attempting to reclaim the thrones in 1531, he was arrested and held in captivity for the rest of his life, first in Sønderborg Castle and later at Kalundborg Castle . Supporters tried to restore him to power both during his exile and his imprisonment but they were defeated decisively during
6958-399: The oil said to have been originally blessed by the Twelve Apostles . The practice of " chrismation " ( baptism with oil) appears to have developed in the early church during the later 2nd century as a symbol of Christ, rebirth, and inspiration. The earliest surviving account of such an act seems to be the letter written "To Autolycus" by Theophilus , bishop of Antioch . In it, he calls
7056-666: The past and guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and custom. Three days after the coronation, Archbishop Trolle accused the followers of Sture of heresy for their part in the rising against him. Gyllenstierna used the fact that the Swedish Diet had made a 'swearing in common' (sammansvärjning) in 1517, which had bound the nobles to Sture's cause, in defence of her husband's followers. However, Christian seized on this as an opportunity to cement his control over Sweden by removing his opponents. He convened an ecclesiastical court which condemned all parties to
7154-411: The practice subordinated the king to the church, in practice the sacral anointing of kings was seen as elevating the king to priestly or even saintly status. It provided a directly religious aspect to Europe's regimes apart from the church hierarchy and, for political and practical reasons, was seldom performed by the popes . Instead, the anointment was usually administered by a bishop from a major see of
7252-494: The realm, often the national primate . Lupoi argues that this set in motion the conflicting claims that developed into the Investiture Crisis . At the same time, royal unction recontextualized the elections and popular acclamations still legally responsible for the elevation of new rulers. They were no longer understood as autonomous authorities but merely agents in service of God's will. The divine right of kings
7350-460: The relief of the archbishop's fortress of Stäket , but was defeated by Sture and his peasant levies at Vedila . A second attempt the following year was also frustrated by Sture's victory at the Battle of Brännkyrka . A third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French, German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful. Sture was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund on 19 January, and
7448-551: The remaining rebel forces were suppressed in April at the bloody Battle of Uppsala . Christian’s army and navy then moved to Stockholm and besiege the city . Sweden was now under the leadership of Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna . Stockholm held out until September 1520, when Christina surrendered. Christian was crowned king of Sweden by Trolle in November, with the agreement of the Swedish Privy Council ( Riksråd ), who had, however, extracted an indemnity for
7546-549: The rites practiced in the Kirtland Temple . The anointing would prepare church members to receive the endowment of "power from on high" promised in an earlier 1831 revelation. At the present time, any holder of the Melchizedek priesthood may anoint the head of an individual by the laying on of hands. Olive oil must be used if available, and it must have been consecrated earlier in a short ordinance that any holder of
7644-546: The ritual treatment of the sick and infirm through what was usually called Extreme Unction in Western Christianity from the late 12th to the late 20th century. Sacred Chrism is used in the sacraments of baptism , confirmation , and holy orders. It is also used in the dedication of new churches, new altars, and in the consecration of new patens and chalices for use in Mass. In the case of the sacrament of baptism,
7742-488: The seal is received through the oil. Many such chrismations are described in detail through the work. In medieval and early modern Christianity, the oil from the lamps burnt before the altar of a church was felt to have particular sanctity. New churches and altars were anointed at their four corners during their dedication , as were tombs, gongs , and some other ritual instruments and utensils. In particular, James 5:14-15 illustrates that anointing oil, applied in faith,
7840-559: The sick and poured into wounds. Known sources date from times when anointment already served a religious function ; therefore, anointing was also used to combat the malicious influence of demons in Persia , Armenia , and Greece . Anointing was also understood to "seal in" goodness and resist corruption, probably via analogy with the use of a top layer of oil to preserve wine in ancient amphoras , its spoiling usually being credited to demonic influence. For sanitary and religious reasons,
7938-536: The sound tolls, which affected trade between Sweden and the Hanseatic towns. As a consequence, Lübeck and Danzig joined the newly independent Sweden in war against Denmark. Domestic rebellion against Christian started in Jutland . On 20 January 1523, the herredag at Viborg offered the Danish crown to Christian's uncle, Duke Frederick of Holstein . Frederick's army gained control over most of Denmark during
8036-623: The spring, and in April 1523 Christian left Denmark to seek help abroad. On 1 May, he landed at Veere in Zeeland . In exile Christian led a humble life in the city of Lier in the Netherlands (now in Belgium), waiting for military help from his brother-in-law Charles V. Christian corresponded with Martin Luther and he became a Lutheran for some time; he even commissioned a translation of
8134-416: The subject receives two distinct unctions: one with the oil of catechumens, prior to being baptized, and then, after baptism with water is performed, the subject receives an unction with chrism. In the case of the sacrament of confirmation, anointing with chrism is the essential part of the rite. Any bishop may consecrate the holy oils. They normally do so every Holy Thursday at a special "Chrism Mass". In
8232-498: The summer of 1514. Whilst visiting Bergen in 1507 or 1509, Christian fell in love with a Norwegian girl of Dutch heritage, named Dyveke Sigbritsdatter . She became his mistress and remained with him until Dyveke's death. Their relationship was not interrupted by Christian's marriage to Isabella of Austria , the granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I . They married by proxy on 11 June 1514 in Brussels . Isabella
8330-523: The swearing in common. On 8 and 9 November eighty-two Swedish noblemen were executed at Stockholm castle, including the bishops of Skara and Strängnäs . As well as Sture's supporters, who had formed Trolle's original list, Christian's suspicious nature led him to even execute supporters of the Kalmar Union. The bodies of Sten Sture and his child were dug up and burnt. Gyllenstierna and other noble Swedish ladies were sent as prisoners to Denmark. The bloodbath, rather than cementing Christian's control of
8428-403: The tangled history of Christian II reign and downfall as seen by the (fictional) Mikkel Thøgersen, a loyal follower of king. The Corridors of Time by Danish-American science fiction writer Poul Anderson includes a section where a modern American travels in time to 16th Century Denmark, arriving there shortly after Christian II's downfall – where he meets and befriends a diehard follower of
8526-495: The terms of their tenure with the nobility. The Land Law permitted clergy to marry, and gave some control of the church over to the state. The new laws were radical, progressive, and perceived by the nobility and bishops as an existential threat. By 1522, Christian was running out of allies. In an attempt to set up a Danish-centered trading company in direct competition with the Hanseatic League , Christian had raised
8624-580: The thrones of Norway and Denmark was confirmed at the Herredag assembly of notables from the three northern kingdoms, which met at Copenhagen in 1513. The Swedish delegates said, "We have the choice between peace at home and strife here, or peace here and civil war at home, and we prefer the former." A decision as to the Swedish succession was therefore postponed. Christian's coronations as king of Denmark in Copenhagen and of Norway in Oslo took place in
8722-516: Was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union who reigned as King of Denmark and Norway , from 1513 until 1523, and Sweden from 1520 until 1521. From 1513 to 1523, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in joint rule with his uncle Frederick . As king, Christian tried to maintain the Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries which brought him to war with Sweden, lasting between 1518 and 1523. Though he captured
8820-623: Was approaching Uppsala , where the members of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates had already assembled. The senators agreed to render homage to Christian, on condition that he give a full amnesty for past actions and a guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and customs. A convention to this effect was confirmed by the king and the Danish Privy Council on 31 March. Sture's widow, Lady Kristina ,
8918-539: Was born at Nyborg Castle in 1481 as the son of John, King of Denmark and his wife, Christina of Saxony . Christian descended, through Valdemar I of Sweden , from the House of Eric , and from Catherine, daughter of Inge I of Sweden , as well as from Ingrid Ylva, granddaughter of Sverker I of Sweden . His rival Gustav I of Sweden descended only from Sverker II of Sweden and the House of Sverker . Christian took part in his father's conquest of Sweden in 1497 and in
9016-456: Was brought to Copenhagen a year later, and the marriage was ratified on 12 August 1515 at Copenhagen Castle , in a ceremony conducted by Birger Gunnersen, Archbishop of Lund . Dyveke died in 1517, and Christian was led to believe that the magnate Torben Oxe had poisoned her. Oxe's status meant that he should have been tried by the Council of State , but instead he was brought to trial by
9114-445: Was defeated by Sture and his peasant soldiers at Vedila , and forced to return to Denmark. A second attempt to bring Sweden back under his control in 1518 was also countered by Sture's victory at Brännkyrka . Eventually, a third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French , German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful. Sture was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund on 19 January 1520. The Danish army, unopposed,
9212-510: Was drunk and jokes were cracked between Danes and Swedes. On the evening of 7 November, Christian summoned many Swedish leaders to a private conference at the palace. At dusk on 8 November, Danish soldiers, with lanterns and torches, entered a great hall of the royal palace and imprisoned several noble guests. Later in the evening, even more of the king's guests were imprisoned. All these people had previously been marked down on Archbishop Trolle's proscription list. The following day, 9 November,
9310-484: Was lavishly oiled by Mary of Bethany . Performed out of affection, the anointment is said by Jesus to have been preparation for his burial . In the New Testament , John describes "anointing from the Holy One" and "from Him abides in you". Both this spiritual anointment and literal anointment with oil are usually associated with the Holy Spirit . Eastern Orthodox churches in particular attach great importance to
9408-471: Was performed at Copenhagen's Dagmar Theatre. Jean Sibelius composed in 1898 incidental music King Christian II to a play about the king, and derived from it a suite. The Fall of the King ( Danish : Kongens Fald ), a novel by the Danish author and Nobel Prize Laureate Johannes V. Jensen , published in three parts from 1900 to 1901, is considered a major work of modern Danish literature. It relates
9506-512: Was still resisting in Stockholm with support from the peasants of central Sweden, and defeated the Danes at Balundsås on 19 March. Eventually, her forces were defeated at Uppsala ( långfredagsslaget vid Uppsala ) on Good Friday, 6 April. In May, the Danish fleet, led by King Christian, arrived and Stockholm was attacked by land and sea. Lady Kristina resisted for four months longer, and in
9604-476: Was thus gradually recreated in a Christian context, continuing even when monarchs might choose to forgo the anointment ceremony altogether. The supposedly indelible nature of anointment was alluded to in Shakespeare 's Richard II : Not all the water in the rough rude sea Can wash the balm off an anointed king. In Eastern Orthodoxy , the anointing of a new king is considered a Sacred Mystery . The act
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