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116-802: The Stockholm Resilience Centre ( SRC ), is a research centre on resilience and sustainability science at Stockholm University . It is a joint initiative between Stockholm University and the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The centre states that its mission is to: The SRC has a particular focus on social-ecological resilience, where humans and nature are studied as an integrated whole. The centre advises policymakers and industry on ecosystem management and long-term sustainable and equitable development in Europe and elsewhere around

232-438: A byline . Not even the name of the editor is printed in the issue. It is a long-standing tradition that an editor's only signed article during their tenure is written on the occasion of their departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when journalists of The Economist compile special reports (previously known as surveys); for

348-433: A technology report called Technology Quarterly , or simply, TQ , a special section focusing on recent trends and developments in science and technology. The feature is also known to intertwine "economic matters with a technology". The TQ often carries a theme, such as quantum computing or cloud storage , and assembles an assortment of articles around the common subject. In September 2007, The Economist launched

464-570: A " newspaper ", rather than a " news magazine ", due to its mostly cosmetic switch from broadsheet to perfect-binding format and its general focus on current affairs as opposed to specialist subjects. It is legally classified as a newspaper in Britain and the United States. Most databases and anthologies catalogue the weekly as a newspaper printed in magazine- or journal-format. The Economist differentiates and contrasts itself as

580-586: A 'Country of the Year' in its annual Christmas special editions. Selected by the newspaper, this award recognises the country that was 'most improved' over the preceding year. In addition to publishing its main newspaper, lifestyle magazine, and special features, The Economist also produces books with topics overlapping with that of its newspaper. The weekly also publishes a series of technical manuals (or guides) as an offshoot of its explanatory journalism . Some of these books serve as collections of articles and columns

696-432: A basic feature of its normal function. The extent of damage can therefore be difficult to detect against this background variability. Nevertheless, the key to understanding damage and its importance is whether spill effects result in a downturn in breeding success, productivity, diversity and the overall functioning of the system. Spills are not the only pressure on marine habitats; chronic urban and industrial contamination or

812-590: A conference organized by IMO. Meanwhile, IMO in 1965 set up a Subcommittee on Oil Pollution, under the auspices of its Maritime Safety committee, to address oil pollution issues. The threat of oil spills to marine life is recognised by those likely to be responsible for the pollution, such as the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation: The marine ecosystem is highly complex and natural fluctuations in species composition , abundance and distribution are

928-600: A corporate GitHub account to publicly disclose their models and software wherever possible. In October 2018, they introduced a "Graphic Detail" featuring large charts and maps in both their print and digital editions which ran until November 2023. Historically, the publication has also maintained a section of economic statistics , such as employment figures, economic growth, and interest rates. These statistical publications have been found to be seen as authoritative and decisive in British society. The Economist also publishes

1044-606: A diversity of approaches and scholarly debates. The challenge of applying the concept of ecological resilience to the context of sustainable development is that it sits at odds with conventional economic ideology and policy making. Resilience questions the free market model within which global markets operate. Inherent to the successful operation of a free market is specialisation which is required to achieve efficiency and increase productivity. This very act of specialisation weakens resilience by permitting systems to become accustomed to and dependent upon their prevailing conditions. In

1160-512: A forest ecosystem needs suitable interactions among climate conditions and bio-actions, and enough area. In addition, generally, the resilience of a forest system allows recovery from a relatively small scale of damage (such as lightning or landslide) of up to 10 percent of its area. The larger the scale of damage, the more difficult it is for the forest ecosystem to restore and maintain its balance. Deforestation also decreases biodiversity of both plant and animal life and can lead to an alteration of

1276-588: A global emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster . However, due to half of all subscribers originating in the United States, The Economist has core editorial offices and substantial operations in New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Washington D.C. The editor-in-chief , commonly known simply as "the Editor", of The Economist

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1392-642: A long record of supporting gun control . In British general elections, The Economist has endorsed the Labour Party (in 2005 and 2024), the Conservative Party (in 2010 and 2015), and the Liberal Democrats (in 2017 and 2019), and supported both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States. The Economist put its stance this way: What, besides free trade and free markets, does The Economist believe in? "It

1508-402: A newspaper against their sister lifestyle magazine, 1843 , which does the same in turn. Editor Zanny Minton Beddoes clarified the distinction in 2016, saying that "we call it a newspaper because it was founded in 1843, 173 years ago, [when] all [perfect-bound publications] were called newspapers." The Economist ' s articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry

1624-477: A number of Stockholm University courses focused on global change, sustainable business, social-ecological resilience and systems theory. In 2009, Stockholm Resilience Centre's then director Johan Rockström led an international group of 28 leading academics, who proposed a new Earth system framework, the " planetary boundaries ", for government and management agencies as a precondition for sustainable development . The framework posits that Earth system processes on

1740-531: A phrase which still appears on its imprint (US: masthead) as the publication's mission. It has long been respected as "one of the most competent and subtle Western periodicals on public affairs". It was cited by Karl Marx in his formulation of socialist theory because Marx felt the publication epitomised the interests of the bourgeoisie. He wrote that "the London Economist , the European organ of

1856-476: A pronounced editorial stance, it is seen as having little reporting bias , and as exercising rigorous fact-checking and strict copy editing . Its extensive use of word play , high subscription prices, and depth of coverage has linked the paper with a high-income and educated readership, drawing both positive and negative connotations. In line with this, it claims to have an influential readership of prominent business leaders and policy-makers. The Economist

1972-573: A reply from Amnesty, as well as several other letters in support of the organisation, including one from the head of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights . Rebuttals from officials within regimes such as the Singapore government are routinely printed, to comply with local right-of-reply laws without compromising editorial independence. Letters published in the paper are typically between 150 and 200 words long and had

2088-669: A separate subscription. The presence of data journalism in The Economist can be traced to its founding year in 1843. Initially, the weekly published basic international trade figures and tables. The paper first included a graphical model in 1847—a letter featuring an illustration of various coin sizes—and its first non-epistolary chart —a tree map visualising the size of coal fields in America and England—was included in November 1854. This early adoption of data-based articles

2204-490: A significant number of species is removed and their ecological function is lost. It has been estimated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation that over 70% of the world's fish stocks are either fully exploited or depleted which means overfishing threatens marine ecosystem resilience and this is mostly by rapid growth of fishing technology. One of the negative effects on marine ecosystems

2320-510: A sister lifestyle magazine under the title Intelligent Life as a quarterly publication. At its inauguration it was billed as for "the arts, style, food, wine, cars, travel and anything else under the sun, as long as it's interesting". The magazine focuses on analysing the "insights and predictions for the luxury landscape " across the world. Approximately ten years later, in March 2016, the newspaper's parent company, Economist Group , rebranded

2436-449: A turbid water regime, which provides reduced ecosystem services and can produce toxic algae blooms . The regime or state is dependent upon lake phosphorus cycles , and either regime can be resilient dependent upon the lake's ecology and management. Likewise, Mulga woodlands of Australia can exist in a grass-rich regime that supports sheep herding, or a shrub-dominated regime of no value for sheep grazing. Regime shifts are driven by

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2552-411: A variety of rankings seeking to position business schools and undergraduate universities among each other, respectively. In 2015, they published their first ranking of U.S. universities, focusing on comparable economic advantages. Their data for the rankings is sourced from the U.S. Department of Education and is calculated as a function of median earnings through regression analysis . Among others,

2668-486: A working familiarity with fundamental concepts of classical economics. For instance, it does not explain terms like invisible hand , macroeconomics , or demand curve , and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage . Articles involving economics do not presume any formal training on the part of the reader and aim to be accessible to the educated layperson. It usually does not translate short French and German quotes or phrases but describes

2784-421: Is adaptive capacity , which is the property of an ecosystem that describes change in stability landscapes and resilience. Adaptive capacity in socio-ecological systems refers to the ability of humans to deal with change in their environment by observation, learning and altering their interactions. Resilience refers to ecosystem's stability and capability of tolerating disturbance and restoring itself.  If

2900-619: Is a flexitarian diet developed by the EAT - Lancet Commission as part of a report released in The Lancet on 16 January 2019. Stockholm Resilience Centre was the scientific coordinator of the report. The aim of the planetary health diet is to create new dietary paradigms to: The report promotes diets consisting of a variety of plant-based foods, with low amounts of animal-based foods, refined grains, highly processed foods, and added sugars, and with unsaturated rather than saturated fats. While

3016-516: Is a weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally . It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture, and is mostly written and edited in Britain. Based in London , the newspaper is owned by the Economist Group , with its core editorial offices in the United States, as well as across major cities in continental Europe, Asia, and

3132-418: Is a movement which causes wide concern in environmental and social forums and which Clive Hamilton describes as "the growth fetish". The purpose of ecological resilience that is proposed is ultimately about averting our extinction as Walker cites Holling in his paper: "[..] "resilience is concerned with [measuring] the probabilities of extinction” (1973, p. 20)". Becoming more apparent in academic writing

3248-664: Is also an international advisory board that provides strategic advice to the centre in its efforts to have global impact within science, business, policy and practice. The SRC has approximately 140 staff, of which about 90 are post-PhD researchers. Line Gordon is director of the centre. The centre has many productive and influential researchers. In 2019, five of its researchers, co-founders Carl Folke and Johan Rockström together with Oonsie Biggs , Stephan Barthel and Per Olsson were recognised as highly cited researchers in their field. In 2020, researchers Örjan Bodin, Thomas Elmqvist, and Garry Peterson also joined this list, meaning eight of

3364-415: Is also dependent upon the resilience of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems. These include agriculture, deforestation, pollution, mining, recreation, overfishing, dumping of waste into the sea and climate change. Agriculture can be used as a significant case study in which the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems should be considered. The organic matter (elements carbon and nitrogen) in soil, which

3480-667: Is audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC). From around 30,000 in 1960 it has risen to near 1 million by 2000 and by 2016 to about 1.3 million. Approximately half of all sales (54%) originate in the United States with sales in the United Kingdom making 14% of the total and continental Europe 19%. Of its American readers, two out of three earn more than $ 100,000 a year. The Economist has sales, both by subscription and at newsagents, in over 200 countries. The Economist once boasted about its limited circulation. In

3596-525: Is charged with formulating the paper's editorial policies and overseeing corporate operations. Since its 1843 founding, the editors have been the following: Although it has many individual columns, by tradition and current practice the newspaper ensures a uniform voice—aided by the anonymity of writers—throughout its pages, as if most articles were written by a single author, which may be perceived to display dry, understated wit, and precise use of language. The Economist ' s treatment of economics presumes

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3712-473: Is defined are closely interrelated in the way that they influence environmental policy-making, legislation and subsequently environmental management. The ability of ecosystems to recover from certain levels of environmental impact is not explicitly noted in legislation, however, because of ecosystem resilience, some levels of environmental impact associated with development are made permissible by environmental policy-making and ensuing legislation. Some examples of

3828-430: Is diminished. This leads to a reduction in soil fertility and productivity. More sustainable agricultural practices would take into account and estimate the resilience of the land and monitor and balance the input and output of organic matter. The term deforestation has a meaning that covers crossing the threshold of forest's resilience and losing its ability to return to its originally stable state. To recover itself,

3944-496: Is drawn by Perman et al. who use resilience to describe one of 6 concepts of sustainability ; "A sustainable state is one which satisfies minimum conditions for ecosystem resilience through time". Resilience science has been evolving over the past decade, expanding beyond ecology to reflect systems of thinking in fields such as economics and political science . And, as more and more people move into densely populated cities, using massive amounts of water, energy, and other resources,

4060-429: Is free for subscribers and available for a fee for non-subscribers. The publication's writers adopt a tight style that seeks to include the maximum amount of information in a limited space. David G. Bradley , publisher of The Atlantic , described the formula as "a consistent world view expressed, consistently, in tight and engaging prose". The Economist frequently receives letters from its readership in response to

4176-478: Is necessary because "collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists", and reflects "a collaborative effort". In most articles, authors refer to themselves as "your correspondent" or "this reviewer". The writers of the titled opinion columns tend to refer to themselves by the title (hence, a sentence in the "Lexington" column might read "Lexington was informed..."). American author and long-time reader Michael Lewis criticised

4292-418: Is not without its faults (we have four staff members with the initials 'J.P.', for example) but is the best compromise between total anonymity and full bylines, in our view." According to one academic study, the anonymous ethos of the weekly has contributed to strengthening three areas for The Economist : collective and consistent voice, talent and newsroom management, and brand strength. The editors say this

4408-496: Is printed at seven sites around the world. Since July 2007, there has also been a complete audio edition of the paper available 9 pm London time on Thursdays. The audio version of The Economist is produced by the production company Talking Issues . The company records the full text of the newspaper in MP3 format, including the extra pages in the UK edition. The weekly 130 MB download

4524-573: Is seen as a market competitor to The Wall Street Journal 's WSJ. and the Financial Times ' FT Magazine . Since its March 2016 relaunch, it has been edited by Rosie Blau, a former correspondent for The Economist . In May 2020 it was announced that the 1843 magazine would move to a digital-only format. The paper also produces two annual reviews and predictive reports titled The World In [Year] and The World If [Year] as part of their The World Ahead franchise. In both features,

4640-462: Is supposed to be recharged by multiple plants, is the main source of nutrients for crop growth. In response to global food demand and shortages , however, intensive agriculture practices including the application of herbicides to control weeds, fertilisers to accelerate and increase crop growth and pesticides to control insects, reduce plant biodiversity while the supply of organic matter to replenish soil nutrients and prevent surface runoff

4756-404: Is that over the last half-century the stocks of coastal fish have had a huge reduction as a result of overfishing for its economic benefits. Blue fin tuna is at particular risk of extinction. Depletion of fish stocks results in lowered biodiversity and consequently imbalance in the food chain, and increased vulnerability to disease. In addition to overfishing, coastal communities are suffering

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4872-428: Is the significance of the environment and resilience in sustainable development. Folke et al state that the likelihood of sustaining development is raised by "Managing for resilience" whilst Perman et al. propose that safeguarding the environment to "deliver a set of services" should be a "necessary condition for an economy to be sustainable". The growing application of resilience to sustainable development has produced

4988-406: Is threatened; beyond these boundaries, there is a risk of "irreversible and abrupt environmental change" which could make Earth less habitable . Boundaries can help identify where there is room and define a "safe space for human development", which is an improvement on approaches that aim to minimize human impacts on the planet. In 2015, the scientists published an update. They changed the name of

5104-474: Is to the Radicals that The Economist still likes to think of itself as belonging. The extreme centre is the paper's historical position". That is as true today as when Crowther [Geoffrey, Economist editor 1938–1956] said it in 1955. The Economist considers itself the enemy of privilege, pomposity and predictability. It has backed conservatives such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher . It has supported

5220-544: The Chicago Tribune named it the best English-language paper noting its strength in international reporting where it does not feel moved to "cover a faraway land only at a time of unmitigated disaster" and that it kept a wall between its reporting and its more conservative editorial policies. In 2008, Jon Meacham , former editor of Newsweek and a self-described "fan", criticised The Economist 's focus on analysis over original reporting. In 2012, The Economist

5336-417: The 2007–2008 financial crisis , Panic: The Story of Modern Financial Insanity . John Ralston Saul describes The Economist as a newspaper that "hides the names of the journalists who write its articles in order to create the illusion that they dispense disinterested truth rather than opinion. This sales technique, reminiscent of pre-Reformation Catholicism, is not surprising in a publication named after

5452-554: The United Kingdom becoming a republic . Individual contributors take diverse views. The Economist favours the support, through central banks , of banks and other important corporations. This principle can, in a much more limited form, be traced back to Walter Bagehot , the third editor of The Economist , who argued that the Bank of England should support major banks that got into difficulties. Karl Marx deemed The Economist

5568-605: The World Food Programme , United Nations Global Compact , the Chairman of BT Group , an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors . In an effort to foster diversity of thought, The Economist routinely publishes letters that openly criticize the paper's articles and stance. After The Economist ran a critique of Amnesty International in its issue dated 24 March 2007, its letters page ran

5684-530: The climate crisis . Pearson plc held a 50% shareholding via The Financial Times Limited until August 2015. At that time, Pearson sold their share in the Economist. The Agnelli family's Exor paid £287m to raise their stake from 4.7% to 43.4% while the Economist paid £182m for the balance of 5.04m shares which will be distributed to current shareholders. Aside from the Agnelli family, smaller shareholders in

5800-527: The "European organ" of "the aristocracy of finance". The newspaper has also supported liberal causes on social issues such as recognition of gay marriages , legalisation of drugs , criticises the U.S. tax model , and seems to support some government regulation on health issues, such as smoking in public, as well as bans on smacking children. The Economist consistently favours guest worker programmes, parental choice of school , and amnesties, and once published an "obituary" of God. The Economist also has

5916-401: The "shift towards ecological sustainability" as an alternative approach to that of sustainable development. Because climate change is a major and growing driver of biodiversity loss , and that biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, significantly contribute to climate change adaptation , mitigation and disaster risk reduction, proponents of ecosystem-based adaptation suggest that

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6032-433: The 2022 invasion of Ukraine ), and Boss Class (on business management ). In September 2023, The Economist announced the launch of Economist Podcasts+, a paid subscription service for its podcast offerings. In 2014 The Economist launched its short-form news app Espresso. The product offers a daily briefing from the editors, published every day of the week except Sunday. The app is available to paid subscribers and as

6148-513: The Americans in Vietnam . But it has also endorsed Harold Wilson and Bill Clinton , and espoused a variety of liberal causes: opposing capital punishment from its earliest days, while favouring penal reform and decolonisation, as well as—more recently—gun control and gay marriage. In 2008, The Economist commented that Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , the president of Argentina at the time,

6264-558: The Intercept , the Nation , and DeSmog found that The Economist is one of the leading media outlets that publishes advertising for the fossil fuel industry. Journalists who cover climate change for The Economist are concerned that conflicts of interest with the companies and industries that caused climate change and obstructed action will reduce the credibility of their reporting on climate change and cause readers to downplay

6380-667: The Middle East. The newspaper has a prominent focus on data journalism and interpretive analysis over original reporting , to both criticism and acclaim. Founded in 1843, The Economist was first circulated by Scottish economist James Wilson to muster support for abolishing the British Corn Laws (1815–1846), a system of import tariffs . Over time, the newspaper's coverage expanded further into political economy and eventually began running articles on current events, finance, commerce, and British politics. Throughout

6496-644: The Open Future writing competition with an inaugural youth essay-writing prompt about climate change . During this competition the paper accepted a submission from an artificially-intelligent computer writing program. Since 2006, The Economist has produced several podcast series. The podcasts currently in production include: Additionally, The Economist has produced several limited-run podcast series, such as The Prince (on Xi Jinping ), Next Year in Moscow (on Russian emigrants and dissidents following

6612-502: The Year in Review special edition; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of The Economist editors and correspondents can be located on the media directory pages of the website. Online blog pieces are signed with the initials of the writer and authors of print stories are allowed to note their authorship from their personal web sites. One anonymous writer of The Economist observed: "This approach

6728-400: The aristocracy of finance, described most strikingly the attitude of this class." In 1915, revolutionary Vladimir Lenin referred to The Economist as a "journal that speaks for British millionaires". Additionally, Lenin stated that The Economist held a "bourgeois-pacifist" position and supported peace out of fear of revolution . In the currency disputes of the mid nineteenth century,

6844-400: The arts. Approximately every two weeks, the publication includes an in-depth special report (previously called surveys ) on a given topic. The five main categories are Countries and Regions, Business, Finance and Economics, Science, and Technology. The newspaper goes to press on Thursdays, between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. GMT, and is available at newsagents in many countries the next day. It

6960-562: The boundary " loss of biodiversity " to "change in biosphere integrity" meaning that not only the number of species but also the functioning of the biosphere as a whole is important, and "chemical pollution" to "novel entities," including in it not only pollution but also organic pollutants , radioactive materials, nanomaterials , and microplastics . According to the 2015 update, four of the boundaries have been exceeded: climate change, loss of biosphere integrity, land-system change and altered biogeochemical cycles (phosphorus and nitrogen). By now,

7076-477: The business or nature of even well-known entities, writing, for example, " Goldman Sachs , an investment bank". The Economist is known for its extensive use of word play , including puns, allusions, and metaphors, as well as alliteration and assonance, especially in its headlines and captions. This can make it difficult to understand for those who are not native English speakers. The Economist has traditionally and historically persisted in referring to itself as

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7192-460: The causes of the financial crisis as variations in interest rates and a build-up of excess financial capital leading to unwise investments . In 1920, the paper's circulation rose to 6,170. In 1934, it underwent its first major redesign. The current fire engine red nameplate was created by Reynolds Stone in 1959. In 1971, The Economist changed its large broadsheet format into a smaller magazine-style perfect-bound formatting. In 1981

7308-662: The centre's researchers were highly cited. Stockholm Resilience Centre consists of six focus areas which concentrate research on specific angles of sustainability science, resilience and social-ecological systems : Along with a PhD programme in Sustainability Science SRC also operates a Masters programme in Social-Ecological Resilience for Sustainable Development and a number of specialised courses, such as its executive programme in resilience thinking aimed at CEOs and chairpersons and

7424-425: The cleaning of cargo tanks.  In the 1950s, the normal practice was simply to wash the tanks out with water and then pump the resulting mixture of oil and water into the sea. OILPOL 54   prohibited the dumping of oily wastes within a certain distance from land and in 'special areas' where the danger to the environment was especially acute. In 1962 the limits were extended by means of an amendment adopted at

7540-522: The climatic conditions of an entire area. According to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report , carbon emissions due to land use and land use changes predominantly come from deforestation, thereby increasing the long-term exposure of forest ecosystems to drought and other climate change-induced damages. Deforestation can also lead to species extinction, which can have a domino effect particularly when keystone species are removed or when

7656-457: The company include Cadbury , Rothschild (21%), Schroder , Layton and other family interests as well as a number of staff and former staff shareholders. A board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Economist Group . Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild was chairman of the company from 1972 to 1989. Although The Economist has

7772-426: The competition included a first prize of US$ 20,000 and publication in The Economist ' s annual flagship publication, The World In . Over 3,000 entries from around the world were submitted via a website set up for the purpose and at various Royal Dutch Shell offices worldwide. The judging panel included Bill Emmott, Esther Dyson , Sir Mark Moody-Stuart , and Matt Ridley . In the summer of 2019, they launched

7888-401: The concept of planetary boundaries had gained significant international media attention and was covered in, among others, the Economist and National Geographic . In 2019, scientists announced efforts to quantify the novel entities and aerosols boundaries. In 2022, they concluded that the novel entity boundary has been exceeded. Development studies scholars have been critical of aspects of

8004-407: The concept of sustainable development is no longer adequate in assisting policy development fit for today's global challenges and objectives. This is because the concept of sustainable development is "based on weak sustainability " which doesn't take account of the reality of "limits to earth's resilience". Ross draws on the impact of climate change on the global agenda as a fundamental factor in

8120-505: The consideration of ecosystem resilience within legislation include: The theoretical basis for many of the ideas central to climate resilience have actually existed since the 1960s. Originally an idea defined for strictly ecological systems, resilience in ecology was initially outlined by C.S. Holling as the capacity for ecological systems and relationships within those systems to persist and absorb changes to " state variables , driving variables, and parameters." This definition helped form

8236-541: The dispersive nature of the oceans and adaptive nature and ability for marine life to process the marine debris and contaminants. However, waste dumping threatens marine ecosystems by poisoning marine life and eutrophication . According to the International Maritime Organisation oil spills can have serious effects on marine life. The OILPOL Convention recognized that most oil pollution resulted from routine shipboard operations such as

8352-599: The disturbance is of sufficient magnitude or duration, a threshold may be reached where the ecosystem undergoes a regime shift , possibly permanently. Sustainable use of environmental goods and services requires understanding and consideration of the resilience of the ecosystem and its limits. However, the elements which influence ecosystem resilience are complicated. For example, various elements such as the  water cycle , fertility, biodiversity , plant diversity and climate, interact fiercely and affect different systems. There are many areas where human activity impacts upon and

8468-481: The documentary film Breaking Boundaries: the Science of Our Planet , directed by Jonathan Clay and presented by Sir David Attenborough and Johan Rockström . The 75-minute production follows the scientific journey of Rockström and his team's discovery of the nine planetary boundaries. Alongside the film's release, a book of the same name was published, with a foreword from Greta Thunberg . The Planetary Health Diet

8584-400: The early 1990s it used the slogan " The Economist – not read by millions of people". Geoffrey Crowther , a former editor, wrote: "Never in the history of journalism has so much been read for so long by so few." Sections of The Economist criticising authoritarian regimes are frequently removed from the paper by the authorities in those countries. Like many other publications, The Economist

8700-662: The event of unanticipated shocks; this dependency reduces the ability of the system to adapt to these changes. Correspondingly; Perman et al. note that; "Some economic activities appear to reduce resilience, so that the level of disturbance to which the ecosystem can be subjected to without parametric change taking place is reduced". Berkes and Folke table a set of principles to assist with "building resilience and sustainability" which consolidate approaches of adaptive management , local knowledge-based management practices and conditions for institutional learning and self-organisation. More recently, it has been suggested by Andrea Ross that

8816-482: The evolution of novel characteristics. This new perspective of resilience as a concept that inherently works synergistically with elements of uncertainty and entropy first began to facilitate changes in the field of adaptive management and environmental resources, through work whose basis was built by Holling and colleagues yet again. By the mid 1970s, resilience began gaining momentum as an idea in anthropology , culture theory , and other social sciences . There

8932-717: The exploitation of the resources they provide are also serious threats. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution calls nutrient pollution the most widespread, chronic environmental problem in the coastal ocean. The discharges of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients come from agriculture, waste disposal, coastal development, and fossil fuel use. Once nutrient pollution reaches the coastal zone, it stimulates harmful overgrowths of algae, which can have direct toxic effects and ultimately result in low-oxygen conditions. Certain types of algae are toxic. Overgrowths of these algae result in harmful algal blooms , which are more colloquially referred to as "red tides" or "brown tides". Zooplankton eat

9048-602: The foundation for the notion of ecological equilibrium : the idea that the behavior of natural ecosystems is dictated by a homeostatic drive towards some stable set point. Under this school of thought (which maintained quite a dominant status during this time period), ecosystems were perceived to respond to disturbances largely through negative feedback systems – if there is a change, the ecosystem would act to mitigate that change as much as possible and attempt to return to its prior state. As greater amounts of scientific research in ecological adaptation and natural resource management

9164-566: The framework, arguing that its adoption could place on the Global South . Proposals to conserve a certain proportion of Earth's remaining forests can be seen as rewarding the countries such as those in Europe that have already economically benefitted from exhausting their forests and converting land for agriculture. In contrast, countries that have yet to industrialize are asked to make sacrifices for global environmental damage they may have had little role in creating. In 2021 Netflix released

9280-406: The impacts of growing numbers of large commercial fishing vessels in causing reductions of small local fishing fleets. Many local lowland rivers which are sources of fresh water have become degraded because of the inflows of pollutants and sediments. Dumping both depends upon ecosystem resilience whilst threatening it. Dumping of sewage and other contaminants into the ocean is often undertaken for

9396-399: The interaction of fire , herbivory , and variable rainfall. Either state can be resilient dependent upon management. Ecologists Brian Walker , C S Holling and others describe four critical aspects of resilience: latitude , resistance , precariousness , and panarchy . The first three can apply both to a whole system or the sub-systems that make it up. Closely linked to resilience

9512-412: The interactions of humans and ecosystems via socio-ecological systems, and the need for shift from the maximum sustainable yield paradigm to environmental resource management and ecosystem management , which aim to build ecological resilience through "resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance". Ecological resilience has inspired other fields and continues to challenge

9628-712: The journal sided with the Banking School against the Currency School . It criticised the Bank Charter Act of 1844 which restricted the amount of bank notes that the Bank of England could issue on the basis of Currency School policy encouraged by Lord Overstone , that eventually developed into monetarism . It blamed the 1857 financial crisis in Britain on 'a certain class of doctrinaires' who 'refer every commercial crisis and its disastrous consequences to "excessive issues of bank notes". It identified

9744-454: The late-2000s, the paper began to publish more and more articles that centred solely on charts, some of which were published online every weekday. These "daily charts" are typically followed by a short, 500-word explanation. In September 2009, The Economist launched a Twitter account for their Data Team. In 2015, the data-journalism department—a dedicated team of data journalists, visualisers and interactive developers—was created to head up

9860-408: The lifestyle magazine as 1843 , in honour of the paper's founding year. It has since remained at six issues per year and carries the motto "Stories of An Extraordinary World". Unlike The Economist , the author's names appear next to their articles in 1843 . 1843 features contributions from Economist journalists as well as writers around the world and photography commissioned for each issue. It

9976-404: The mid-to-late 20th century, it greatly expanded its layout and format, adding opinion columns, special reports, political cartoons , reader letters , cover stories, art critique, book reviews, and technology features. The paper is recognisable by its fire engine red masthead (nameplate) and illustrated, topical covers. Individual articles are written anonymously, with no byline , in order for

10092-476: The most well-known data indexes the weekly publishes are: The editorial stance of The Economist primarily revolves around classical , social , and most notably, economic liberalism . Since its founding, it has supported radical centrism , favouring policies and governments that maintain centrist politics . The newspaper typically champions neoliberalism , particularly free markets , free trade , free immigration , deregulation , and globalisation . When

10208-491: The need to combine these disciplines to consider the resilience of urban ecosystems and cities is of paramount importance. The interdependence of ecological and social systems has gained renewed recognition since the late 1990s by academics including Berkes and Folke and developed further in 2002 by Folke et al. As the concept of sustainable development has evolved beyond the 3 pillars of sustainable development to place greater political emphasis on economic development. This

10324-538: The news stories they purported to highlight. In 1999, Andrew Sullivan complained in The New Republic that it uses "marketing genius" to make up for deficiencies in original reporting, resulting in "a kind of Reader's Digest " for America's corporate elite. The Guardian wrote that "its writers rarely see a political or economic problem that cannot be solved by the trusted three-card trick of privatisation, deregulation and liberalisation". In 2005,

10440-603: The newspaper publishes a review of the social, cultural, economic and political events that have shaped the year and will continue to influence the immediate future. The issue was described by the American think tank Brookings Institution as " The Economist 's annual [150-page] exercise in forecasting ". An Urdu-language version of The World In [Year] in collaboration with The Economist is being distributed by Jang Group in Pakistan. In 2013, The Economist began awarding

10556-638: The newspaper was founded, the term economism denoted what would today be termed "economic liberalism". The activist and journalist George Monbiot has described it as neoliberal while occasionally accepting the propositions of Keynesian economics where deemed more "reasonable". The weekly favours a carbon tax to fight global warming . According to one former editor, Bill Emmott, "the Economist ' s philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative". Alongside other publications such as The Guardian , The Observer and The Independent , it supports

10672-441: The now-discontinued salutation 'Sir' from 1843 to 2015. In the latter year, upon the appointment of Zanny Minton Beddoes, the first female editor, the salutation was dismissed; letters have since had no salutation. Prior to a change in procedure, all responses to online articles were published in "The Inbox". The publication runs several opinion columns whose names reflect their topic: Every three months, The Economist publishes

10788-693: The operation "bungled from the start" and criticised the "almost criminal negligence" of the Bush Administration's handling of the Iraq War , while maintaining in 2007 that pulling out in the short term would be irresponsible. In an editorial marking its 175th anniversary, The Economist criticised adherents to liberalism for becoming too inclined to protect the political status quo rather than pursue reform. The paper called on liberals to return to advocating for bold political, economic and social reforms: protecting free markets, land and tax reform in

10904-447: The paper has its own in-house stylebook rather than following an industry-wide writing style template. All Economist writing, and publications follow The Economist Style Guide , in various editions. The Economist sponsors a wide array of writing competitions and prizes throughout the year for readers. In 1999, The Economist organised a global futurist writing competition, The World in 2050 . Co-sponsored by Royal Dutch/Shell ,

11020-404: The paper produces. Often columnists from the newspaper write technical manuals on their topic of expertise; for example, Philip Coggan, a finance correspondent, authored The Economist Guide to Hedge Funds (2011). The paper publishes book reviews in every issue, with a large collective review in their year-end (holiday) issue – published as " The Economist 's Books of the Year". Additionally,

11136-597: The paper to speak as one collective voice. It is supplemented by its sister lifestyle magazine, 1843 , and a variety of podcasts, films, and books. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK. The editorial stance of The Economist primarily revolves around classical , social , and most notably economic liberalism . It has supported radical centrism , favouring policies and governments that maintain centrist politics . The newspaper typically champions economic liberalism, particularly free markets, free trade, free immigration, deregulation, and globalisation. Despite

11252-551: The paper's data journalism efforts. The team's output soon included election forecasting models, covering the French presidential elections of 2017 and 2022 and the US presidential and congressional elections in 2020, among others. In late-2023, the data team advertised for a political data scientist to bolster its political forecasting efforts. In order to ensure transparency in the team's data collection and analysis The Economist maintains

11368-433: The paper's editorial anonymity in 1991, labelling it a means to hide the youth and inexperience of those writing articles. Although individual articles are written anonymously, there is no secrecy over who the writers are, as they are listed on The Economist 's website, which also provides summaries of their careers and academic qualifications. In 2009, Lewis included multiple Economist articles in his anthology about

11484-434: The planet have boundaries or thresholds that should not be crossed. The extent to which these boundaries are not crossed marks what the group calls the safe operating space for humanity . The group identified nine "planetary life support systems" essential for human survival and attempted to quantify just how far seven of these systems have been pushed already. They then estimated how much further we could go before our survival

11600-454: The previous week's edition. While it is known to feature letters from senior businesspeople, politicians, ambassadors, and spokespeople, the paper includes letters from typical readers as well. Well-written or witty responses from anyone are considered, and controversial issues frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of corporate social responsibility , published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam ,

11716-532: The publication introduced a North American edition after publishing the British edition since 1843; its circulation had increased more than tenfold by 2010. In January 2012, The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of one on the United States in 1942. In 1991, James Fallows argued in The Washington Post that The Economist used editorial lines that contradicted

11832-781: The report received significant media coverage, including features in the Guardian, CNN and BBC, it was also criticized on social media for advocating eating less meat. Later on, it was found that this critique was part of a concerted campaign started by pro-meat advocates a few days ahead of the launch of the report. Ecological resilience Human activities that adversely affect ecological resilience such as reduction of biodiversity , exploitation of natural resources , pollution , land use , and anthropogenic climate change are increasingly causing regime shifts in ecosystems, often to less desirable and degraded conditions. Interdisciplinary discourse on resilience now includes consideration of

11948-418: The resilience of vulnerable human populations and the ecosystem services upon which they depend are critical factors for sustainable development in a changing climate. Scientific research associated with resilience is beginning to play a role in influencing policy-making and subsequent environmental decision making. This occurs in a number of ways: Ecological resilience and the thresholds by which resilience

12064-474: The social science most given to wild guesses and imaginary facts presented in the guise of inevitability and exactitude. That it is the Bible of the corporate executive indicates to what extent received wisdom is the daily bread of a managerial civilization." The Economist ' s primary focus is world events, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and

12180-400: The toxic algae and begin passing the toxins up the food chain, affecting edibles like clams, and ultimately working their way up to seabirds, marine mammals, and humans. The result can be illness and sometimes death. There is increasing awareness that a greater understanding and emphasis of ecosystem resilience is required to reach the goal of sustainable development . A similar conclusion

12296-469: The tradition of Georgism , open immigration , a rethink of the social contract with more emphasis on education, and a revival of liberal internationalism . Each of The Economist issues' official date range is from Saturday to the following Friday. The Economist posts each week's new content online at approximately 21:00 Thursday evening UK time, ahead of the official publication date. From July to December 2019, their average global print circulation

12412-444: The way they interpret resilience, e.g. supply chain resilience . The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines resilience as, “not just the ability to maintain essential function, identity and structure, but also the capacity for transformation.” The IPCC considers resilience both in terms of ecosystem recovery as well as the recovery and adaptation of human societies to natural disasters. The concept of resilience in ecological systems

12528-401: The world. The centre is governed by a board with additional strategic advice provided by two international boards. There is a scientific advisory council of leading sustainability researchers to provide advice on scientific development of the centre, which includes researchers such as Rashid Sumaila , Frances Westley , Marten Scheffer , Elke Weber , Jessica Fanzo and Elena Bennett . There

12644-682: Was accused of hacking into the computer of Justice Mohammed Nizamul Huq of the Bangladesh Supreme Court, leading to his resignation as the chairman of the International Crimes Tribunal . In August 2015, Pearson sold its 50% stake in the newspaper to the Italian Agnelli family 's investment company, Exor , for £469 million (US$ 531 million) and the paper re-acquired the remaining shares for £182 million ($ 206 million). An investigation by

12760-468: Was "Dashing hopes of change, Argentina's new president is leading her country into economic peril and social conflict". The Economist also called for Bill Clinton's impeachment , as well as for Donald Rumsfeld 's resignation after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse . Although The Economist initially gave vigorous support for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , it later called

12876-434: Was conducted, it became clear that oftentimes, natural systems were subjected to dynamic, transient behaviors that changed how they reacted to significant changes in state variables: rather than work back towards a predetermined equilibrium, the absorbed change was harnessed to establish a new baseline to operate under. Rather than minimize imposed changes, ecosystems could integrate and manage those changes, and use them to fuel

12992-402: Was estimated to be "a 100 years before the field's modern emergence " by Data Journalism.com. Its transition from broadsheet to magazine -style formatting led to the adoption of coloured graphs, first in fire-engine-red during the 1980s and then in a thematic blue in 2001. The Economist 's editors and readers developed a taste for more data-driven stories throughout the 2000s. Starting in

13108-593: Was first introduced by the Canadian ecologist C.S. Holling in order to describe the persistence of natural systems in the face of changes in ecosystem variables due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Resilience has been defined in two ways in ecological literature: The second definition has been termed ‘ecological resilience’, and it presumes the existence of multiple stable states or regimes. For example, some shallow temperate lakes can exist within either clear water regime, which provides many ecosystem services , or

13224-508: Was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws , a system of import tariffs. A prospectus for the newspaper from 5 August 1843 enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the publication to focus on: Wilson described it as taking part in "a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress",

13340-465: Was over 909,476, while combined with their digital presence, runs to over 1.6 million. However, on a weekly average basis, the paper can reach up to 5.1 million readers, across their print and digital runs. Across their social media platforms, it reaches an audience of 35 million, as of 2016. In 1877, the publication's circulation was 3,700, and in 1920 it had risen to 6,000. Circulation increased rapidly after 1945, reaching 100,000 by 1970. Circulation

13456-558: Was significant work in these relatively non-traditional fields that helped facilitate the evolution of the resilience perspective as a whole. Part of the reason resilience began moving away from an equilibrium-centric view and towards a more flexible, malleable description of social-ecological systems was due to work such as that of Andrew Vayda and Bonnie McCay in the field of social anthropology, where more modern versions of resilience were deployed to challenge traditional ideals of cultural dynamics. The Economist The Economist

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