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62-444: As industry and housing developed further west the line became the stem of further branches, and in 1886 the sub-surface Glasgow City and District Railway connected through Queen Street Low Level to Stobcross. Queen's Dock closed in 1969 and freight use of the line was minimal, but part of the line has been electrified and most of it is in use in 2015 for passenger trains. The Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway (GD&HR)

124-560: A goods station, and there was no possibility of increasing line capacity on the Cowlairs incline. The NBR set about the task of connecting the lines east and west of the city. The Glasgow City and District Railway , an independent company sponsored by the NBR, was authorised on 10 August 1882 to make a line from the College station to Stobcross, a distance of 3 miles (5 km). The capital

186-694: A large circuit round the north of Glasgow. There was still no attempt at a suburban service: the first station from Glasgow was Maryhill, then an isolated village, and then Dalmuir. The GD&HR joined with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway at Cowlairs, and was absorbed by that company in 1862; the E&;GR was itself absorbed by the North British Railway in 1865. On the east side, the Monklands area around Airdrie and Coatbridge had become

248-488: A result of heavy industry when those heavy metals sink into the ground contaminating the crops that reside among it. Heavy metal concentrations resulting from water and/or soil pollution can become deadly once they pass certain thresholds, which lead to plant poisoning. Heavy metals can further affect many levels of the ecosystem through bioaccumulation , because humans and many other animals rely on these plant species as sources of food. Plants can pick up these metals from

310-429: A simple two-platform station as a prelude to electrification. Full electrification was inaugurated on 7 November 1960 but a series of transformer explosions in the new electric units resulted in restoration of the steam service, which continued from 19 December until 1 October 1961, when the full electric service was reinstated after modifications to the electrical system of the units. The original GC&DR line through

372-720: A site vacated for the purpose by the University of Glasgow; it was not convenient for the city centre. The NBR had collaborated with the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR) in the construction of the City of Glasgow Union Railway , which also opened to College in 1871, crossing the River Clyde and linking the G&;SWR network with the NBR line. At last the separate radiating railways around Glasgow were becoming linked, and

434-546: A spur was opened from Knightswood South Junction to Knightswood North Junction, forming a south to west chord and enabling through running from the City and District line towards Milngavie and Dalmuir. Remote from the Stobcross branch, the missing link from Clydebank to Dalmuir was filled in 1897, from which time the NBR network was complete, with two linked routes from Queen Street High and Low Levels to Dalmuir and beyond, with

496-430: A suburban passenger railway, and the exchange of goods traffic, could be thought of. The NBR network now developed west of the city, driven chiefly by the expansion westwards of heavy industry and of docking facilities for steamers. The Stobcross Railway opened in 1874 to serve the new Queen's Dock at Stobcross, but this line too made a large circuit of the city to reach the dock. The Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway

558-407: Is also often more heavily cyclical in investment and employment . Though important to economic development and industrialization of economies , heavy industry can also have significant negative side effects: both local communities and workers frequently encounter health risks, heavy industries tend to produce byproducts that both pollute the air and water , and the industrial supply chain

620-455: Is inherently related to the main production process via reduction of iron with coal. In order to reduce these carbon dioxide emissions, carbon capture and utilization and carbon capture and storage technology is looked at. Heavy industry has the advantage of being a point source which is less energy-intensive to apply the latter technologies and results in a cheaper carbon capture compared to direct air capture . Industrial activities such as

682-498: Is often involved in other environmental justice issues from mining and transportation . Because of their intensity, heavy industries are also significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change , and certain parts of the industries, especially high-heat processes used in metal working and cement production, are hard to decarbonize . Industrial activities such as mining also results in pollution consisting of heavy metals. Heavy metals are very damaging to

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744-407: Is the production of large systems, such as the construction of skyscrapers and large dams during the post– World War II era, and the manufacture/deployment of large rockets and giant wind turbines through the 21st century. Many East Asian countries relied on heavy industry as key parts of their development strategies, and many still do for economic growth. This reliance on heavy industry

806-463: Is typically a matter of government economic policy. Among Japanese and Korean firms with "heavy industry" in their names, many are also manufacturers of aerospace products and defense contractors to their respective countries' governments such as Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Fuji Heavy Industries , and Korea's Hyundai Rotem , a joint project of Hyundai Heavy Industries and Daewoo Heavy Industries . In 20th-century communist states ,

868-738: The Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway in 1841, and the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway , providing an intercity service, in 1842. It had a passenger and goods station at Queen Street in Glasgow. It was not until 1848 that the first long-distance line reached the city: the Caledonian Railway opened to Glasgow. There were now four passenger terminals in Glasgow, at Bridge Street, at South Side, at Buchanan Street and at Queen Street. Some short lines to small towns with an industrial base were opened, and these encouraged residential development:

930-430: The largest famine in human history , killing up to 50 million people, whilst simultaneously severely depleting the production of agricultural products and not increasing the output of usable-quality industrial goods. Heavy industry is also sometimes a special designation in local zoning laws, allowing placement of industries with heavy impacts (on environment, infrastructure, and employment) with planning. For example,

992-440: The planning of the economy often focused on heavy industry as an area for large investments (at the expense of investing in the greater production of in-demand consumer goods ), even to the extent of painful opportunity costs on the production–possibility frontier (classically, "lots of guns and not enough butter"). This was motivated by fears of failing to maintain military parity with foreign capitalist powers . For example,

1054-485: The GC&;DR line, the NBR opened a short branch from College to Bridgeton Cross on 1 July 1892 with an intermediate station at Gallowgate, and the G&SWR provided a spur to that line from the City of Glasgow Union line, opening on 1 April 1893. However that service was unsuccessful, and was withdrawn on 1 February 1913; the spur connection was closed. Bridgeton station area was used for stabling and carriage cleaning, but

1116-537: The NBR and the Caledonian each had their own goods yard at Partick. It was not just berthing of ships that was moving down river; by this time a small industrial complex had established at Whiteinch. Shipbuilding and joinery works were prominent. The area was rural and remote at the time, and the construction of the Stobcross line presented an obvious opportunity, and on 1 July 1872 the Whiteinch Railway

1178-516: The NBR line out of Queen Street was extremely circuitous, but for the time being any more direct routing was unthinkable. The NBR went to considerable lengths to make the exercise of the Caledonian Railway's running powers as inconvenient as possible; this included various forms of delay for supposed operational reasons, and the refusal to allow stabling of Caledonian locomotives at Stobcross, resulting in much wasteful light running. However

1240-546: The North British Railway. The passenger services that had previously run to Queen Street high level terminus were diverted to run through the new line, providing immediate relief at Queen Street. On the same day the NBR opened the short Hyndland branch from Partick Junction, providing a western terminus for some trains. On 1 August 1886 the Knightswood spur opened, and Queen Street goods depot was closed and

1302-573: The Soviet Union's industrialization in the 1930s , with heavy industry as the favored emphasis, sought to bring its ability to produce trucks, tanks, artillery, aircraft, and warships up to a level that would make the country a great power . China under Mao Zedong pursued a similar strategy, eventually culminating in the Great Leap Forward of 1958–1960; an unsuccessful attempt to rapidly industrialize and collectivize , that led to

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1364-651: The Stobcross Railway were: Almost all of the route is still open as of September 2015: most of it forms part of the North Clyde Line electric commuter network and the remainder at the northern end is used by Maryhill Line DMU services between Maryhill and Anniesland . Network Rail began work in the summer of 2015 to reinstate the former Knightswood South Junction connection near Anniesland to allow through running once more between Hyndland & Partick and Maryhill via Kelvindale. The only parts of

1426-651: The Whiteinch Railway was made a passenger line, with a new connection with the Yoker line at Whiteinch West Junction; the passenger service finished on 2 April 1951. The branch was used as a depot for the electrification works trains when the North Side Electrification was in progress in the late 1950s. There were numerous pits and quarries near Knightswood not far from the line. In 1875 a branch line from what became Knightswood South Junction

1488-601: The area was regenerated by infilling the docks; the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre now stands on the site. The extensive sidings at Stobcross to serve the dock have all been removed and occupied by the Exhibition Centre and other developments. The railway connection to the Queen's Dock was severed much earlier, in 1980, when Maryhill Park Junction signal box was burnt down, and the section of

1550-528: The beginning of daily travel to work by train; but there was no suburban network. For many years passenger and goods trade between Glasgow and communities and industries west of Glasgow was carried on by boat. The north bank of the Clyde was relatively unpopulated as far as Bowling, where the basin of the Forth and Clyde Canal entered the river; beyond that Dumbarton was a centre of industry; and beyond Dumbarton lay

1612-421: The centre of Glasgow, from College in the east, through a new Low Level station at Queen Street, to Stobcross which was now on a through line instead of a dead end. The line proved immensely popular with passengers, and goods traffic could now be brought in by a shorter route. A short branch was opened on the same day from Partick Junction (on the original Stobcross line) to a terminus at Hyndland. On 1 August 1886

1674-462: The centre of a complex of heavy industry . It too was not close to the original GD&HR line and the nominally independent Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway was opened on 1 December 1882 to serve it. The line ran west from Yoker Junction, just west of Whiteinch Junction, on a straight alignment just north of the Whiteinch line. There were passenger stations at Partick, Yoker and Clydebank. For

1736-406: The centre of the iron industries; it had extensive seams of good quality coal and of blackband ironstone. The wealthy industrial district was in the area served by the Caledonian Railway and the North British Railway sought to build a direct line to Coatbridge from Glasgow, to participate in the available business. It opened its Coatbridge branch in 1871. The Glasgow terminus was called College, at

1798-539: The city is open, carrying a busy suburban passenger service operated by ScotRail . Locations on the line were: Heavy industry Heavy industry is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment , large machine tools , huge buildings and large-scale infrastructure ); or complex or numerous processes . Because of those factors, heavy industry involves higher capital intensity than light industry does, and

1860-525: The cut-and-cover route, only the fourth such in Great Britain, was formidably complex, but the line opened in 1886. It was steam operated, leading to complaints about smoky conditions. It had a four-platform low level station at Queen Street, and was heavily used. The line was electrified in 1960 and today forms the central part of the North Clyde electric railway network. The first railways in

1922-411: The decline of heavy industries and the rise of efficient bus services, meant that the steam trains running through the city in poorly ventilated tunnels were increasingly unpopular. A modernisation plan was developed in 1955, and this led to electrification of the passenger operation of most of the former NBR network. Most of the old Caledonian routes were to close to passengers. The new passenger service

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1984-421: The dock. Even though the route avoided the main city area, considerable difficulty and expense arose from the necessary land acquisition. The Forth and Clyde Canal was diverted over a length of 586 yards (535 m) and the route used for the new railway line. The original estimate for the line had been £84,400 but £140,000 was spent on land acquisition and legal fees alone. In 1868 the NBR observed that there

2046-444: The environment because they cannot be chemically degraded. Transportation and construction along with their upstream manufacturing supply businesses have been the bulk of heavy industry throughout the industrial age, along with some capital-intensive manufacturing. Traditional examples from the mid-19th century through the early 20th included steelmaking , artillery production, locomotive manufacturing, machine tool building , and

2108-439: The facility to cross over through Anniesland. At the same time the junction at Jordanhill was made into a triangle by the opening of the north to west chord there: "Partick West Chord". The North British Railway had established a commanding network serving increasing areas of residential development and heavy industry on the north side of the Clyde, based on the original Stobcross line of 1874. The rival Caledonian Railway still had

2170-404: The goods traffic transferred temporarily to the G&SWR goods station at College. Goods trains were not allowed to use the underground section, to minimise problems with the smoky atmosphere. Soon 90 trains daily were being handled in the underground section. At first the carriages were unlit, but following protests an incandescent lighting system was provided, powered from a conductor fixed to

2232-476: The heavier types of mining . From the late 19th century through the mid-20th, as the chemical industry and electrical industry developed, they involved components of both heavy industry and light industry, which was soon also true for the automotive industry and the aircraft industry . Modern shipbuilding (since steel replaced wood) and large components such as ship turbochargers are also characteristic of heavy industry. A typical heavy industry activity

2294-636: The improper disposal of radioactive material , burning coal and fossil fuels , and releasing liquid waste into the environment contribute to the pollution of water, soil, air, and wildlife. In regards to water pollution, when waste is disposed of in the environment, it affects the quality of the available water supply which has a negative impact on the ecosystem along with water supply used by farms for irrigation which in turn affects crops. Heavy metals have also been shown to pollute soil , deteriorating arable land quality and adversely impacting food safety (such as vegetables or grain ). This occurs as

2356-498: The main line out of Glasgow Central, to Stobcross and curving round to Maryhill. Now the Caledonian too had a direct line through the centre of the city offering convenient east-west transits for passengers. Stobcross and the Queen's Dock was now reached from the city by the Caledonian as well. In 1923 the main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped" by the Railways Act 1921 into four large groups. The North British Railway

2418-525: The original Stobcross Railway from Maryhill Park Junction to Knightswood South Junction was disconnected. There had been workers trains from Clydebank to Springburn over the route until 1959, and also empty passenger stock trains from Cowlairs to Queen Street Low Level for trains originating there. The section of the Glasgow Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway from Cowlairs to Maryhill had also been closed to local passenger trains since 1961, and only

2480-473: The route that are no longer in use are the goods yards at Partickhill and the Queen's Dock and the old terminus station at Hyndland. Glasgow City and District Railway The Glasgow City and District Railway was a sub-surface railway line in Glasgow , Scotland, built to connect suburban routes east and west of the city, and to relieve congestion at the Queen Street terminus . Construction of

2542-491: The shipping that came to the city berthed at Broomielaw; there was relatively little industrial and marine activity on Clydeside west of the city, and the GD&;HR did not serve those areas. The GD&HR was absorbed by the E&GR in 1862 and the E&GR was itself absorbed by the larger North British Railway (NBR) in 1865. As shipping activity increased, larger and more numerous vessels required to berth in Glasgow and it

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2604-575: The smallest of toeholds on the north bank, until in the years 1894 to 1896 the Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Railway opened, from the Caledonian main line east of Buchanan Street, arcing round in a similar northerly arc to the Stobcross line, then turning west to reach Dumbarton. This was progress for the rival company, but it was not enough. In the years 1895 to 1896 the Glasgow Central Railway opened, running from Rutherglen on

2666-513: The soil and begin the metal transfer to higher levels of the food chain, and eventually reaching humans. Regarding air pollution: long-term or short-term exposure of children to industry-based air pollution can cause several adverse effects, such as cardiovascular diseases , respiratory diseases and even death . Children are also more susceptible to air pollution detriments than adults. Heavy metals such as lead , chromium , cadmium , and arsenic form dust fall particles and are harmful to

2728-470: The station was closed on 4 November 1979 when the Argyle Line opened; the branch continued to be used for carriage servicing for some years. Under a modernisation scheme of 1955, the GC&DR route was to be electrified as part of a proposed enhancement of the whole of the former NBR North Clyde lines. The four platforms at Queen Street Low Level were closed from 10 to 13 August 1959 for remodelling to

2790-513: The through West Highland Line trains and goods traffic used it for many years. However, from 1993 a new local passenger service has been resumed, from Glasgow Queen Street to Maryhill, and since 2005 it has been extended to Anniesland on the former Stobcross Railway. The physical junction at Maryhill Park Junction has been moved to the west of the River Kelvin viaduct. A typically 30-minute interval passenger service operates. The locations on

2852-462: The time being this was an isolated section; Stobcross was not a passenger station. During all this time, as heavy industry, shipbuilding and quay facilities were moving west, the NBR's North Clyde network continued to be accessed only from Cowlairs via Maryhill, a long way round. On 15 March 1886 the Glasgow City and District Railway opened. It was a subsurface line running east to west through

2914-463: The towns of the Firth of Clyde. In 1858 the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway (GD&HR) was opened, connecting the city to a purely local railway that connected Bowling and Balloch, on Loch Lomond . Now at last the north bank of the Clyde had a through railway connection. However the built-up area of Glasgow prevented the GD&HR from building directly west from the city, and its line made

2976-549: The tunnel walls. The system was patented by H S P Carswell; it was removed in November 1901. The smoky atmosphere in the tunnel sections was immediately a cause for serious complaint. Proposed solutions to vent the tunnels proved to be unacceptable to local residents, and for some years the issue remained contentious. Eventually the roof of Charing Cross station was removed. The four platforms at Queen Street low level station were lettered, A, B, C and D. In association with

3038-419: The west of Scotland were the coal railways , intended primarily to bring coal to the city for consumption, and to canals and ports for onward water-borne transport. The Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway opened in 1831 and had a terminus at Townhead, on the north-eastern margin of the city. In 1840 more general-purpose railways were seen: the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway opened in 1840, followed by

3100-422: The zoning restrictions for landfills usually take into account the heavy truck traffic that will exert expensive wear on the roads leading to the landfill. As of 2019 , heavy industry emits about 22% of global greenhouse gas emissions : high temperature heat for heavy industry being about 10% of global emissions. The steel industry alone was responsible for 7 to 9% of the global carbon dioxide emissions which

3162-466: Was 70 feet (21 m) above the level of the quayside lines and a steeply graded connecting line was built; the Caledonian got joint ownership of that short section. The G&SWR also applied for access but their line was to run west from Dunlop Street across St Enoch square, continuing along the bank of the Clyde, and this scheme was refused by Parliament. The Stobcross line opened on 20 October 1874, for goods and mineral traffic only. The route from

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3224-554: Was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and the Caledonian Railway was a constituent of the new London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). For the time being the competition continued. In 1948 the Government once again reorganised the railways, this time taking them into state ownership, nationalisation. Both the North Clyde networks were now part of British Railways, Scottish Region. The train services continued much as before, but changing social patterns,

3286-559: Was authorised; at the same time the Whiteinch Tramway was authorised, which distributed wagons within the estate area. The Whiteinch Railway joined the Stobcross line near Crow Road; the junction was named Whiteinch Junction and the line opened on 29 October 1874. The Whiteinch Railway ran down as far as the Dumbarton Road, and the tramway operated an east-west distributor route south of the main road. On 1 January 1897

3348-471: Was inaugurated in 1960. The Hyndland branch of 1886 was closed to passengers (on 5 November 1960), and a depot for the new electric trains was created there, in use until 1989, when the depot at Yoker was opened. The Caledonian Railway route to Rutherglen was closed in 1964. However it was revived when in 1979 the Argyle Line opened, using most of the earlier alignment from Stobcross eastwards. The Queen's Dock had closed to maritime use in 1969, and from 1982

3410-462: Was little sign of the Stobcross being started, and introduced a Parliamentary Bill to abandon the line. However, in fact they did proceed with it. Extensive siding accommodation was provided at Stobcross. The importance to the city of free rail access was such that the rival Caledonian Railway was granted running powers over the line by Parliament; the Caledonian got access to the NBR system from Sighthill via Springburn. The siding complex at Stobcross

3472-543: Was obvious that they could not be accommodated in the central area. In 1872 the Clyde Commissioners started work on a new dock at Stobcross, on the north shore of the Clyde to the west of the city. The new dock was formally opened on 18 September 1877 by the Lord Provost of Glasgow, and he announced that by permission of Queen Victoria the new dock was to be known as The Queen's Dock . The new facility

3534-536: Was obviously going to make considerable changes to commodity flows in Glasgow, and the North British Railway set about constructing a branch line to serve the dock. The NBR obtained an authorising Act in 1869; it was amended in 1870 and 1871 for financial reasons. The line was to run from Maryhill on the GD&HR southwards, turning east past the Royal Lunatic Asylum (later converted and now Gartnavel Hospital), then running south-east through Partickhill to

3596-474: Was opened in 1858, running from the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway (E&GR) at Cowlairs to Dumbarton where it joined an existing railway; together they served Balloch and Loch Lomond, and Helensburgh. The new line ran in a broad loop round the north of Glasgow and then westwards some distance north of the River Clyde. At the time the industry of Glasgow was concentrated in the central and eastern areas, and

3658-407: Was opened in 1882 to serve a shipyard and other industrial sites that were relocating. The passenger service on the Yoker line was not connected to the rest of the railway network. This fractured set of lines frustrated the development of the areas served by the NBR. Moreover, Queen Street station, which was considered cramped from the outset, was now impossibly congested with terminating trains and

3720-510: Was opened in a northerly arc to Jordanhill Brickworks, and the branch was extended back to the north later to reach Knightswood Brickworks and the Western Colliery at Cowdenhill. In later years the location of pits and factories changed and the configuration of this branch was changed accordingly. Just as Stobcross was a response to the westerly movement of the focus of industry, so that process continued, and from 1870 Clydebank became

3782-411: Was to be provided at College, replacing the existing terminus. The Stobcross line at the west end was a goods-only dead end and this was to be transformed into a through line, with a station nearby at Finnieston. The construction was challenging in engineering terms: it was only the fourth underground line in the country. The GC&DR line opened on 15 March 1886, and the company was amalgamated with

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3844-421: Was to be £550,000. A connection at Knightswood enabling through running from Stobcross towards Dalmuir was included in the authorisation. The main section of the GC&DR was to be sub-surface, constructed by cut and cover. At its peak the construction had 22 tunnelling faces active. A four-platform station was to be provided at Queen Street, partly under the existing main line station. A new through station

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