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81-582: Stone Monkey may refer to: Sun Wukong , the Monkey King, a character in the Chinese novel Journey to the West . The Stone Monkey , a novel by Jeffery Deaver. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Stone Monkey . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
162-423: A 9-fold immortal. Gibbon Gibbons ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ b ə n z / ) are apes in the family Hylobatidae ( / ˌ h aɪ l ə ˈ b æ t ɪ d iː / ). The family historically contained one genus , but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species . Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical forests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including
243-508: A branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority of gibbons suffer bone fractures one or more times during their lifetimes. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. On the ground, gibbons tend to walk bipedally, and their Achilles tendon morphology is more similar to that of humans than that of any other ape. Gibbons' diets are about 60% fruit-based, but they also consume twigs, leaves, insects, flowers, and occasionally birds' eggs. Gibbons were
324-442: A cyclical dynamic of expansions and contractions of their forest habitat, an instance of radiation experienced by the gibbon genera. This may have led to the development of a suite of physical characteristics, distinct from their great ape relatives, to adapt to their habitat of dense, canopy forest. These crucial findings in genetics have contributed to the use of gibbons as a genetic model for chromosome breakage and fusion, which
405-450: A genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap. No records exist, however, of fertile hybrids between different gibbon genera, either in the wild or in captivity. One unique aspect of a gibbon's anatomy is the wrist, which functions something like a ball-and-socket joint , allowing for biaxial movement. This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on
486-440: A large iron bridge over rushing water, across which is a cave. He persuades the other monkeys to jump in also, and they make it into their home. He then reminds them of their prior declaration, so they declare him their king. He takes the throne and calls himself Handsome Monkey King (美猴王). This happiness does not last. When one of his older monkey friends dies, the Monkey King is very upset. He decides to strike out from his island on
567-510: A mountain of rocks, sending Sun Wukong hurtling back down to earth. Before the Monkey King can lift the mountain off, the Buddha seals him there, using a paper talisman bearing the mantra , Om Mani Padme Hum , in gold letters. The Monkey King remains imprisoned in stocks for five hundred years, to ‘learn patience and humility,’ with only his head and hands protruding from the base of the mountain. The Buddha arranges two earth spirits to feed
648-512: A new ability; the Monkey King can now recognize evil with his new huǒyǎn-jīnjīng ( 火眼金睛 , lit. ' fiery eyes and golden pupils ' ). Sun Wukong then proceeds to destroy the crucible and makes his way to Heaven’s main chamber to confront the Jade Emperor and his senior advisors. The Jade Emperor and the authorities of Heaven appeal to the Buddha , who arrives from his temple in
729-537: A pillar with a phrase declaring himself the Great Sage Equal to Heaven and urinates on the middle pillar. He then leaps back and returns to Buddha’s palm to claim his victory in winning the bet. Sun Wukong is then very surprised to find that the five “pillars” he found are merely fingers of the Buddha’s hand, finding it impossible to believe. When the Monkey King tries to escape the palm, Buddha turns his hand into
810-508: A premature termination state leading to an alteration in transcription . This incorporation of the jumping gene near genes involved in chromosome replication is thought to make the rearrangement in the genome even more likely, leading to a greater diversity within the gibbon genera. In addition, some characteristic genes in the gibbon genome had gone through a positive selection and are suggested to give rise to specific anatomical features for gibbons to adapt to their new environment. One of them
891-636: A promotion and a rank among the gods will make him more manageable, the Jade Emperor invites the Monkey King to Heaven. The Monkey King believes he is receiving an honourable place as one of the gods as he is told he will be made ‘Protector of the Horses,’ a fancy term the Heavens coined for a stable boy, the lowest job in heaven. When he discovers the importance of status in Heaven, and how he has been given
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#1732773223742972-408: A self-made raft, in search of an Immortal to teach him how to beat death. He comes ashore and wanders around. Humans see him and flee, uncertain of his ape-like appearance. He takes some clothes that were left out to dry and continues on foot. His face hidden by a hood, he travels through towns and sees many examples of human degeneracy and vice. He continues on and into a forest. The Monkey King hears
1053-494: A series of eighty-one tribulations before accomplishing their mission and returning safely to China. During the journey, the Monkey King learns about virtues and the teachings of Buddhism. There, the Monkey King attains Buddhahood , becoming the “Victorious Fighting Buddha” ( 鬥戰勝佛 Dòu-zhànshèng-fó ), for his service and strength. The Monkey King is revealed to know about the fate of Tang Sangzang and also of his knowledge in many other things, as on three occasions he knew that
1134-483: A stone egg about the size of a ball. When the wind blows on the egg, the egg becomes the stone monkey. As his eyes move, two beams of golden light shoot toward the Jade palace and startle the Jade Emperor . When he sees the light he orders two of his officers to investigate. They report the stone monkey, and that the light is dying down as the monkey eats and drinks. The Jade Emperor believes him to be nothing special. On
1215-623: A trap but is happy when Gold Star, acting as an envoy, addresses him as the Great Sage Equal of Heaven and presents him with official papers. Gold Star tells Sun Wukong he has been granted a far more important position as ‘Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden,’ which peach-loving Sun Wukong accepts. Later, when seven heavenly maidens are sent by Queen Mother Xi Wangmu to pluck peaches for the Royal Banquet, Sun Wukong discovers every important god and goddess has been invited to
1296-434: A woodcutter singing an interesting song, and when questioning the woodcutter about the origin he learns it was taught to the woodcutter by an Immortal who resides in the forest. The Monkey King comes to the entrance of a temple in which a magical Taoist martial artist named Puti Zushi resides. Puti Zushi initially refuses to let him in, but the Monkey King refuses to leave and waits outside the entrance for months. Puti Zushi
1377-549: Is TBX5 , which is a gene that is required for the development of the front extremities or forelimbs such as long arms. The other is COL1A1 , which is responsible for the development of collagen , a protein that is directly involved with the forming of connective tissues, bone, and cartilage. This gene is thought to have a role in gibbons' stronger muscles. Researchers have found a coincidence between major environmental changes in Southeast Asia about 5 Mya that caused
1458-490: Is vulnerable ), primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats. On the island of Phuket in Thailand , a volunteer-based Gibbon Rehabilitation Center rescues gibbons that were kept in captivity, and are being released back into the wild. The Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehabilitation centers on Borneo and Sumatra . The IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group announced 2015 to be
1539-683: Is a type of translocation mutation. The unusually high number of structural changes in the DNA and chromosomal rearrangements could lead to problematic consequences in some species. Gibbons, however, not only seemed to be free from problems but let the change help them effectively adapt to their environment. Thus, gibbons are organisms on which genetics research could be focused to broaden the implications to human diseases related to chromosomal changes, such as cancer, including chronic myeloid leukemia . Most species are either endangered or critically endangered (the sole exception being H. leuconedys , which
1620-492: Is complete. Understanding Sun Wukong will be difficult to control, Guanyin gives Tang Sanzang a gift from the Buddha: a magical circlet which, once the Monkey King is tricked into putting it on, can never be removed. When Tang Sanzang chants a certain sutra, the band will tighten and cause an unbearable headache. Guanyin gives the Monkey King three special hairs, only to be used in dire emergencies. Under Tang Sanzang’s supervision,
1701-535: Is critical for evolutionary development. The very high rate of chromosomal disorder and rearrangements (such as duplications, deletions or inversions of large stretches of DNA) due to the moving of this large DNA segment is one of the key features that are unique to the gibbon genome. A special feature of the LAVA transposon is that it positioned itself precisely between genes that are involved in chromosome segregation and distribution during cell division, which results in
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#17327732237421782-526: Is disheartened and turns into a fish to run away, then both of them keep shapeshifting to turn into more powerful things than the other, finally, Laozi throws his Diamond Jade ring at Wukong from behind while he is fighting, knocking him senseless and enabling Erlang to bind him up. After several failed attempts at execution, Sun Wukong is locked into Laozi’s eight-way trigram crucible for 49 days to be distilled into an elixir by samadhi fires; this will allow Laozi to regain his pills of longevity. The fire of
1863-631: Is impressed by the Monkey King’s persistence and allows him to enter. He accepts the Monkey King as a student, giving him his religious name, “Sun Wukong”, and teaches him many advanced Taoist practices, including the Way of Immortality. He later advises Sun Wukong never to needlessly show off his skills, because others might ask him to teach them, and if he does teach them, they may go on to cause trouble, but if he doesn’t teach them, they will resent him for it. He then forbids Sun Wukong from ever revealing who it
1944-471: Is not considered as an important celestial deity and is thus not invited to the Queen Mother of the West ’s royal banquet. After finding out that every other important deity was invited, Wukong impersonates one of the deities that was invited and shows up early to see why the banquet is important. He immediately is distracted by the aroma of the wine and decides to steal and drink it. The heavenly wine has
2025-416: Is said to have gained immortality through nine different means and instances, which together made him one of the most immortal and invincible beings in all of creation. After feeling down about the future and death, Wukong sets out to find the immortal Taoist patriarch Puti Zushi to learn how to be immortal. There, Wukong learns spells to grasp all five elements and cultivate the way of immortality, as well as
2106-461: Is singing, but also the area from which it comes. Gibbons often retain the same mate for life, although they do not always remain sexually monogamous. In addition to extra-pair copulations , pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce". Gibbons are among nature's best brachiators . Their ball-and-socket wrist joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when
2187-535: Is specific in small apes such as gibbons could potentially be due to factors that increase the rate of chromosomal breakage or factors that allow derivative chromosomes to be fixed in a homozygous state while mostly lost in other mammals. The whole genome of the gibbons in Southeast Asia was first sequenced in 2014 by the German Primate Center , including Christian Roos, Markus Brameier, and Lutz Walter, along with other international researchers. One of
2268-410: Is the only creature strong enough to wield the staff-like weapon and there is an instant affinity between them. The golden-banded staff can change its size, elongate, fly, and attack opponents according to its master’s will. It weighs 13,500 jīn or 7960 kg. When not wielding the weapon, the Monkey King shrinks it down to the size of a sewing needle and stores it in his ear. In addition to taking
2349-487: The Monkey King , is a literary and religious figure best known as one of the main characters in the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West . In the novel, Sun Wukong is a monkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers through Taoist practices. After rebelling against heaven, he is imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha . Five hundred years later, he accompanies the monk Tang Sanzang riding on
2430-751: The White Dragon Horse and two other disciples, Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing , on a journey to obtain Buddhist sutras , known as the West or Western Paradise , where Buddha and his followers dwell. Sun Wukong possesses many abilities. He has supernatural strength and is able to support the weight of two heavy mountains on his shoulders while running "with the speed of a meteor". He is extremely fast, able to travel 108,000 li (54,000 km, 34,000 mi) in one somersault. He has vast memorization skills and can remember every monkey ever born. As king of
2511-521: The 72 Earthly Transformations. After seven years of training with the sage, Wukong gains the secret formula to immortality. It is noted that the Court of Heaven does not approve of this method of immortality. In the middle of the night, Wukong’s soul is tied up and dragged to the World of Darkness. He is informed there that his life in the human world has come to an end. In anger, Wukong fights his way through
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2592-597: The Chinese Chu kingdom (700–223 BC), and various legends about gibbons and monkeys in Chu and its successors. These legends and religious practices, alongside doctrine from Taoist organizations that reinforced them and combined elements from all five kinds of traditional religious Taoism gave rise to stories and art motifs during the Han dynasty , eventually contributing to the Monkey King figure. According to Journey to
2673-608: The Chinese word yuán (猿) referred specifically to gibbons until they were extirpated throughout most of the country due to habitat destruction (around the 14th century). In modern usage, however, yuán is a generic word for ape. Early Chinese writers viewed the "noble" gibbons, gracefully moving high in the treetops, as the "gentlemen" ( jūnzǐ , 君子) of the forest, in contrast to the greedy macaques , attracted by human food. The Taoists ascribed occult properties to gibbons, believing them to be able to live for several hundred years and to turn into humans. Gibbon figurines as old as from
2754-487: The Court of Heaven seeks help from Buddha , who imprisons Wukong under a mountain, after having tricked him into agreeing to a wager. Wukong’s immortality and abilities ultimately come into use after Guanyin suggests he becomes a disciple of Tang Sanzang in the Journey to the West . In the story, he protects Sanzang from evil demons who wish to eat Sanzang to achieve immortality. Wukong’s own immortality protects him from
2835-515: The Demon King of Confusion is kidnapping the monkeys of the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit to use as slaves. He subsequently kills the demon and his minions, saving the kidnapped monkeys. He also brings the entire weapon storage of a nearby country for his subjects but is unable to find a weapon fit for himself. Upon hearing that Dragon Kings possess many treasures, he travels the oceans and finds
2916-519: The Dragon King feigns willingness and hospitality, ordering his underlings to bring out weapon after weapon. Sun Wukong tests each weapon, but none are robust enough for the Monkey King, who is unhappy with the situation. Sun Wukong then acquires the golden-banded staff Ruyi Jingu Bang /Ding Hai Shen Zhen (如意金箍棒/定海神针), the stabilizer of the Four Seas and a treasure of Ao Guang . The Monkey King
2997-624: The Dragon Kings, then defies Hell ’s attempt to collect his soul. He wipes his name out of the Book of Life and Death, a collection of books claimed to have every name of every mortal alive and the ability to manipulate lifespan, along with the names of all monkeys known to him. The kings of the Diyu report him to the Jade Emperor . The heavenly army uses everything, even trying to erase him from existence altogether, but ultimately fails. Hoping that
3078-880: The Heavenly Horses”, a fancy name for a stable boy. Angered by this, Wukong rebels, and the Havoc in Heaven begins. During the Havoc in Heaven, Wukong is assigned to be the “Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden ”. The garden includes three types of peaches, each of which grants over 3,000 years of life. The first type blooms every three thousand years. Anyone who eats it will become immortal, and their body will become both light and strong. The second type blooms every six thousand years. Anyone who eats it will be able to fly and enjoy eternal youth. The third type blooms every nine thousand years. Anyone who eats it will become “eternal as heaven and earth, as long-lived as
3159-487: The Longevity Mountain ( 萬壽山 ) every 10,000 years. While one smell can grant 360 years of life, consuming one will grant another 47,000 years of life. In addition to all of the immortality-granting wines and medicines that the Monkey King had consumed while in heaven, upon reaching the Buddha’s temple, pilgrims were provided with Buddhist equivalents of such foods, therefore making Sun Wukong even more immortal;
3240-586: The Monkey King iron pellets when he is hungry, and molten copper when he is thirsty. Five hundred years later, the Bodhisattva Guanyin searches for disciples to protect a pilgrim on a journey to the West to retrieve the Buddhist sutras . In the hearing of this, the Monkey King offers to serve the pilgrim, Tang Sanzang , a monk of the Tang dynasty , in exchange for his freedom after the pilgrimage
3321-621: The Monkey King is allowed to journey to the West. Throughout the novel, the Monkey King faithfully helps Tang Sanzang on his journey to India . They are joined by “Pigsy” ( 猪八戒 Zhū Bājiè ) and “Sandy” ( 沙悟淨 Shā Wùjìng ), both of whom accompany the priest to atone for their previous crimes. Tang Sanzang’s safety is constantly under threat from demons and other supernatural beings, as well as bandits, as they believe that by eating Tang Sanzang’s flesh, one will obtain immortality and great power. The Monkey King often acts as Tang Sanzang’s bodyguard to combat these threats. The group encounters
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3402-455: The Monkey King roams Heaven while all the gods and goddesses are on their way to the banquet. He reaches high levels of the palace that the authorities of Heaven leave unguarded, for they can only be accessed by deities of the highest and purest spiritual power. Upon realizing that he is at the top of the 33 layers of the heavenly palace, Sun Wukong steals and consumes Laozi ’s Pills of Immortality and Xi Wangmu ’s Peaches of Immortality , takes
3483-787: The Monkey King single-handedly defeats the Army of Heaven’s 100,000 celestial warriors, all 28 constellations, Nezha , and all of the Four Heavenly Kings . Then Guanyin , the Boddhisattva of Mercy, and her disciple Muzha /Moksha arrive. Guanyin sends Muzha to inspect the situation and fight Sun Wukong. Muzha is defeated, and then Guanyin suggests the Jade Emperor’s nephew Erlang Shen fight Wukong. Wukong and Erlang are evenly matched and eventually, both turn into terrifying figures, which scares Wukong’s monkey army away. Sun Wukong
3564-467: The West , the Monkey King is born from a strong magic stone that sits atop the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit . The stone is said to receive the nurture of heaven ( yang ), which possesses a positive nature, and earth ( yin ), which possesses a negative nature, and thus is able to produce living beings, according to Taoist philosophies. The stone develops a magic womb, which bursts open one day to produce
3645-431: The West in person. After listening to Sun Wukong, who makes a case that he should be the new Jade Emperor, the Buddha makes a bet that the Monkey King cannot escape from his palm. The Monkey King smugly accepts the bet. He leaps and flies all the way to the edge of the universe. Seeing nothing there but five towering pillars, the Monkey King believes that he has reached the end of all existence. To prove his trail, he marks
3726-407: The World of Darkness to complain to “The Ten Kings”, who are the judges of the dead. The Ten Kings try to address the complaint and calm Wukong by saying many people in the world have the same name and the fetchers of the dead may have gotten the wrong name. Wukong demands to see the register of life and death, then scribbles out his name, thus making him untouchable by the fetchers of death, along with
3807-562: The Year of the Gibbon and initiated events to be held around the world in zoos to promote awareness of the status of gibbons. Sinologist Robert van Gulik concluded gibbons were widespread in central and southern China until at least the Song dynasty , and furthermore, based on an analysis of references to primates in Chinese poetry and other literature and their portrayal in Chinese paintings,
3888-460: The ability to turn anyone who drinks it into an immortal. While drunk from the heavenly wine, Wukong stumbles into Laozi ’s alchemy lab, where he finds Laozi’s pills of longevity , known as “The Immortals’ Greatest Treasure”. Filled with curiosity about the pills, Wukong eats a gourd of them. Those who eat the pills will become immortal. If Wukong had not been drunk from the heavenly wine, he would not have stumbled into Laozi’s alchemy lab and eaten
3969-399: The banquet except for him. When he tells the maidens he is the Great Sage Equal of Heaven, the maidens giggle, replying that everyone in Heaven knows he is merely an immortal who tends to the peach garden. The Monkey King’s indignation then turns to open defiance. During the preparations for the Royal Banquet, Sun Wukong sneaks in to taste the fine foods and drink royal wine. In a tipsy state,
4050-426: The common hominoid ancestor to today's gibbons. No common specific sequence element in the independent rearrangements was found, while 46% of the gibbon-human synteny breakpoints occur in segmental duplication regions. This is an indication that these major differences in humans and gibbons could have had a common source of plasticity or change. Researchers view this unusually high rate of chromosomal rearrangement that
4131-421: The crucible is hot enough to burn beings of so much unspeakable power that they rival Buddha himself. When the cauldron is opened 49 days later, the Monkey King jumps out, having survived by hiding in a corner marked by the wind trigram, where there is less fire. The heat from the samadhi fires has reinforced his bodily frame, making him stronger than ever before and impervious to greater damage. The heat gives him
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#17327732237424212-403: The fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. Depending on the species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark- to light-brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely "white" gibbon is rare. The English word "gibbon" is a reborrowing from French and may originally derive from an Orang Asli word. Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that
4293-401: The first apes to diverge from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 Mya. With a genome that has a 96% similarity to humans, the gibbon has a role as a bridge between Old World monkeys, such as macaques , and the great apes. According to a study that mapped synteny (genes occurring on the same chromosome) disruptions in the gibbon and human genome, humans and great apes are part of
4374-404: The four genera are ordered as ( Symphalangus , ( Nomascus , ( Hoolock , Hylobates ))). Symphalangus Nomascus Hoolock Hylobates A coalescent-based species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as ( Hylobates , ( Nomascus , ( Hoolock , Symphalangus ))). Hylobates Nomascus Hoolock Symphalangus At
4455-559: The generic and species names Symphalangus and syndactylus . Like all primates, gibbons are social animals. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances up to 1 km (0.62 mi), consists of a duet between a mated pair, with their young sometimes joining in. In most species, males and some females sing solos to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories. The song can be used to identify not only which species of gibbon
4536-597: The gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys ). Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting . An analysis based on morphology suggests that
4617-462: The gibbons that had its genome sequenced is a white-cheeked gibbon ( Nomascus leucogenys , NLE) named Asia. The team found that a jumping DNA element named LAVA transposon (also called gibbon-specific retrotransposon) is unique to the gibbon genome apart from humans and the great apes. The LAVA transposon increases mutation rate, thus is supposed to have contributed to the rapid and greater change in gibbons in comparison to their close relatives, which
4698-787: The hoolock gibbons. The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50). Also, three extinct genera currently are recognised: Bunopithecus , Junzi , and Yuanmoupithecus . Family Hylobatidae : gibbons Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, within
4779-674: The islands of Sumatra , Borneo and Java ). Also called the lesser apes , gibbons differ from the great apes ( chimpanzees , gorillas , orangutans and humans ) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism , and not making nests. Like all of the apes, gibbons are tailless . Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds . Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation , involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as fast as 55 km/h (34 mph). They can also make leaps up to 8 m (26 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are
4860-490: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Monkey&oldid=933143918 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sun Wukong Sun Wukong ( Chinese : 孫悟空 , Mandarin pronunciation: [swə́n ûkʰʊ́ŋ] ), also known as
4941-470: The lowest position, the Monkey King sets the Cloud Horses free from the stable, then returns to his own kingdom and proclaims himself The Great Sage, Heaven’s Equal . The Heavens reluctantly recognize his self-proclaimed title after Gold Star advises the Jade Emperor against rushing into military action against the ‘brash, rude and impudent’ monkey, warning that failing to defeat Monkey would harm
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#17327732237425022-436: The magical staff, the Monkey King encourages the Dragon King to gift him attire fit for a King. The Dragon King calls upon the Dragon Kings for assistance, and they arrive and give Sun Wukong a golden chain mail shirt (鎖子黃金甲, Suǒzihuángjīnjiǎ ), a phoenix - feather cap ( 鳳翅紫金冠 Fèngchìzǐjinguān ), and cloud-walking boots ( 藕絲步雲履 Ǒusībùyúnlǚ ). Sun Wukong thanks the Dragon Kings and leaves happy. Upon his return to
5103-1010: The monk was supposed to suffer and he also cured a king who had been ill for many years, and knew properties of herbs no one knew of. Wukong also mentions being sworn brothers with Erlang Shen . Sun Wukong is known/pronounced as Syun Ng -hung in Cantonese , Son Gokū in Japanese, Sonogong in Korean , Sun Ngō͘-Khong in Minnan / Hokkien , Tôn Ngộ Không in Vietnamese , Sung Ghokong or Sung Gokhong in Javanese , Sun Ngokong in Thai , Wu Khone in Burmese , and Sun Gokong in Malay . Listed in
5184-666: The monkeys, it is his duty to keep track of and protect every monkey. Sun Wukong acquires the 72 Earthly Transformations , which allow him to access 72 unique powers, including the ability to transform into animals and objects. He is a skilled fighter, capable of defeating the best warriors of heaven. His hair has magical properties, capable of making copies of himself or transforming into various weapons, animals and other things. He has partial weather manipulation skills, can freeze people in place, and can become invisible. The supernatural abilities displayed by Wukong and some other characters were widely thought of as "magic powers" by readers at
5265-859: The mountain, Wukong demonstrates the new weapon to his monkey tribe and draws the attention of other beastly powers, who seek to ally with him. He forms a fraternity , the Seven Sages (七聖), with the Bull Demon King ( 牛魔王 ), the Saurian Demon King ( 蛟魔王 ), the Roc Demon King ( 鵬魔王 ), the Lion Spirit King ( 獅狔王 ), the Macaque Spirit King ( 獼猴王 ), and the snub-nosed monkey Spirit King ( 禺狨王 ). The Monkey King, now sentenced to death for extorting
5346-418: The mountain, the monkey joins a group of other wild monkeys. After playing, the monkeys regularly bathe in a stream. One day, they decide to seek the source of the stream and climb the mountain to a waterfall. They declare that whoever goes through the waterfall, finds the stream’s source, and comes out again will become their king. The stone monkey volunteers and jumps into the waterfall. The stone monkey finds
5427-491: The names of all of the monkeys in his tribe. It is because Wukong has learned magical arts as a disciple to Puti Zushi that he can scare the Ten Kings, demanding from them the book of mortals and removing his name, thus making him even more immortal. After this incident, the Ten Kings complained to the Jade Emperor . Soon after the Ten Kings complained to the Jade Emperor, the Court of Heaven appoints Sun Wukong as “Keeper of
5508-456: The notable last execution, Wukong was placed inside Laozi’s furnace in the hope that he would be distilled into the elixir of the pills of immortality. Wukong survives 49 days of the samadhi fire in Laozi’s furnace and gains the ability to recognize evil. Meanwhile, being refined in the crucible extracts yet more of the impurities of mortality and leaves him with another immortality. In desperation,
5589-492: The order that they were acquired: In addition to the names used in the novel, the Monkey King has other names in different languages: Apart from his powerful staff, martial arts skills, and superhuman physical prowess, the Monkey King is notable for wielding a sundry of magic powers, some featured many times throughout the novel and others only once, and most of them cultivated during his Taoist training under Puti Zushi . Said powers include, but are not limited to: Sun Wukong
5670-418: The palace of a Dragon King. At the entrance, Sun Wukong asks for an introduction, but Dragon King Ao Guang tells his guards to turn him away. Sun Wukong barges in anyway, brushing off protests from the guards, insisting the Dragon King must be confused to turn away a fellow king. Inside, he introduces himself and encourages the Dragon King to give him a weapon. Quickly realizing Sun Wukong is quite formidable,
5751-428: The pills of longevity. Following Wukong’s three cause-and-effect methods of immortality during his time in heaven, he escapes back to his home at the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit . The Court of Heaven finds out what Wukong has done and a battle to capture Wukong ensues. Due to the five levels of immortality Wukong has achieved, his body became nearly invincible and survives the multiple execution attempts by heaven. In
5832-471: The remainder of the Jade Emperor’s royal wine, and then escapes back to his kingdom in preparation for his rebellion. The Jade Emperor refuses to accept Gold Star’s counsel to find another peaceful way to deal with Sun Wukong and orders his forces to mobilize. Laughing continuously and fully enjoying himself, and with a combination of martial prowess, guile, and quick-witted creative responses to many different types of powerful Heavenly weapons used against him,
5913-424: The reputation of Heaven. Gold Star advises the Jade Emperor to superficially appease Sun Wukong’s vanity while treating him as a pet, and invite him back to Heaven to keep him from causing trouble on earth. The Jade Emperor agrees after Gold Star laughs that, in reality, the fanciful title is a meaningless joke revealing Sun Wukong’s overconfidence and ignorance of the important workings of Heaven. Sun Wukong suspects
5994-567: The same superfamily ( Hominoidea ) with gibbons. The karyotype of gibbons, however, diverged in a much more rapid fashion from the common hominoid ancestor than other apes. The common ancestor of hominoids is shown to have a minimum of 24 major chromosomal rearrangements from the presumed gibbon ancestor's karyotype. Reaching the common gibbon ancestor's karyotype from today's various living species of gibbons will require up to 28 additional rearrangements. Adding up, this implies that at least 52 major chromosomal rearrangements are needed to compare
6075-441: The shoulder joint. Gibbons also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet and face. Some species such as the siamang have an enlarged throat sac , which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure can become quite large in some species, sometimes equaling
6156-448: The size of the animal's head. Their voices are much more powerful than that of any human singer, although they are at best half a human's height. Gibbon skulls and teeth resemble those of the great apes, and their noses are similar to those of all catarrhine primates. The dental formula is 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 . The siamang, which is the largest of the 18 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each foot stuck together, hence
6237-430: The species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that Hylobates pileatus diverged from H. lar and H. agilis around 3.9 Mya, and H. lar and H. agilis separated around 3.3 Mya. Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus from H. moloch 1.5–3.0 Mya. The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to
6318-516: The sun and moon”. While serving as the guardian, Wukong does not hesitate to eat the peaches, thus granting him immortality and the abilities that come with the peaches. If Wukong had not been appointed as the Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden, he would not have eaten the Peaches of Immortality and would not have gained another level of immortality. Because of Wukong’s rebellious antics, Wukong
6399-600: The time of Journey to the West 's writing, without much differentiation between them despite the various religious traditions that inspired them and their different and varied functions, and were often translated as such in non-Chinese versions of the book. As one of the most enduring Chinese literary characters, the Monkey King has a varied and highly debated background and colorful cultural history. His inspiration might have come from an amalgam of influences, generally relating to religious concepts. One source for inspiration came from differing ways gibbons were venerated during
6480-586: The various ways the demons try to kill him, such as fighting, beheading, disembowelling, poisoning, and boiling oil. Early in the Pilgrimage , Wukong ate another Pill of Immortally, meant for the Black Wind Bear Guai. Sometime during the journey, Wukong and his companions obtain ginseng fruit ( 人參果 ; Man-fruit), a fruit even rarer and more powerful than the Peaches of Immortality, as only 30 of them will grow off one particular tree only found on
6561-412: Was that taught him, and the loyal Monkey King promises never to reveal the identity of his Master. Later, whenever Sun Wukong is asked about his powers and skills, he honestly replies that he learned everything in his dreams. Throughout the rest of the book, however, Sun Wukong is, repeatedly, referred to as a member of the “ Monad Sect ”. After the Monkey King returns home, he learns that a demon called
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