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55-541: Prior to the Garden State Parkway making points south more accessible, Asbury Park was a prominent shore vacation destination in New Jersey; from the late 1800s through mid-century and beyond, the city's establishments had a heavy focus on live musical entertainment. Before becoming a music venue, the building housed a restaurant named Mrs. Jay's , later named Mrs. Jay's Beer Garden, that was frequented by

110-546: A family history , from which 5–10 percent can be attributed to a causative risk gene mutation , although harboring one of these mutations may not lead to the disease. As of 2024, around 90 genetic risk variants across 78 genomic loci have been identified with studies employing next-generation sequencing (NGS) to uncover detailed insights into these genetic factors. Notable risk genes include SNCA , LRRK2 , and VPS35 for autosomal dominant inheritance, and PRKN , PINK1 , and DJ1 for autosomal recessive inheritance. LRRK2

165-469: A motorcycle accident. The club and the community offered the first Asbury Park showing of a photography exhibit spotlighting the city by students of the Rugby School at Woodfield for learning disabled and behaviorally challenged students. The Stone Pony's management also established "The Stone Pony Foundation" to promote music education at the elementary and high school levels. An amplifier

220-474: A Mrs. Jay's T-shirt during the "Paradise City" video. Many bikers drank here and a very large number of motorcycles can be seen parked in front of Mrs. Jay's Beer Garden in photos. Since Mrs. Jay's was an open-air establishment, it was open during the summer months. Mrs Jay's served mostly beer in pitchers or mugs and hotdogs and often featured live music. After a change of ownership in the early to mid-1980s, Mrs. Jay's Beer Garden fell on hard times and eventually

275-505: A clear sensorium . It might overlap with other psychiatric symptoms, making the diagnosis challenging. Impulse-control disorders (ICD) can be seen in approximately 19 percent of all patients and, in the context of PD, are grouped along with compulsive behavior and dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) within the broader spectrum of impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICB). They are characterized by impulsivity and difficulty to control impulsive urges and are positively correlated with

330-402: A dancers see through blouse resulted in a police raid and the quick demise of Go-Go at Mrs. Jay's. The Wiener's sold off the restaurant in the 1970s keeping only the beer garden, which by this time had become a popular music scene and bikers hangout. In 1974, the new owners of the restaurant building converted it into the nightclub known as The Stone Pony. Steven Adler from Guns N' Roses wore

385-738: A direct role in neurodegeneration , while Lewy bodies are thought to serve as an indirect marker of disease progression. A vicious cycle linked to neurodegeneration involves oxidative stress , mitochondria, and neuroimmune function, particularly inflammation . Normal metabolism of dopamine tends to fail, leading to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is cytotoxic and causes cellular damage to lipids , proteins , DNA , and especially mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage triggers neuroinflammatory responses via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), resulting in aggregation of neuromelanin , and therefore, fueling further neuroinflammation by activating microglia . Ferroptosis

440-545: A few contributing factors have been identified. Pathophysiology is characterized by progressively expanding nerve cell death originating in substantia nigra , a midbrain region that supplies dopamine to the basal ganglia , a system involved in voluntary motor control . The cause of this cell death is poorly understood but involves alpha-synuclein aggregation into Lewy bodies within the neurons . Other possible factors involve genetic and environmental mechanisms, medications, lifestyle, and previous conditions. Diagnosis

495-485: A major DNA damage -repair signaling kinase , and non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway. Identifying environmental risk factors and causality is difficult due to the disease's often decade-long prodromal period. Most noteworthy environmental factors include pesticide exposure and contact with heavy metals. In particular, exposure to pesticides such as paraquat , rotenone , benomyl , and mancozeb causes one in five cases, implying an association with

550-430: A polyglot community of tourists, high school and college students, and bikers. During the mid-1960s, Mrs. Jay's management began to allow bands to perform. After the restaurant and beer garden went out of business in 1968, allegedly over a waitress wearing a see-through blouse, Mrs. Jay's reopened two doors south. The second incarnation of Mrs. Jays became a notorious biker hangout in its later days before being demolished in

605-413: Is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Other autonomic-related symptoms include excessive sweating, urinary incontinence , and sexual dysfunction . Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common and range from mild disturbances to severe impairment, comprising abnormalities in cognition, mood, behavior, or thought which can interfere with daily activities, reduce quality of life, and increase

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660-403: Is caused by a distinct biomechanical process or if it is the manifestation of another cardinal sign of PD. Postural instability (PI) is typical in the later stages of the disease, leading to impaired balance and falls , and secondarily to bone fractures, thus, reduced mobility and quality of life. PI is absent in the initial stages and usually occurs 10–15 years after first diagnosis. Within

715-507: Is considered one of the primary contributing factors for nigrostriatal neuron death in PD. When overexpressed or misfolded , it can form clumps on axon terminals and other neuronal structures, particularly its typical locations: the cytoplasm , mitochondria and nucleus . These aggregates eventually lead to the formation of Lewy bodies . Their precursors, known as oligomers , along with initial deposits called pale bodies, are believed to play

770-502: Is estimated to be responsible for 1-2% of all cases of PD and 40% of familial cases. Additionally, mutations in the GBA1 gene, linked to Gaucher's disease , are found in 5–10 percent of PD cases. The GBA1 variant of genetic PD more commonly involves cognitive decline. Alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a protein encoded by SNCA gene , is thought to be primarily responsible Lewy body aggregation. ASyn activates ATM serine/threonine kinase ,

825-969: Is known to be present in up to 55 percent of PD patients. While it is responsible for most of paresthesia and pain in Parkingson Disease, its role in postural instability and motor impairment is poorly understood. Alterations in the autonomic nervous system , known as dysautonomia , are associated with a variety of symptoms such as gastrointestinal dysfunction , orthostatic hypotension , excessive sweating, or urinary incontinence. Gastrointestinal issues include constipation, impaired stomach emptying , immoderate production of saliva , and swallowing difficulty (prevalence up to 82 percent). Complications resulting from dysphagia include dehydration , malnutrition, weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia . All gastrointestinal features can be severe enough to cause discomfort, endanger health, and complicate disease management. Despite being related to each other,

880-519: Is mainly based on signs and symptoms , usually motor-related, found via neurological examination , though medical imaging like neuromelanin MRI can support the diagnosis. Usual onset is in people over 60 years of age, of whom about one percent are affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed "early-onset PD". No cure is known; treatment aims to lessen symptoms. Initial treatment typically includes L-DOPA , MAO-B inhibitors , or dopamine agonists . As

935-461: Is near-normal. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems , characterized by the loss of dopamine -producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. It is classified as a synucleinopathy due to the abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein , which aggregates into Lewy bodies within affected neurons. The loss of dopamine-producing neurons in

990-428: Is the most common presenting sign and may appear at rest as well as during intentional movement with a frequency between 4–6  hertz (cycles per second). PD tremor tends to occur in the hands, but can affect other parts of the body, such as legs, arms, tongue, or lips, as well. It is often described as " pill-rolling ", the tendency of the index finger and thumb to touch and perform a circular movement that reminds of

1045-476: Is usually held at The Stone Pony. The awards recognize excellence in the region's music community. The format for the ceremony is similar to that of the Grammy Awards . It features the presentation of awards between performances of live, original music and poetry. The event is jointly sponsored by The Stone Pony, The Saint , WBJB-FM , and The Aquarian Weekly . The club was renovated in 2000, preserving

1100-672: The autonomic or sensory nervous system, mood , behavior, sleep patterns, and cognition. Non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by up to 20 years. These include constipation, anosmia , mood disorders , and REM sleep behavior disorder among others. In general, motor symptoms such as postural instability and gait abnormalities tend to appear as the disease progresses. Four motor symptoms are considered as cardinal signs in PD: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, collectively known as parkinsonism . However, other motor-associated symptoms are common. Tremor

1155-590: The dopaminergic system which plays a central role in motor control . Three major pathways connect the basal ganglia to other brain areas: direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathway, all part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop . The direct pathway projects from the neocortex to putamen or caudate nucleus of the striatum, which sends inhibitory GABAergic signals to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). This inhibition reduces GABAergic signaling to ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) nuclei of

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1210-478: The thalamus , thereby promoting their projections to the motor cortex . The indirect pathway projects inhibition from striatum to external globus pallidus (GPe), reducing its GABAergic inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus , pars reticulata and internal globus pallidus. This reduction in inhibition allows the subthalamic nucleus to excite internal globus pallidus and pars reticulata, which in turn inhibit thalamic activity, thereby suppressing excitatory signals to

1265-473: The Asbury Park community. The club and the city co-sponsored a weekend-long Asbury Park Festival along the oceanfront. The festival was free to the public and featured local arts and crafts vendors as well as live music both inside and outside the club. The U.S. Postal Service created a special cancellation for the event, and hundreds of people lined up to have envelopes stamped for the occasion. The club

1320-549: The Second Avenue location, but with the help of their daughter Jeanette and son-in-law Murray Wiener, eventually purchased the seasonal snack bar along with the property and established a family restaurant naming it Mrs. Jay's. John and Ida also opened Mrs. Jay's Beer Garden located on Ocean Avenue to the left of the restaurant serving 2% beer until the end of prohibition in 1933. Starting in 1965, Mrs. Jay's Beer Garden briefly offered Go-Go dancing as entertainment, but

1375-554: The Stone Pony. Eventually, the music community prevailed, and a vibrant live music scene reemerged and crowds returned. "A visit to The Stone Pony has been considered a pilgrimage to rock 'n' roll fans around the world. "It is a place that is important not just to us, but to the world," New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman said as she officially reopened the club on Memorial Day weekend 2000. Before it reopened in 2000, The Stone Pony owners promised to become involved in

1430-503: The body. The symptoms usually emerge slowly, and, as the disease progresses, non-motor symptoms become more common. Usually symptoms include tremors , slowness of movement , rigidity , and difficulty with balance , collectively known as parkinsonism . Parkinson's disease dementia , falls and neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities , psychosis , mood swings , or behavioral changes may also arise in advanced stages. Most cases of Parkinson's disease are sporadic , but

1485-627: The character associated with its early years while adding a permanent exhibition of art and artifacts from the history of the city and the venue itself. State-of-the-art lighting and sound equipment were installed, and outside, facing the Atlantic Ocean , The Stone Pony Landing area was redone with a beach motif, tenting and food facility. Fans and artists continued to support the Pony, and the Asbury Park Music Awards returned to

1540-451: The characteristic reduced facial expression known as "masked face" or hypomimia . Rigidity , also referred to as rigor or "stiffness", is the increased resistance during passive mobilization of a limb affecting up to 89 percent of cases. It usually occurs after onset of tremor and bradykinesia on one or both sides of the body and can lead to muscle or joint pain as the disease progresses. As of 2024, it remains unclear whether rigidity

1595-670: The club has been designated as an official drop-off point for the Food Banks of Monmouth and Ocean Counties . The club held a fundraising event for the Jersey Shore Jazz and Blues Foundation, the Acoustic Musicians Guild, sponsored a concert at which Bruce Springsteen appeared in support of the Parkinson's Disease Foundation, and held a benefit event for the family of a young man who lost his life in

1650-478: The disease progresses, these medications become less effective and produce a side effect marked by involuntary muscle movements . Diet and certain forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms. Deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce severe motor symptoms when drugs are ineffective. There is little evidence for treatment of the non-movement-related symptoms, such as sleep disturbances and mood instability. The average life expectancy

1705-405: The disease. Neuronal cell death has been linked to noumerous mechanisms, with the most prominent being the misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein , oxidative stress , neuroinflammation , ferroptosis , mitochondrial dysfunction , and gut dysbiosis. Alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a protein involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking , intracellular transport , and neurotransmitter release ,

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1760-610: The early pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills. Despite it being the most noticeable sign, tremor is present in only about 70–90 percent of cases. Bradykinesia is often considered the most important feature of Parkinson's disease and is also present in atypical parkinsonism. It describes difficulties in motor planning , beginning, and executing, resulting in overall slowed movement with reduced amplitude which affects sequential and simultaneous tasks. Hence, it interferes with daily activities such as dressing, feeding and bathing. Facial muscles involved in bradykinesia lead to

1815-470: The exact mechanism of these symptoms remains unknown. Orthostatic hypotension is the sustained drop of blood pressure by at least 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic within the first three minutes after raising to an upright position that can be seen in 30–50 percent of cases. Low blood pressure can impair the perfusion of organs situated above the heart, particularly the brain, resulting in lightheadedness . This can eventually lead to fainting and

1870-456: The exact neurobiological mechanism, and therefore possible connections with other symptoms, remains unknown. Transformation of the sensory nervous system can lead to changes in sensation that include an impaired sense of smell , disturbed vision , pain, and paresthesia . Problems with visuospatial function may arise and lead to difficulties in facial recognition and perception of the orientation of drawn lines. Peripheral neuropathy

1925-409: The first three years after disease onset, PI may indicate atypical parkinsonism. Together with bradykinesia and rigidity, it is responsible for the typical gait characterized by short shuffling steps and forward-flexed posture . Other common motor signs include a slurred and quiet voice, and handwriting that progressively becomes smaller . This latter may occur prior to other typical symptoms, but

1980-408: The general population. Apathy is characterized by emotional indifference and arises in about 46 percent of cases. Diagnosis is difficult, as it may become indistinct from symptoms of depression. Anxiety disorders develop in around 43 percent of cases. The most common are panic disorder , generalized anxiety disorder , and social anxiety disorder . Anxiety is known to cause deterioration in

2035-526: The initial motor symptoms. Individual presentation of symptoms vary, although most of people affected by PD show an altered circadian rhythm at some point of disease progression. PD is associated with a variety of skin disorders that include melanoma , seborrheic dermatitis , bullous pemphigoid , and rosacea . Seborrheic dermatitis is recognized as a premotor feature that indicates dysautonomia and demonstrates that PD can be detected not only by changes of nervous tissue , but tissue abnormalities outside

2090-405: The late 1980s. Harley-Davidsons lined entire blocks after cruising the circuit. The building that originally housed Mrs. Jay's reopened in fall 1973 as The Stone Pony. Many of the world's most popular musical artists have played on its stage. In 1991, The Stone Pony filed for bankruptcy after a series of drunk-driving lawsuits. However, the nightclub reopened in 1992. Because of its importance to

2145-465: The most common NPS and occurs in nearly half of all patients. It features low mood and lack of pleasure and is more prevalent in women. The diagnosis can be challenging since some symptoms of depression such as psychomotor retardation , memory problems, or altered appetite, share similarities with psychiatric signs caused by PD. It may result in suicidal ideation which is more prevalent in PD. Nonetheless, suicidal attempts themselves are lower than in

2200-682: The motor cortex. The hyperdirect pathway is an additional glutamatergic pathway that projects from the frontal lobe to subthalamic nucleus, modulating basal ganglia activity with rapid excitatory input. The striatum and other basal ganglia structures contain D1 and D2 receptor neurons that modulate the previously described pathways. Consequently, dopaminergic dysfunction in these systems can disrupt their respective components— motor , oculomotor , associative , limbic , and orbitofrontal circuits (each named for its primary projection area)—leading to symptoms related to movement, attention, and learning in

2255-461: The music world, there was a national outcry when there was talk of closing the Pony during the late 1990s. The Stone Pony was repeatedly opened and closed as developers targeted Asbury Park through the beginning of the new millennium, and musicians and patrons organized and rallied in support of The Stone Pony. The annual Asbury Park Music Awards ceremony, founded in 1993 as "The Golden T-Bird Awards" and renamed "The Asbury Park Music Awards" in 1995,

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2310-528: The nervous system as well. As of 2024, the underlying cause of PD is unknown, yet is assumed to be influenced primarily by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Nonetheless, the most significant risk factor is age with a prevalence of 1 percent in those aged over 65 and approximately 4.3 percent in age over 85. Genetic components comprise SNCA , LRRK2 , and PARK2 among others, while environmental risks include exposure to pesticides or heavy metals . Timing of exposure factor may influence

2365-434: The onset of PD. Risk is increased by co-exposure to, for example, glyphosate and MPTP . Harmful heavy metals include mainly manganese , iron , lead , mercury , aluminium , and cadmium . On the other hand, magnesium shows neuroprotective features. Other chemical compounds include trichloroethylene and MPTP . Traumatic brain injury is also strongly implicated as a risk factor. Additionally, although

2420-437: The progression or severity of certain stages. However, caffeine and nicotine exhibit neuroprotective features, hence lowering the risk of PD. About 85 percent of cases occur sporadic , meaning that there is no family history. PD, in a narrow sense, can be seen as a genetic disease; heritability is estimated to lie between 22 and 40 percent, across different ethnicities. Around 15 percent of diagnosed individuals have

2475-400: The risk for admission to a nursing home . Some of them, such as depression and anxiety, are known to precede characteristic motor signs by up to several years and may herald the development of PD, while most of them worsen as the disease progresses. Research indicates that patients with more severe motor symptoms are at higher risk for any NPS. Conversely, NPS can worsen PD. Depression is

2530-509: The second iteration of Mrs. Jay's. 40°13′12″N 74°00′02″W  /  40.21995°N 74.00058°W  / 40.21995; -74.00058 Mrs. Jay%27s Mrs. Jay's was a popular bar and restaurant located in Asbury Park, New Jersey . It was founded by John and Ida Jacobs and was located on Ocean and Second Ave., the current location of The Stone Pony . John and Ida started by selling hot dogs to tourists in 1922 at

2585-417: The stage there, with entertainment seven nights a week. Sometime later, the beer garden structure was razed with the empty lot being acquired by the Stone Pony for use as an outdoor concert venue. Parkinson%27s disease Parkinson's disease ( PD ), or simply Parkinson's , is a neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of

2640-767: The substantia nigra initially presents as movement abnormalities, leading to Parkinson's further categorization as a movement disorder . In 30% of cases, disease progression leads to the cognitive decline known as Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Alongside dementia with Lewy bodies , PDD is one of the two subtypes of Lewy body dementia . The four cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's— bradykinesia (slowed movements), postural instability , rigidity , and tremor —are called parkinsonism . These four symptoms are not exclusive to Parkinson's and can occur in many other conditions, including HIV infection and recreational drug use . Neurodegenerative diseases that feature parkinsonism but have distinct differences are grouped under

2695-495: The symptoms of PD. Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) is present in around 20 percent of cases and comprises hallucinations , illusions and delusions . It is associated with dopaminergic drugs used to treat the motor symptoms, higher morbidity, mortality, a decrease in health-promoting behaviors, and longer nursing home stays. Additionally, it correlates with depression and may herald onset of dementia in advanced stages. Unlike other psychotic forms, PDP typically presents with

2750-453: The umbrella of Parkinson-plus syndromes or, alternatively, atypical parkinsonian disorders. Parkinson's disease can result from genetic factors or be idiopathic , in which there is no clearly identifiable cause. The latter, also called sporadic Parkinson's, makes up some 85–90% of cases. The defining symptoms affect the motor system and include tremor , bradykinesia , rigidity , and postural instability . Other symptoms may affect

2805-509: The underlying cause is unknown, melanoma is documented to be associated with PD. Low levels of urate in the blood are associated with an increased risk while Helicobacter pylori infection can prevent the absorption of some drugs, including L-DOPA . Main pathological feature is cell death of dopamine -releasing neurons within, among other regions, the basal ganglia , more precisely pars compacta of substantia nigra and partially striatum , thus impeding nigrostriatal pathway of

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2860-710: The use of dopamine agonists. Cognitive disturbances can occur in early stages or before diagnosis, and increase in prevalence and severity with duration of the disease. Ranging from mild cognitive impairment to severe Parkinson's disease dementia , they feature executive dysfunction , slowed cognitive processing speed , and disrupted perception and estimation of time. Sleep disorders are common in PD and affect about two thirds of all patients. They comprise insomnia , excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), restless legs syndrome (RLS), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), many of which can be worsened by medication. RBD may begin years prior to

2915-514: The venue closed around the end of the decade, a victim of the disintegrating Asbury Park beach front area. During its existence until its final closing, it played host to many of the local scene's most popular bands and solo artists, capitalizing on the seaside shore town's nightlife scene. Bands such as the Tim Ryan Band, The Z Band, The Mango Brothers and The Acme Boogie Company were among the many local talents that regularly could be found on

2970-485: Was open in the evening, and part of the proceeds was donated to the Stephen Crane House on Fourth Avenue in the city, where the author of The Red Badge of Courage lived during much of his short life. The Stone Pony has hosted events supporting Asbury Park-area community groups and charities. Proceeds from a concert entitled "Remembering Harry Chapin " benefited a charity that fights world hunger , and

3025-504: Was purchased for an aspiring teenage blues guitarist from the area, and the club was a sponsor for an event at another venue which benefited music and art education in Asbury Park schools. Stone Pony Summer Stage is the May-to-October outdoor venue at the Stone Pony; its capacity of 4,500 is far larger than the club's indoor 850-person capacity. It is on the site of the former live music venue, beer garden and biker bar known as

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