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98-593: Storm Eunice ( / ˈ j uː n ɪ s / ) (known as Storm Zeynep in Germany and Storm Nora in Denmark) was an extremely powerful extratropical cyclone with hurricane-force winds that was part of the 2021–2022 European windstorm season . Storm Eunice was named by the UK Met Office on 14 February 2022. A red weather warning was issued on 17 February for parts of South West England and South Wales , with

196-466: A category 5 hurricane . In the Arctic , the average pressure for cyclones is 980 millibars (28.94 inHg) during the winter, and 1,000 millibars (29.53 inHg) during the summer. Tropical cyclones often transform into extratropical cyclones at the end of their tropical existence, usually between 30° and 40° latitude, where there is sufficient forcing from upper-level troughs or shortwaves riding

294-619: A sting jet similarly to the Great Storm of 1987 . The roof of the Ghelamco Arena was damaged, resulting in the postponement of the First Division A match between Gent and Seraing scheduled for 18 February. In Tournai , parts of a crane were torn loose and fell on a hospital, damaging the roof and top floor. The town centre of Asse had to be evacuated due to the risk of a church tower collapsing. Public transport

392-400: A Status Red wind warning for counties Cork , Kerry , Clare and Waterford , while all schools, colleges, universities and childcare facilities were advised to close in counties with Status Red wind and Orange snow warnings. A number of flights, ferry crossings, bus and train services were cancelled throughout the country. A gust of wind with a speed of 172 kilometres per hour (107 mph)

490-649: A chapter of canons . Saint Nicholas and Saint Denis (gone 18th century) were the two other parish churches and possessions of the Norbertine abbey of Saint Nicholas. The 15th century saw the construction of a new city hall, which is known today as the Pavilion of the Spanish officers, from its use in the 17th century as military headquarters. As most of the "Westhoek" (the Western part of the county of Flanders ),

588-454: A cyclone occludes, a tr ough o f w arm air al oft—or "trowal" for short—will be caused by strong southerly winds on its eastern periphery rotating aloft around its northeast, and ultimately into its northwestern periphery (also known as the warm conveyor belt), forcing a surface trough to continue into the cold sector on a similar curve to the occluded front. The trowal creates the portion of an occluded cyclone known as its comma head , due to

686-534: A damaged roof near Cuxhaven , Lower Saxony in the municipality of Wurster Nordseeküste . In Hamburg , a storm surge up the River Elbe reached 3.75m. A 55-meter crane collapsed on an under-construction office building in Bremen . A post mill at Klettbach , Thuringia was blown down. Photographs show that the main post had snapped where the quarterbars join and the mill had blown over onto its side. It

784-406: A definitive lower to mid-level warm core structure. A warm seclusion, the result of a baroclinic lifecycle, occurs at latitudes well poleward of the tropics. As latent heat flux releases are important for their development and intensification, most warm seclusion events occur over the oceans ; they may impact coastal nations with hurricane force winds and torrential rain . Climatologically,

882-638: A falling tree; one of them was a cyclist. A driver in Diemen was struck and killed by a falling tree as well. A fourth person died in Adorp near Groningen , after colliding with a fallen tree in their car. The roof of the ADO Den Haag Stadium was damaged. In the early evening of 18 February, several houses in The Hague were evacuated following reported instability in one of the two towers of

980-415: A favorable quadrant of a maximum in the upper level jetstream known as a jet streak. The favorable quadrants are usually at the right rear and left front quadrants, where divergence ensues. The divergence causes air to rush out from the top of the air column. As mass in the column is reduced, atmospheric pressure at surface level (the weight of the air column) is reduced. The lowered pressure strengthens

1078-413: A frontal boundary, eventually occluding and reaching a barotropically cold environment. It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries. This theory still retains merit, as it is a good description for extratropical cyclones over continental landmasses. A second competing theory for extratropical cyclone development over

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1176-471: A highest recorded wind of 220 km/h (140 mph), resulting in the loss of 19 lives, 15 million trees, widespread damage to homes and an estimated economic cost of £ 1.2 billion ( US$ 2.3 billion). Although most tropical cyclones that become extratropical quickly dissipate or are absorbed by another weather system, they can still retain winds of hurricane or gale force. In 1954, Hurricane Hazel became extratropical over North Carolina as

1274-661: A nor'easter caused at least 286 deaths in the Northeastern United States, one of the deadliest nor'easters on record. 62 years later in 2022 , a winter storm caused $ 8.5 billion in damages and 106 deaths across the United States and Canada. In September 1954, the extratropical remnants of Typhoon Marie caused the Tōya Maru to run aground and capsize in the Tsugaru Strait . 1,159 out of

1372-624: A pickup truck when it was crushed by a falling tree. The passenger was pronounced dead at the scene while the driver was taken to hospital with serious injuries. In London , large sections of The O2 Arena 's fabric roof were torn away. Two lorries overturned on the M4 westbound between Margam and Port Talbot . The storm blew the top of the spire off Church of St Thomas, Wells , Somerset . The de Havilland Venom display plane outside Grove Business Park, Wantage , Oxfordshire collapsed in high winds. In Reading , The Cartwheeling Boys statue collapsed in

1470-676: A pile of rubble. One of the three towers at Grain Power Station collapsed, and the power station was taken offline for safety. The early 21st century bandstand at the De La Warr Pavilion on Bexhill-on-Sea seafront in East Sussex was destroyed. Cladding on a Leeds tower block was ripped off. Preston Railway Station was evacuated after the roof suffered structural damage. The station was subsequently deemed unsafe, with Network Rail warning passengers to avoid it. It

1568-642: A pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg), with the possibility of a pressure between 912–913 mbar (26.9–27.0 inHg), lower than the Braer Storm. The most intense extratropical cyclone across the North Pacific Ocean occurred in November 2014, when a cyclone partially related to Typhoon Nuri reached a record low pressure of 920 mbar (27 inHg). In October 2021, the most intense Pacific Northwest windstorm occurred off

1666-800: A red warning. Schools were widely closed, along with public facilities (e.g. libraries), delivery services, sea crossings, and several bridges. The Humber Bridge , Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and the Orwell Bridge were closed; the closure of the Severn Bridge and the Prince of Wales Bridge made it the first time that both Severn bridges have been closed simultaneously, and the first time the Prince of Wales bridge had been closed due to wind. The Langstone Bridge closed for almost three hours over fears of high tide surges, cutting off Hayling Island as

1764-701: A second red warning issued on 18 February, the day the storm struck, for London , the South East and East of England . Eunice set a new record for the fastest wind gust recorded in England with 122 miles per hour (196 km/h) at The Needles , Isle of Wight . The storm was one of the most powerful to impact the south coast of England since the Great Storm of 1987 . The storm caused a huge amount of damage in parts of Western , Central and Northern Europe ; millions of people were left without power across affected areas, and many homes had sustained damage. The UK

1862-526: A strong Category 3 storm. The Columbus Day Storm of 1962 , which evolved from the remains of Typhoon Freda, caused heavy damage in Oregon and Washington , with widespread damage equivalent to at least a Category 3. In 2005, Hurricane Wilma began to lose tropical characteristics while still sporting Category 3-force winds (and became fully extratropical as a Category 1 storm). In summer, extratropical cyclones are generally weak, but some of

1960-536: A strong baroclinic system and achieved warm seclusion status at maturity (or lowest pressure). Extratropical cyclones are generally driven, or "steered", by deep westerly winds in a general west to east motion across both the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth. This general motion of atmospheric flow is known as "zonal". Where this general trend is the main steering influence of an extratropical cyclone, it

2058-497: A tree falling on a car at 16:00 GMT. The woman, a passenger, was pronounced dead at the scene, while the driver, a man in his 30s, was taken to hospital. The man killed in Merseyside was a passenger in a car heading towards Aintree at about 14:10 when debris reportedly hit the windscreen, police said. Paramedics treated him at the scene, but he was pronounced dead. The driver was not injured. In Alton, Hampshire , two men were in

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2156-468: A tropical cyclone. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses the extratropical transition (XT) technique to subjectively estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones becoming extratropical based on visible and infrared satellite imagery . Loss of central convection in transitioning tropical cyclones can cause the Dvorak technique to fail; the loss of convection results in unrealistically low estimates using

2254-427: Is associated with the warm front is often extensive. In mature extratropical cyclones, an area known as the comma head on the northwest periphery of the surface low can be a region of heavy precipitation, frequent thunderstorms , and thundersnows . Cyclones tend to move along a predictable path at a moderate rate of progress. During fall , winter, and spring, the atmosphere over continents can be cold enough through

2352-675: Is at about 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) altitude. Cyclone phase diagrams are used to tell whether a cyclone is tropical, subtropical, or extratropical. There are two models of cyclone development and life cycles in common use: the Norwegian model and the Shapiro–Keyser model. Of the two theories on extratropical cyclone structure and life cycle, the older is the Norwegian Cyclone Model, developed during World War I . In this theory, cyclones develop as they move up and along

2450-406: Is best. The stronger the upper level divergence over the cyclone, the deeper the cyclone can become. Hurricane-force extratropical cyclones are most likely to form in the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans in the months of December and January. On 14 and 15 December 1986, an extratropical cyclone near Iceland deepened to below 920 millibars (27 inHg), which is a pressure equivalent to

2548-634: Is first found in 877 as a possession of the Saint Bertin Abbey in Saint-Omer . Around 890 AD, it was noted as a successful fortification against the Viking raids. It soon was placed at the head of the castellany of Veurne, a large territory counting 42 parishes and some 8 half-independent parishes, owing allegiance to the Count of Flanders . Veurne became a city in the 12th century. During

2646-496: Is hoped that the mill can be rebuilt. First estimations expect an insured damage of 900 million Euros. The highest wind gust measured in Germany was 145.8 km/h (90.6 mph) at Brocken . On 16 February, Met Éireann issued a Status Orange wind warning for seven counties for 18 February, saying the storm would bring severe and potentially damaging winds, gusting up to 130 km/h. The next day, further weather warnings for rain, wind and snow were issued by Met Éireann, with

2744-560: Is known as a " zonal flow regime ". When the general flow pattern buckles from a zonal pattern to the meridional pattern, a slower movement in a north or southward direction is more likely. Meridional flow patterns feature strong, amplified troughs and ridges, generally with more northerly and southerly flow. Changes in direction of this nature are most commonly observed as a result of a cyclone's interaction with other low pressure systems , troughs , ridges , or with anticyclones . A strong and stationary anticyclone can effectively block

2842-475: Is known as the cold sector, while the area equatorward and east of its associated cold and warm fronts is known as the warm sector. The wind flow around an extratropical cyclone is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to the Coriolis effect (this manner of rotation is generally referred to as cyclonic ). Near this center, the pressure gradient force (from

2940-431: Is no longer used. The windfield of an extratropical cyclone constricts with distance in relation to surface level pressure, with the lowest pressure being found near the center, and the highest winds typically just on the cold/poleward side of warm fronts, occlusions, and cold fronts , where the pressure gradient force is highest. The area poleward and west of the cold and warm fronts connected to extratropical cyclones

3038-585: Is possible. Although tornadoes can form anywhere on Earth, the greatest number occur in the Great Plains in the United States, because downsloped winds off the north–south oriented Rocky Mountains , which can form a dry line, aid their development at any strength . Explosive development of extratropical cyclones can be sudden. The storm known in Great Britain and Ireland as the " Great Storm of 1987 " deepened to 953 millibars (28.14 inHg) with

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3136-824: Is the extratropical cyclone. The descriptor extratropical signifies that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside the tropics and in the middle latitudes of Earth between 30° and 60° latitude. They are termed mid-latitude cyclones if they form within those latitudes, or post-tropical cyclones if a tropical cyclone has intruded into the mid latitudes. Weather forecasters and the general public often describe them simply as " depressions " or "lows". Terms like frontal cyclone, frontal depression, frontal low, extratropical low, non-tropical low and hybrid low are often used as well. Extratropical cyclones are classified mainly as baroclinic , because they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient known as frontal zones . They can become barotropic late in their life cycle, when

3234-529: The Bergen School of Meteorology , largely observed cyclones at the tail end of their lifecycle and used the term occlusion to identify the decaying stages. Warm seclusions may have cloud-free, eye -like features at their center (reminiscent of tropical cyclones ), significant pressure falls, hurricane-force winds, and moderate to strong convection . The most intense warm seclusions often attain pressures less than 950 millibars (28.05 inHg) with

3332-676: The Capucines organised a procession. Since 1646, this procession was organised by the "Sodales", a religious confraternity, that organised a crossway during Advent time, under the leadership of the Norbertine monk Jacob Clou. The hooded "Sodales" took a cross for penitence. This procession was expanded at the end of the 17th century with scenes from the Bible, and is the only one of his kind, remaining up to now in Flanders. The second half of

3430-825: The Elandkerk  [ nl ] in the town's Zeeheldenkwartier neighbourhood. The storm also caused wind meters far more inland to register high wind gusts. In Cabauw , Utrecht , a wind gust of 145 km/h (90 mph) was measured. Four people including two car drivers and two passers-by were killed and nine people injured. The storm brought down thousands of trees, and blocked road and rail transport (mainly in Pomerania , Mazovia , Greater Poland , Warmia and Masuria ). PKP IC trains suffered from cancellations and delays of more than 400 minutes. More than 1.2 million people remained without electricity. More than 5,000 buildings were damaged. The 112 emergency phone number

3528-499: The Free University of Berlin (FUB) named the same storm "Zeynep" on 16 February. Storm Eunice formed on 17 February on a complex cold front situated west of Azores. It rapidly deepened later on 17 February being driven along the right entrance region of the upper-level jet. Met Éireann of Ireland tweeted that the rapid pressure drop during cyclogenesis met the criteria for explosive cyclogenesis . The storm also developed

3626-731: The French Revolution . From the Battle of Waterloo until World War I , Veurne enjoyed a century of peace and prosperity. In 1831, Veurne was the first city to welcome Belgium's new king, Leopold I . During World War I, Veurne was located within the Yser pocket of Belgian resistance against the German troops. During the Battle of the Yser , the Veurne city hall became the headquarters of

3724-1018: The Northern Hemisphere and 71,289–74,229 extratropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere were detected between 1979 and 2018 based on reanalysis data. A study of extratropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere shows that between the 30th and 70th parallels , there are an average of 37 cyclones in existence during any 6-hour period. A separate study in the Northern Hemisphere suggests that approximately 234 significant extratropical cyclones form each winter. Extratropical cyclones form along linear bands of temperature/dew point gradient with significant vertical wind shear , and are thus classified as baroclinic cyclones. Initially, cyclogenesis , or low pressure formation, occurs along frontal zones near

3822-578: The Vitality Stadium , caused by the storm. Trains were cancelled and delayed across the UK (including the complete cancellation of services in Wales). More than 430 flights due to take off or land at UK airports were cancelled on Friday. Landings at Heathrow Airport of incoming aircraft attempting to land at the airport, including numerous go-arounds and touch-and-go landings , were live-streamed on

3920-463: The Westerlies for the process of extratropical transition to begin. During this process, a cyclone in extratropical transition (known across the eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans as the post-tropical stage), will invariably form or connect with nearby fronts and/or troughs consistent with a baroclinic system. Due to this, the size of the system will usually appear to increase, while

4018-576: The YouTube channel Big Jet TV , leading to global media coverage. On 19 February, a yellow warning was issued in southern Wales and the coast of South West England for wind and another for ice in Flintshire . The Prince of Wales Bridge was reopened, however the Severn Bridge remained closed due to forecast of high winds. As of 20 February, there were still 83,000 homes without power across

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4116-410: The comma -like shape of the mid-tropospheric cloudiness that accompanies the feature. It can also be the focus of locally heavy precipitation, with thunderstorms possible if the atmosphere along the trowal is unstable enough for convection. Extratropical cyclones slant back into colder air masses and strengthen with height, sometimes exceeding 30,000 feet (approximately 9 km) in depth. Above

4214-468: The sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability. On rare occasions, an extratropical cyclone can transform into a tropical cyclone if it reaches an area of ocean with warmer waters and an environment with less vertical wind shear. An example of this happening is in the 1991 Perfect Storm . The process known as "tropical transition" involves the usually slow development of an extratropically cold core vortex into

4312-630: The 1,309 on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest typhoons in Japanese history . In July 2016, a cyclone in Northern China left 184 dead, 130 missing, and caused over $ 4.96 billion in damages. Veurne Veurne ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvøːrnə] ; French : Furnes , pronounced [fyʁn] ) is a city and municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders . The municipality comprises

4410-461: The 17th century was marked by the miseries brought to the region by Louis XIV ’s wars. Vauban built heavy fortifications around the city, the outlines of which are still noticeable from the air today. Joseph II of Austria put them down and closed some of the religious institutions, putting a temporary end to the penitents’ procession, until Leopold II of Austria allowed it again in 1790. Those few cloisters that were still operating were closed at

4508-626: The Belgian troops under King Albert I and a military hospital was set up in the city. In 1920, the French President, Raymond Poincaré , came to Veurne to award the city the Croix de guerre with palm. Veurne suffered some damage during World War II , mainly from Allied bombing but also from the strategic flooding that engulfed the whole area. Today, the city is a regional centre, which gives commercial, medical, and educational services to

4606-501: The Dvorak scale and is applied in the same way, except that "XT" is used instead of "T" to indicate that the system is undergoing extratropical transition. Also, the XT technique is only used once extratropical transition begins; the Dvorak technique is still used if the system begins dissipating without transition. Once the cyclone has completed transition and become cold-core , the technique

4704-472: The Dvorak technique. The system combines aspects of the Dvorak technique, used for estimating tropical cyclone intensity, and the Hebert-Poteat technique, used for estimating subtropical cyclone intensity. The technique is applied when a tropical cyclone interacts with a frontal boundary or loses its central convection while maintaining its forward speed or accelerating. The XT scale corresponds to

4802-774: The German border as this was where Nora was closest to Denmark from Germany. The highest wind recorded during the storm was 146 km/h (91 mph) in Højer . In France, an orange warning was issued in 5 departments, with 140 km/h (87 mph) winds anticipated in the northernmost points of France, however the peak was 176 km/h (109 mph) at Cap Gris Nez . Nord , Pas-de-Calais , Somme , Seine-Maritime , and Manche all received orange weather warnings, and yellow weather warnings were issued for most of Northern France. Police in Wimereux were reported to have been patrolling

4900-515: The Northern Hemisphere sees warm seclusions during the cold season months, while the Southern Hemisphere may see a strong cyclone event such as this during all times of the year. In all tropical basins, except the Northern Indian Ocean, the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone may result in reintensification into a warm seclusion. For example, Hurricane Maria (2005) and Hurricane Cristobal (2014) each re-intensified into

4998-702: The Southern Ocean with a pressure under 915 mbar (27.0 inHg). In the North Atlantic Ocean, the most intense extratropical cyclone was the Braer Storm , which reached a pressure of 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) in early January 1993. Before the Braer Storm, an extratropical cyclone near Greenland in December 1986 reached a minimum pressure of at least 916 mbar (27.0 inHg). The West German Meteorological Service marked

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5096-622: The UK. Weather warnings for wind, ice and rain were issued by the Met Office spanning most of the UK on 17 February: these warnings included red warnings , because of a danger to life from flying debris, across Wales and Southern England . People living on the north coasts of Cornwall , Devon and Somerset in South West England were warned to expect flooding, hence the "danger to life" red warning . Soon after, South East England , East of England and London were issued

5194-842: The United Kingdom: 29,000 in South West England; 23,000 in South East England; 20,000 in South England; 7,000 in Eastern England; and around 3,000 in South Wales. On 20 February, Storm Franklin was named by the Met Office, and was expected to hamper recovery efforts from Storm Eunice. However, the storm was not as intense as Storm Eunice. Extratropical cyclone The term " cyclone " applies to numerous types of low pressure areas, one of which

5292-577: The afternoon of 18 February. In addition, national retailers, courts and town halls stopped services across the country in the afternoon. The Eredivisie match between Fortuna Sittard and Sparta Rotterdam scheduled for the evening of 18 February was postponed as the safety of players, staff and supporters could not be guaranteed due to the extreme weather conditions in the area. On 18 February, four people were killed in accidents involving fallen trees. Two people died in Amsterdam after being struck by

5390-436: The atmosphere), the two may combine to become a binary cyclone, where the vortices of the two cyclones rotate around each other (known as the " Fujiwhara effect "). This most often results in a merging of the two low pressure systems into a single extratropical cyclone, or can less commonly result in a mere change of direction of either one or both of the cyclones. The precise results of such interactions depend on factors such as

5488-400: The city and the neighbourghood strongly recessed during the economic and religious problems around 1566–1583. But when the town and the castellany officially got together, the town flourished, thanks to the expanding agriculture of the agrarian region. Most of the other historic buildings date from this time, the prosperous reign of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella around 1600. In 1644

5586-564: The coast of Oregon , peaking with a pressure of 942 mbar (27.8 inHg). One of the strongest nor'easters occurred in January 2018 , in which a cyclone reached a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg). Extratropical cyclones have been responsible for some of the most damaging floods in European history. The Great storm of 1703 killed over 8,000 people and the North Sea flood of 1953 killed over 2,500 and destroyed 3,000 houses. In 2002, floods in Europe caused by two genoa lows caused $ 27.115 billion in damages and 232 fatalities,

5684-419: The cooler air ahead of the system is denser , and therefore more difficult to dislodge. Later, the cyclones occlude as the poleward portion of the cold front overtakes a section of the warm front, forcing a tongue, or trowal , of warm air aloft. Eventually, the cyclone will become barotropically cold and begin to weaken. Atmospheric pressure can fall very rapidly when there are strong upper level forces on

5782-413: The core weakens. However, after transition is complete, the storm may re-strengthen due to baroclinic energy, depending on the environmental conditions surrounding the system. The cyclone will also distort in shape, becoming less symmetric with time. During extratropical transition, the cyclone begins to tilt back into the colder airmass with height, and the cyclone's primary energy source converts from

5880-403: The country were suspended. The Danish Meteorological Institute decided to give the storm the name Nora, believing the name Eunice would be difficult to pronounce in Nordic languages. Nora did not cause significant damage to Denmark, and most models suggest Nora hit it with wind speeds of 60~70 km/h (37~43 mph). They also suggested Nora hit Southern Jutland the most, particularly near

5978-422: The cyclone (a low pressure system). The lowered pressure acts to draw in air, creating convergence in the low-level wind field. Low-level convergence and upper-level divergence imply upward motion within the column, making cyclones cloudy. As the cyclone strengthens, the cold front sweeps towards the equator and moves around the back of the cyclone. Meanwhile, its associated warm front progresses more slowly, as

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6076-439: The depth of the troposphere to cause snowfall. Squall lines, or solid bands of strong thunderstorms, can form ahead of cold fronts and lee troughs due to the presence of significant atmospheric moisture and strong upper level divergence, leading to hail and high winds. When significant directional wind shear exists in the atmosphere ahead of a cold front in the presence of a strong upper-level jet stream, tornado formation

6174-400: The distribution of heat around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with its radius. Extratropical cyclones form anywhere within the extratropical regions of the Earth (usually between 30° and 60° latitude from the equator ), either through cyclogenesis or extratropical transition. In a climatology study with two different cyclone algorithms, a total of 49,745–72,931 extratropical cyclones in

6272-468: The following century, trade with England flourished. In 1270, however, the relations with England came to a standstill and the city's economy went into a long decline; hence the nickname of the Veurne Sleepers. On August 20, 1297, the Battle of Veurne was fought in the ongoing struggle between the Flemish cities and the French king. The gothic church of Saint Walburga and the tower of the church of Saint Nicolas, date from that period. Saint Walburga housed

6370-420: The higher latitudes). The existence of such transients are also closely related to the formation of the Icelandic and Aleutian Low — the two most prominent general circulation features in the mid- to sub-polar northern latitudes. The two lows are formed by both the transport of kinetic energy and the latent heating (the energy released when water phase changed from vapor to liquid during precipitation) from

6468-501: The mid- latitude cyclones. The most intense extratropical cyclone on record was a cyclone in the Southern Ocean in October 2022. An analysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts estimated a pressure of 900.7 mbar (26.60 inHg) and a subsequent analysis published in Geophysical Research Letters estimated a pressure of 899.91 mbar (26.574 inHg). The same Geophysical Research Letters article notes at least five other extratropical cyclones in

6566-437: The most damaging flood in European since at least 1985. In late December 1999, Cyclones Lothar and Martin caused 140 deaths combined and over $ 23 billion in damages in Central Europe, the costliest European windstorms in history. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of the Northeastern United States . The storm killed over 100 people and caused $ 65 billion in damages,

6664-467: The oceans is the Shapiro–Keyser model, developed in 1990. Its main differences with the Norwegian Cyclone Model are the fracture of the cold front, treating warm-type occlusions and warm fronts as the same, and allowing the cold front to progress through the warm sector perpendicular to the warm front. This model was based on oceanic cyclones and their frontal structure, as seen in surface observations and in previous projects which used aircraft to determine

6762-402: The only road to and from the settlement. The prime minister, Boris Johnson , said that the army had been placed on "standby". Authorities across the country were inundated with phone calls related to the storm, with some having to ask the public only to dial 999 if there was a risk to life. London Fire Brigade declared a major incident – receiving 1,958 calls on Friday, three times more than

6860-401: The part of the cold front ahead of the cyclone will develop into a warm front, giving the frontal zone (as drawn on surface weather maps ) a wave-like shape. Due to their appearance on satellite images, extratropical cyclones can also be referred to as frontal waves early in their life cycle. In the United States , an old name for such a system is "warm wave". In the northern hemisphere, once

6958-572: The path of an extratropical cyclone. Such blocking patterns are quite normal, and will generally result in a weakening of the cyclone, the weakening of the anticyclone, a diversion of the cyclone towards the anticyclone's periphery, or a combination of all three to some extent depending on the precise conditions. It is also common for an extratropical cyclone to strengthen as the blocking anticyclone or ridge weakens in these circumstances. Where an extratropical cyclone encounters another extratropical cyclone (or almost any other kind of cyclonic vortex in

7056-471: The pressure at the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the Coriolis force must be in an approximate balance for the cyclone to avoid collapsing in on itself as a result of the difference in pressure. The central pressure of the cyclone will lower with increasing maturity, while outside of the cyclone, the sea-level pressure is about average. In most extratropical cyclones,

7154-626: The previous day. The ambulance service in the South Central England region declared a critical incident due to demand on its emergency services. A gust of wind with a speed of 122 miles per hour (196 km/h) was recorded at The Needles , Isle of Wight , the fastest gust ever recorded in England, though unofficially, 40 minutes after the reading was taken, the wind gust hit 125 mph (201 km/h). There were several casualties, including three fatalities. One person in Waterloo

7252-475: The release of latent heat from condensation (from thunderstorms near the center) to baroclinic processes. The low pressure system eventually loses its warm core and becomes a cold-core system . The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and

7350-611: The rest of the country, excluding Limburg , which faced only a code yellow warning. KNMI reported that they expected gusts between 100 and 120 km/h for inland areas. This is the fourth time a code red has been issued since 2021 in the Netherlands, with the last in July 2021. Dutch railway operator NS announced on 17 February that it was cancelling all domestic and international train traffic on 18 February at 14:00 CET (13:00 UTC). Many universities and schools closed their doors in

7448-642: The seafront ensuring nobody walked on it. Six people were seriously injured in the Nord department of France. Up to 160,000 households were left without electricity throughout the country. Regional trains in Hauts-de-France and Normandy were suspended, and the Lille-Flandres station was temporarily evacuated after debris fell on the glass roof. In Germany, Eunice was named Zeynep by the FUB, ahead of

7546-489: The second costliest tropical cyclone at the time. Other extratropical cyclones have been related to major tornado outbreaks . The tornado outbreaks of April 1965 , April 1974 and April 2011 were all large, violent, and deadly tornado outbreaks related to extratropical cyclones. Similarly, winter storms in March 1888 , November 1950 and March 1993 were responsible for over 300 deaths each. In December 1960

7644-484: The size of the two cyclones, their strength, their distance from each other, and the prevailing atmospheric conditions around them. Extratropical cyclones can bring little rain and surface winds of 15–30 km/h (10–20 mph), or they can be dangerous with torrential rain and winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), and so they are sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe. The band of precipitation that

7742-441: The surface of the earth, the air temperature near the center of the cyclone is increasingly colder than the surrounding environment. These characteristics are the direct opposite of those found in their counterparts, tropical cyclones ; thus, they are sometimes called "cold-core lows". Various charts can be examined to check the characteristics of a cold-core system with height, such as the 700 millibars (20.67 inHg) chart, which

7840-475: The surrounding communities while enjoying increasing tourist attention. The annual Boeteprocessie (procession of the penitents) takes place every year on the last Sunday of July. This unique event includes cross-carrying, hooded penitents and other groups of participants who recreate the Passion of Jesus . The municipality of Veurne comprises 11 " deelgemeentes ". Veurne proper is the largest centre and has

7938-559: The system's impact storm tide warnings were issued near the Elbe river in preparation for 90 mph (145 km/h) winds, higher than Ylenia which impacted the area only days prior. Eunice made landfall at about midday local time, close to the mouth of the Elbe. Two people died in separate car accidents in the western state of North Rhine-Westphalia in connection with the storm, authorities said. A man died after falling when trying to repair

8036-499: The system. When pressures fall more than 1 millibar (0.030  inHg ) per hour, the process is called explosive cyclogenesis, and the cyclone can be described as a bomb . These bombs rapidly drop in pressure to below 980 millibars (28.94 inHg) under favorable conditions such as near a natural temperature gradient like the Gulf Stream , or at a preferred quadrant of an upper-level jet streak, where upper level divergence

8134-502: The systems can cause significant floods overland because of torrential rainfall. The July 2016 North China cyclone never brought gale -force sustained winds, but it caused devastating floods in mainland China , resulting in at least 184 deaths and ¥ 33.19 billion ( US$ 4.96 billion) of damage. An emerging topic is the co-occurrence of wind and precipitation extremes, so-called compound extreme events, induced by extratropical cyclones. Such compound events account for 3–5% of

8232-460: The total number of cyclones. In the classic analysis by Edward Lorenz (the Lorenz energy cycle ), extratropical cyclones (so-called atmospheric transients) acts as a mechanism in converting potential energy that is created by pole to equator temperature gradients to eddy kinetic energy. In the process, the pole-equator temperature gradient is reduced (i.e. energy is transported poleward to warm up

8330-482: The town of Veurne proper and the settlements of Avekapelle  [ nl ] , Booitshoeke  [ nl ] , Bulskamp  [ nl ] , De Moeren (Belgium)  [ nl ] , Eggewaartskapelle  [ nl ] , Houtem , Steenkerke (West Flanders)  [ nl ] , Vinkem  [ nl ] , Wulveringem , and Zoutenaaie  [ nl ] . Veurne, in Latin Furna ,

8428-554: The vertical structure of fronts across the northwest Atlantic. A warm seclusion is the mature phase of the extratropical cyclone life cycle. This was conceptualized after the ERICA field experiment of the late 1980s, which produced observations of intense marine cyclones that indicated an anomalously warm low-level thermal structure, secluded (or surrounded) by a bent-back warm front and a coincident chevron-shaped band of intense surface winds. The Norwegian Cyclone Model , as developed by

8526-470: The western and central regions. The water level in the river Danė  [ lt ] in Lithuania's port town Klaipėda rose rapidly and flooded streets in the city centre, and shipping in the region had to be stopped. According to representatives of Klaipėda Port, wind gusts reached 90 km/h (56 mph) and is expected to rise up to 100–108 km/h (62–67 mph). Maximum recorded wave height

8624-403: Was 5 meters (16 feet). The storm caused flight disruptions at Findel Airport , where some flights were cancelled, and wind gusts of up to 110 km/h (68 mph) were forecasted. The meteorological institute KNMI issued rare code red warnings as a result of Storm Eunice for Zeeland , South Holland , North Holland , Friesland and IJsselmeer regions. A code orange was in effect for

8722-492: Was emptied for cleaning and possibly costing the owner thousands of pounds. It is thought that on Friday 18 February there was a record number of homes without power, at around 1.4 million homes. 90,000 homes in South West England were left without power. In Cornwall , power outages affected Bossiney , Lanarth, Marazion and Trevarrack . Dorset was heavily affected by the storm. The Sandbanks Ferry service

8820-466: Was forced to lie at anchor in the C-Power offshore wind farm until its rescue by tugboats the next day. Two people died as a result of the heavy winds. In Ypres , a 79-year-old British man drowned after falling from his boat at the marina. In Ghent , a man was hit by a broken solar panel and died in a hospital the next day. At least three others were seriously injured. In Menen , an 18-year-old jogger

8918-841: Was injured by falling debris; another in Streatham was injured by a falling tree. Three people were taken to hospital after a car hit a tree in Bradford-upon-Avon . One person was hospitalised with serious injuries after being hit by debris from a roof in Henley-on-Thames . An elderly man was injured when a section of roof was blown off the Bournemouth Sands Hotel in Westbourne . Police in Highgate , north London, said they were called to reports of

9016-530: Was overloaded. There were more than 180,000 emergency calls and more than 25,000 emergency actions, mainly regarding fallen trees, severed electricity lines or damaged roofs. Some skyscrapers in Warsaw were damaged. The highest gusts were recorded on the morning of 19 February in the Baltic port of Łeba (119 km/h) and on Śnieżka mountain (162 km/h). Eunice caused at least £360 million worth of damage in

9114-639: Was partially reopened the next day, with only three of the six platforms in use. A part of the lion enclosure’s fence at Africa Alive! in Kessingland, Suffolk was smashed by a fallen tree. A block of flats in Gosport had its roof ripped off by the storm. Cladding on Evenlode Tower at Blackbird Leys in Oxford also came loose. A water pipe burst at Hove Lagoon in Brighton and Hove , re-flooding it after it

9212-432: Was particularly hard hit, with 1.4 million homes left without power at its peak. Several other countries were struck hard by Eunice, with wind damage being mostly the cause of it. Heavy winds damaged parts of buildings, and wind gusts in excess of 120 miles per hour (190 km/h) were recorded. Eunice caused 17 fatalities, and multiple injuries. The Met Office named Storm Eunice (as well as Storm Dudley ) on 14 February;

9310-475: Was recorded offshore at Fastnet Lighthouse , while a gust of 137 kilometres per hour (85 mph) was recorded at Roche's Point , Cork Harbour . Up to 80,000 homes and businesses were without power nationally. In County Wexford , a 59-year-old council worker was killed by a falling tree while out clearing debris. There were reports of damages to the roof of Clontarf Road DART station . The storm caused power outages across Lithuania on 19 February, mostly in

9408-482: Was suspended. Buildings in Pokesdown were damaged, and a power cut affected Tower Park . The Isle of Portland recorded a gust of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), which was the highest wind speed recorded on mainland Britain during the storm. An EFL Championship game between AFC Bournemouth and Nottingham Forest scheduled for the evening of 18 February was postponed because of damage to Bournemouth’s ground,

9506-582: Was taken to a hospital in critical condition after being hit by a loose branch. In Temse , a man sustained a major head injury after a metal plate was ripped off a construction site container. In Veurne , a truck driver was hospitalized after his or her truck was overturned. The highest wind gust measured in Belgium during the storm was 144 km/h (89 mph) in Knokke-Heist . The storm had left 26,000 homes without power and several railway lines in

9604-449: Was temporarily suspended in large parts of Flanders , with NMBS and De Lijn both announcing trains, buses, and trams were scrapped. Thalys services between Brussels and Amsterdam were also cancelled. Two ships ran adrift off the Belgian coast. The cargo ship Diamond Sky drifted through two offshore wind farms , but arrived at its final destination in the Netherlands without sustaining any damage. The Maersk Nimbus oil tanker

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