A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade , with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures .
57-614: The Storey , formerly the Storey Institute , is a multi-purpose building located at the corner of Meeting House Lane and Castle Hill in Lancaster , Lancashire , England. Its main part is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building , with its back entrance being listed separately, also at Grade II. The building was constructed between 1887 and 1891 as
114-540: A civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses . More recently the term "Wars of the Roses" has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams from Lancashire and Yorkshire . It is also applied to the annual Roses Tournament between Lancaster and York universities. Lancaster gained a first charter in 1193 as a market town and borough , but had to await city status until 1937. Many of
171-611: A 4th-century type, with massive curtain-wall and projecting bastions typical of the Saxon Shore or Wales. Extension of the technique as far north as Lancaster shows that the coast between Cumberland and North Wales was not left defenceless after the west-coast attacks and the disaster in the Carausian Revolt of 296, which followed from those under Albinus in 197. The fort at its largest extent covered 9–10 acres (4–4 ha). Evidence suggests that it stayed in use until
228-490: A local service to Morecambe . The city council aims to open a railway station serving the university and south Lancaster, although this is not feasible in the short or medium term with current levels of demand. The Caton–Morecambe section of the former North Western railway is now used as a cycle path. The Port of Lancaster gained importance in the 18th century. In 1750 the Lancaster Port Commission
285-525: A major port diminished as the river began to silt up and Morecambe , Glasson Dock and Sunderland Point became preeminent for brief periods. Heysham Port has now eclipsed all others on the Lune. A permanent military presence was built up with the completion of Bowerham Barracks in 1880. The Phoenix Street drill hall was completed in 1894. Since the Industrial Revolution , the city
342-674: A range of historic buildings and venues, having retained many fine examples of Georgian architecture . Lancaster Castle , the Priory Church of St Mary and the Edwardian Ashton Memorial are among the sites of historical importance. Its many museums include Lancaster City Museum , Maritime Museum , the Cottage Museum and the Judges' Lodgings Museum . Lancaster Friends Meeting House , dating from 1708,
399-460: A reading room, a library, a lecture room, a laboratory, a music room, a picture gallery, a school of art, and accommodation for a caretaker. The building cost about £12,000 (equivalent to £1,660,000 in 2023). In 1906–08 it was extended to commemorate the accession of Edward VII . This was designed by the successors in the architectural practice, Austin and Paley , to provide more rooms for teaching. Thomas Storey's son, Herbert , paid £10,000 towards
456-656: A replacement for the Lancaster Mechanic's Institute, to commemorate Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee . It was paid for by Thomas Storey, a local businessman who had been mayor in the year of the Jubilee, and was renamed the Storey Institute in his honour in 1891. Its purpose was "the promotion of art, science, literature, and technical instruction". The building was designed by the architects Paley, Austin and Paley whose office stood nearby. It contained
513-489: A variety of curated group shows. In 1998 the walled gardens behind the institute were laid out as an art work, The Tasting Garden , by Mark Dion . In the early 21st century the institute was converted into a multi-use building by Lancaster City Council , and was renamed The Storey. It provided accommodation for small businesses, a café, galleries and exhibitions areas, workshops, and an information centre. The architects were Mason Gillibrand Architects of Caton. The building
570-422: Is a Roman milestone found 4 miles (6.4 km) outside Lancaster, with an inscription ending L MP IIII, meaning "from L – 4 miles, and that its name began with an L. The fort was perhaps named Calunium. Roman baths were found in 1812 and can be seen near the junction of Bridge Lane and Church Street. There was presumably a bath-house with the 4th-century fort. The Roman baths incorporated a reused inscription of
627-530: Is a small portion of green belt on the northern fringe of Lancaster, covering the area into Carnforth and helping to prevent further urban expansion towards nearby Morecambe, Hest Bank, Slyne and Bolton-le-Sands. The A6 road , one of the main historic north–south roads in England, passes through the city centre, with northbound and southbound traffic on separate streets, and crosses the Lune at Greyhound Bridge northbound and Skerton Bridge southbound (these are
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#1732791634135684-537: Is also home to Lancaster's Litfest, which runs an annual literature festival. In the summer months Williamson Park hosts outdoor performances, including a Dukes "Play in the Park", which over the past 26 years has attracted 460,000 people, as the UK's biggest outdoor walkabout theatre event. Portico Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments . Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In
741-627: Is another historic cultural venue, under its many names. It has played a major part in social and cultural life since it was built in 1782. Lancaster is known nationally for its Arts scene. There are around 600 business and organisations in the region involved directly or indirectly in arts and culture. In 2009, several major arts bodies based in the district formed a consortium called Lancaster Arts Partners (LAP) to champion strategic development of arts activities in Lancaster District. Notable partners include Ludus Dance, More Music and
798-547: Is constructed in sandstone ashlar with slate roofs, and is in Jacobean Revival style. It has façades on two fronts, with a turret on the corner. The turret is octagonal, with a lead dome surmounted by a spirelet. The building is in two storeys plus attics, above which are gables , some shaped and some segmental. Inside the building, on the first floor, is a curved window containing stained glass designed by Jowett of Shrigley and Hunt depicting representations of
855-403: Is mainly a service-oriented city. Products include animal feed , textiles , chemicals , livestock , paper , synthetic fibre , farm machinery , HGV trailers and mineral fibres . In recent years, a high-tech sector has emerged from information technology and telecommunications companies investing in the city. In March 2004, Lancaster was granted Fairtrade City status. Lancaster
912-666: Is marked by Lancaster Roman Fort , Lancaster Castle , Lancaster Priory Church , Lancaster Cathedral and the Ashton Memorial . It is the seat of Lancaster University and has a campus of the University of Cumbria . It had a population of 52,234 in the 2011 census, compared to the district, which had a population of 138,375. The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family . The Duchy of Lancaster still holds large estates on behalf of Charles III , who
969-760: Is split into the electoral divisions of Lancaster Central (the city centre and an area extending south including Cockerham and Glasson Dock ), Lancaster East (south of the River Lune and east of the Lancaster Canal ), Lancaster South East (bordered by the River Conder with the University at its southern point) and Skerton (north of the River Lune). The city lies in the Lancaster and Wyre constituency for elections of Members of Parliament to
1026-662: Is the Duke of Lancaster . The Port of Lancaster and the 18th-century Lancaster slave trade played a major role in the city's growth, but for many years the outport of Glasson Dock , downstream, has been the main shipping facility. Lancaster was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, as Loncastre , where "Lon" refers to the River Lune and "castre" from the Old English cæster and Latin castrum for "fort" to
1083-498: Is the longest continual Quaker meeting site in the world, with an original building built in 1677. George Fox , founder of Quakerism , was near the site several times in the 1660s and spent two years imprisoned in Lancaster Castle. The meeting house holds regular Quaker meetings and a wide range of cultural activities including adult learning, meditation, art classes, music and political meetings. Lancaster Grand Theatre
1140-701: The Battle of Otterburn , it was destroyed by the Scots. Lancaster Castle is known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle (the Lancaster Assizes ) sentenced more people to be hanged than any other in the country outside London , earning Lancaster the nickname, "the Hanging Town" . It also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during
1197-617: The City of Lancaster district within the shire county of Lancashire. This was given city status and Lancaster City Council became the governing body for the district. Lancaster is an unparished area and has no separate council. It is divided into wards (for elections to Lancaster City Council), such as Bulk, Castle, Ellel, John O'Gaunt (named after John of Gaunt , the 1st Duke of Lancaster ), Scotforth East, Scotforth West, Skerton East, Skerton West and University and Scotforth Rural. For elections to Lancashire County Council , Lancaster
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#17327916341351254-558: The Green Party . Lancaster is Lancashire's northernmost city, three miles (4.8 km) inland from Morecambe Bay . It is on the River Lune (from which comes its name), and the Lancaster Canal . It becomes hillier from the Lune Valley eastwards, with Williamson Hill in the north-west a notable height at 109 m (358 ft) and recognised as a TuMP : a hill with "thirty and upwards metres prominence ". The central area of
1311-966: The House of Commons , represented since 2015 by Cat Smith of the Labour Party (as Lancaster and Fleetwood constituency before 2024). While the United Kingdom was in the European Union , Lancaster was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency. In the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, the city council was under the control of the Morecambe Bay Independents (MBIs), who campaigned for an independent Morecambe council. In 2003, their influence waned and Labour became
1368-524: The Norman conquest of England in 1066, Lancaster fell under the control of William I , as stated in the Domesday Book of 1086, which has the earliest known mention of Lancaster as such in any document. The founding Priory charter dated 1094 is the first known document specific to Lancaster. By this time William had passed Lancaster and its surroundings to Roger de Poitou . The document also suggests
1425-461: The Roman fort that stood on the site. A Roman fort was built by the end of the 1st century CE on the hill where Lancaster Castle now stands, possibly as early as the 60s, based on Roman coin evidence. Coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in its early years. It was rebuilt in stone about 102. The fort name is known only in a shortened form; the only evidence
1482-530: The UK , the temple-front applied to The Vyne , Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an English country house . A pronaos ( UK : / p r oʊ ˈ n eɪ . ɒ s / or US : / p r oʊ ˈ n eɪ . ə s / ) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple , situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella , or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and
1539-415: The ancient Romans . Roman taste favoured narrow pseudoperipteral and amphiprostyle buildings with tall columns, raised on podiums for the added pomp and grandeur conferred by considerable height. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes , France , is the best-preserved Roman hexastyle temple surviving from antiquity . Octastyle buildings had eight columns; they were considerably rarer than the hexastyle ones in
1596-710: The archaic period 600–550 BCE up to the Age of Pericles 450–430 BCE. Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle Greek temples : Hexastyle was also applied to Ionic temples, such as the prostyle porch of the sanctuary of Athena on the Erechtheum , at the Acropolis of Athens . With the colonization by the Greeks of Southern Italy , hexastyle was adopted by the Etruscans and subsequently acquired by
1653-753: The prostyle entrance porticos of large public buildings like the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine . Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the Capitoline Temple in Volubilis . The North Portico of the White House is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States. Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard façade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between
1710-735: The 1960s there were touring exhibitions of works by Picasso , Matisse , and Francis Bacon . The art collection was moved in 1968 to Lancaster City Museum . By the 1980s the gallery was rarely used, but in 1991 a group of local artists re-established it as the Storey Gallery , and delivered a continuous programme of over 100 exhibitions of contemporary art until 2013. The exhibition programme included one-person shows by Andy Goldsworthy , Gillian Ayres , Basil Beattie , Michael Brennand-Wood, Simon Callery , Anthony Green , Albert Irvin , Michael Kenny , Sophie Ryder , and Richard Wilson , plus touring exhibitions from Japan, Spain, and Italy, and
1767-529: The 89 to Knott End-on-Sea . Lancaster is served by the West Coast Main Line from Lancaster railway station . The station was formerly named Lancaster Castle, to differentiate it from Lancaster Green Ayre on the Leeds–Morecambe line , which closed in 1966. There are train services to and from London , Glasgow , Edinburgh , Birmingham , Manchester , Leeds and Barrow-in-Furness , and
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1824-585: The Dukes. LAP curates and promotes "Lancaster First Fridays", a monthly multi-disciplinary mini-festival under its brand "Lancaster Arts City". Lancaster University has a public arts organisation, part of LAP, known as Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University . Its programmes include Lancaster's Nuffield Theatre , one of the largest professional studio theatres in Europe, the Peter Scott Gallery , with
1881-681: The Falklands; it is grade II listed. There are more than 330 listed buildings in Lancaster (excluding those in nearby civil parishes such as the Lune Aqueduct in Halton-with-Aughton parish). They include four at grade I and 22 at grade II*, the others being at grade II. Those at grade I, the highest level, are the Ashton Memorial , the Judges' Lodgings , Lancaster Castle and Lancaster Priory . Lancaster has
1938-477: The Gallic Emperor Postumus , dating from 262 to 266. The 3rd-century fort was garrisoned by the ala Sebosiana and numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium . The ancient Wery Wall was identified in 1950 as the north wall of the 4th-century fort, which was a drastic remodelling of the 3rd-century one, while retaining the same orientation. The later fort is the only example in north-west Britain of
1995-527: The Greens. The 2019 Lancaster City Council election results put no party in overall control. The council was run by a coalition of Labour, Green, Eco-Socialist Independent and Liberal Democrat councillors, supported by the Independent Group, with Conservatives and MBIs in opposition. The cabinet consisted of 4 Labour, 4 Green, 1 Eco-Socialist, 1 Independent Group. At 10 seats, Lancaster had one of
2052-464: The Lancaster District and services to more distant places such as Kendal , Keswick , Kirkby Lonsdale , Preston and Blackpool . There are buses to Lancaster University , the No. 1 and No. 1A services run every 10–15 minutes using double-deckers, with less frequent services 4, 41 and 42. Other routes are covered by Kirkby Lonsdale Coach Hire, including the 582 to Kirkby Lonsdale , Settle and Skipton and
2109-645: The Reformation – at least eleven Catholic priests were executed and a memorial to them as the Lancaster Martyrs stands by the city centre. The traditional emblem of the House of Lancaster is the Red Rose of Lancaster , similar to that of the House of York with a white rose. The names derive from emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and York in the 15th century. This erupted into
2166-517: The arts. Also on this floor is a top-lit exhibition gallery. This consists of a portico in Roman Doric style with two columns supporting a triglyph frieze and a cornice . At its summit is a pediment decorated with dentils . It contains its original wrought iron gates and overthrow . The structure was moved from an 18th-century house that was demolished in 1921, and rebuilt on the present site. The entrance leads to walled gardens behind
2223-570: The city can be roughly defined by the railway to the west, the canal to the south and east, and the river to the north. Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham have been identified by the Office for National Statistics as forming the Lancaster/Morecambe Built-up area , with a population of 97,150 in the 2011 census . Within this, ONS identifies a Lancaster built-up area sub division with a 2011 population of 48,085. There
2280-571: The city's central buildings, including those lining St George's Quay date from the 18th century, as the Port of Lancaster became one of the UK's busiest and the Lancaster slave trade was the fourth most important in the UK slave trade . Among prominent Lancaster slavers were Dodshon Foster , Thomas Hinde and his namesake son. The last slave ship to be constructed in Lancaster was the 267-tonne Trafalgar , built in 1806 at Brockbank’s shipyard for Samuel Hinderland and William Hinde. Lancaster's role as
2337-815: The classical Greek architectural canon . The best-known octastyle buildings surviving from antiquity are the Parthenon in Athens , built during the Age of Pericles (450–430 BCE), and the Pantheon in Rome (125 CE). The destroyed Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the centre of the Augustan cult, is shown on Roman coins of the 2nd century CE as having been built in octastyle. The decastyle has ten columns; as in
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2394-540: The cost of the extension, which almost doubled the size of the building. Over the years, the building has been housed the City Art Gallery, the public library, a girls’ grammar school, and from the 1950s to 1982, Lancaster College of Art. The opening art exhibition, held in 1889, included paintings by Gainsborough , Constable , and Canaletto . The art collection included paintings by local artists including Samuel John "Lamorna" Birch and William Hoggatt . In
2451-402: The country's largest Green Party representations. The 2023 Lancaster City Council election resulted in a council with Labour as the largest party but not in overall control, with 24 of the 61 seats. After the 2021 Lancashire County Council election , Lancaster East, Lancaster South East and Skerton were represented on the county council by Labour , while Lancaster Central was represented by
2508-539: The end of Roman occupation of Britain . Church Street and some of St Leonard's Gate probably mark the initial course of the Roman road up the valley to the fort at Over Burrow . Little is known of Lancaster from the end of Roman rule to the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest of the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation for the period, it is thought that Lancaster remained inhabited. It lay on
2565-486: The fringes of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria and over time may have passed from one to the other. Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of today's Lancaster Priory by the 700s or 800s. The Anglo-Saxon runic "Cynibald's cross" found at the Priory in 1807 is thought to date from the late 9th century. Lancaster was probably one of several abbeys founded under Wilfrid . After
2622-613: The institute. Lancaster, Lancashire Lancaster ( / ˈ l æ ŋ k ə s t ər / , / ˈ l æ n k æ s -/ ) is a city in Lancashire , England, and the main cultural hub, economic and commercial centre of City of Lancaster district. The city is on the River Lune , directly inland from Morecambe Bay . Lancaster is the county town , although Lancashire County Council has been based at County Hall in Preston since its formation in 1889. The city's long history
2679-681: The largest party on the council. They formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats and Greens. At the May 2007 local elections, Labour lost ground to the Greens in Lancaster and the MBIs in Morecambe, resulting in no overall control , with all parties represented in a PR administration. The 2011 elections saw Labour emerge as the largest party. They reached a joint administrative arrangement with
2736-416: The monastery was refounded as a parish church some time before 1066. Lancaster became a borough in 1193 under King Richard I . Its first charter , dated 12 June 1193, was from John , Count of Mortain , who later became King of England. Lancaster Castle , partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by Elizabeth I , stands on the site of a Roman garrison . During The Great Raid of 1322 , damage
2793-475: The most significant collection of Royal Lancastrian ceramics in Britain, and the Lancaster International Concerts Series , drawing nationally and internationally renowned classical and world-music artists. The gallery in the Storey Creative Industries Centre is now programmed and run by Lancaster City Council. In 2013 the previous incumbent organisation "The Storey Gallery" moved out of the building and reformed as "Storey G2". The Storey Creative Industries Centre
2850-442: The pronaos could be as long as the cella . The word pronaos ( πρόναος ) is Greek for "before a temple". In Latin , a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus . The pronaos of a Greek and Roman temple is typically topped with a pediment. The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The "style" suffix comes from the Greek στῦλος , "column". In Greek and Roman architecture,
2907-423: The pronaos of a temple is typically topped with a pediment . The tetrastyle has four columns; it was commonly employed by the Greeks and the Etruscans for small structures such as public buildings and amphiprostyles . The Romans favoured the four columned portico for their pseudoperipteral temples like the Temple of Portunus , and for amphiprostyle temples such as the Temple of Venus and Roma , and for
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#17327916341352964-516: The two furthest-downstream road crossing points of the Lune). The road leads south to Preston , Chorley and Manchester and north to Carnforth , Kendal , Penrith and Carlisle . The M6 motorway passes to the east of Lancaster with junctions 33 and 34 to the south and north. The Bay Gateway , a dual carriageway opened in 2016, links Heysham to the M6. Lancaster's main bus operator, Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire , operates network of services from Lancaster bus station throughout
3021-413: Was done to the castle by Robert the Bruce , though it resisted the attack and was restored and strengthened by John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster , who added much of the Gateway Tower and a turret on the keep or Lungess Tower, which has been named "John o' Gaunt's Chair". In 1322 the Scots burnt the town. It was rebuilt but removed from its position on the hill to the slope and foot. Again in 1389, after
3078-425: Was established to develop the port. However, in more recent years, shipping visits Glasson Dock , where the Port commission is now based. Heysham Port , about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Lancaster, is used by ferry services to the Isle of Man , Northern Ireland and Ireland . The Lancaster Canal and River Lune pass through the city. The nearest airports are Manchester and Liverpool . In 2005, Lancaster
3135-420: Was home to many industries from the 18th century to the 20th century. The main industries in the city at the time were candle making, sailcloth making, rope making and shipbuilding. Since the decline of the industrial revolution, Lancaster suffered from economic decline and high unemployment rates like many parts of the north of England. The city underwent regeneration and is now a tourist destination. Lancaster
3192-435: Was home to the European headquarters of Reebok . After merging with Adidas , Reebok moved to Bolton and Stockport in 2007. In May 2015, Elizabeth II visited the castle for commemorations for the 750th anniversary of the creation of the Duchy of Lancaster . The former City and Municipal Borough of Lancaster and the Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham , along with other authorities, merged in 1974 to form
3249-402: Was one of six English towns chosen to be cycling demonstration towns to promote cycling as a means of transport. Lancaster has cycle routes to many nearby places, many are off-road using disused railways or canal towpaths. The city's main war memorial is in a garden adjacent to the Town Hall, near Dalton Square , and commemorates those who died in the first and second world wars, Korea and
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