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39-424: A straw hat is a wide-brimmed hat woven out of straw or straw-like synthetic materials . Straw hats are a type of sun hat designed to shade the head and face from direct sunlight, but are also used in fashion as a decorative element or a uniform . Commonly used fibers are: There are several styles of straw hats, but all of them are woven using some form of plant fibre . Many of these hats are formed in

78-522: A Class II malocclusion. Facemask or reverse-pull headgear is an orthodontic appliance typically used in growing patients to correct underbites (technically termed Class-III orthodontic problems ) by pulling forward and assisting the growth of the upper jaw ( maxilla ), allowing it to catch up to the size of the lower jaw ( mandible ). These appliances effectively serve to pull the patient's teeth forward. Facemasks or reverse-pull headgear needs to be worn between 12 and 23 hours per day, but typically

117-405: A combination of, or all of these appliances at any given time in their treatment. Headgear needs to be worn between 12 and 23 hours each day to be effective in correcting the overbite , typically for 12 to 18 months depending on the severity of the overbite, how much it is worn and what growth stage the patient is in. Typically however the prescribed daily wear time will be between 14 and 16 hours

156-404: A day. Orthodontic headgear will usually consist of three major components: Soreness of teeth when chewing or when the teeth touch is typical. Patients usually feel the soreness to 2 to 3 hours later, but younger patients tend to react sooner, (e.g., 1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours). The headgear application is one of the most useful appliances available to the orthodontist when looking to correct

195-669: A marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for anti-Semitism . The hats were usually yellow and were either pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin , and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in

234-475: A mask or headgear, however most doctors and parents agree that children and adolescence adapt quickly to such changes and requirements. Parents should be aware that their child is often better-off wearing a facemask or headgear to avoid later surgery and the patient, friends and school peers normally get used to the new appliance after just a few weeks of wear. Researchers who have studied the long-term effects of orthodontic headgear have found that it may flatten

273-474: A patent for a new technique of weaving straw with silk and thread to make hats. Some sources say she was the first woman to receive a US Patent, however other sources cite Hannah Slater in 1793, or Hazel Irwin, who received a patent for a cheese press in 1808, as the first. President Theodore Roosevelt posed for a series of photos at the Panama Canal construction site in 1906. He was portrayed as

312-410: A period of 14 to 16 hours each day is effective in correcting the underbite . Overall wear time is usually anywhere from 12 to 18 months depending on the severity of the bite and how much a patient's jaws and bones are growing over this time. The appliance normally consists of a frame or a center bars that are strapped to the patient's head during a fitting appointment. The frame has a section which

351-514: A similar way to felt hats; they are softened by steam or by submersion in hot water, and then formed by hand or over a hat block . Finer and more expensive straw hats have a tighter and more consistent weave. Since it takes much more time to weave a larger hat than a smaller one, larger hats are more expensive. Straw hats have been worn in Africa and Asia since after the Middle Ages during

390-482: A strong, rugged leader dressed crisply in light-colored suits and stylish straw fedoras. This helped popularize the straw "Panama hat". The Old Order Amish, in the United States, still wear straw hats (similar to a Boater Hat), especially in the summer months. In the winter, or for formal wear, they will wear a felt hat. Artwork produced during the Middle Ages shows, among the more fashionably dressed, possibly

429-417: A woman wearing a woven hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a Bronze Age man (nicknamed Ötzi ) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where he had been since around 3250 BC. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps. One of

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468-423: Is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory . Hats which incorporate mechanical features, such as visors, spikes, flaps, braces or beer holders shade into the broader category of headgear . In the past, hats were an indicator of social status . In

507-468: Is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in Kirkel . The collection features over 500 hats, and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings. This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at List of hat styles Hat sizes are determined by measuring

546-487: Is a measurement of head diameter in inches. It can be computed from a measurement of circumference in centimeters by dividing by 8, because multiplying 2.54 (the number of centimeters per inch) by π (the multiplier to give circumference from diameter) is almost exactly 8. Orthodontic headgear Headgear is used to correct bite and support proper jaw alignment and growth. It is typically recommended for children whose jaw bones are still growing. Unlike braces, headgear

585-587: Is an Irish milliner whose hats have been commissioned by top designers and worn at royal weddings. In North America, the well-known cowboy-hat manufacturer Stetson made the headgear for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers . John Cavanagh was one of the notable American hatters. Italian hat maker Borsalino has covered the heads of Hollywood stars and the world's rich and famous. The Philippi Collection

624-467: Is most commonly used to correct the bite of the patient. The headgear attaches to the braces via metal hooks or a facebow. Straps or a head cap anchor the headgear to the back of the head or neck. In some situations, both are used. Elastic bands are used to apply pressure to the bow or hooks. Its purpose is to slow or stop the upper jaw from growing, thereby preventing or correcting an overjet . Other forms of headgear treat reverse overjets, in which

663-437: Is positioned in front of the patient's mouth, which allows for the attachment of elastic or rubber bands directly into the mouth area. These elastics are then hooked onto the patient's braces (brackets and bands) or appliance fitted in his or her mouth. This creates the prescribed pulling force in order to pull the upper jaw forward. The orthodontic facemask typically consists of three major components: In some cases surgery

702-426: Is required in conjunction with a facemask or reverse-pull headgear. Many parents and doctors recommend using early intervention (typically between ages 7 to 13) by using a facemask to avoid costly and painful surgical procedures later. The appliance is very effective in correcting Class III orthodontic problems in younger or adolescent patients that are still growing. Initially, it can be difficult for children to wear

741-400: Is worn partially outside of the mouth. An orthodontist may recommend headgear for a patient if their bite is more severely out of alignment. The device typically transfers the force to the teeth via a facebow or J hooks to the patient's dental braces or a palatal expander that aids in correcting more severe bite problems or is used in retention of the teeth and jaws of the patient. Headgear

780-931: The Pileus , a simple skull-like cap; the Phrygian cap , worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the Revolutionary War and the French Revolution , as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek petasos , the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples . Like Ötzi, the Tollund Man was preserved to

819-496: The Toque worn by chefs, or the mitre worn by Christian bishops . Adherents of certain religions regularly wear hats, such as the turban worn by Sikhs , or the church hat that is worn as a headcovering by Christian women during prayer and worship. While there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf figurine may depict

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858-559: The circumference of a person's head about 1 centimetre ( 2 ⁄ 5  in) above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. Felt hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like hard hats and baseball caps , are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as Hammacher Schlemmer . US hat size

897-403: The military , hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank or regiment . Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats , such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Some hats have a protective function. As examples, the hard hat protects construction workers' heads from injury by falling objects, a British police Custodian helmet protects

936-399: The 1980s when formerly headgear treated patients developed severe health symptoms, such as sleep apnea , breathing problems and acute TMD . In some cases, eye injuries have been reported, which is minimized with the use of safety release straps and safety facebows. Teenagers prescribed orthodontic headgear often face social stigma and bullying if seen wearing these appliances. Because of

975-712: The Royal Enclosure must wear hats. This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the Kentucky Derby in the United States. Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, trompe-l'œil -effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them Lady Gaga , have commissioned hats as publicity stunts. One of

1014-636: The development of a cottage industry in New England. Because of the Napoleonic Wars , the United States embargoed all trade with France and Great Britain for a time, creating a need for American-made hats to replace European millinery . The straw-weaving industry filled the gap, with over $ 500,000 ($ 9 million in today's money) worth of straw bonnets produced in Massachusetts alone in 1810. On May 5, 1809, Mary Dixon Kies received

1053-401: The difficulties in complying with daytime wear of headgear, these appliances are mainly worn in the evenings and while sleeping. The need for headgear in orthodontics and its application by practitioners has somewhat decreased in recent years as some orthodontists use temporary implants (i.e., temporary anchorage devices) inside the patient's mouth to perform the same tooth movements. However,

1092-521: The end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet. The tradition of wearing hats to horse racing events began at the Royal Ascot in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in

1131-492: The face and prevent the chin from coming forward, pushing both the upper and lower jaw down and back, into the airway. In more technical terms, it inhibits the natural growth of the jaws and lead to a reduction in the SNA and ANB angles , which relate to the forward position of the maxilla and the mandible. These measurements are good indicators of the size of a person's airway. The controversy about headgear intensified beginning in

1170-437: The first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt , which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians shaved their heads , then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include

1209-402: The headgear, such as: power chains, coil springs, twin blocks, plates or retainers, facemasks, a headgear helmet (a headgear helmet is a cervical headgear with a cap or rigid helmet that covers the entire head), lip bumpers, palate expanders, elastics, bionaters, Herbst appliances, Wilson appliances, other headgear, hybrid twinblocks, positioner retainers, and jasper jumpers. Many patients wear

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1248-529: The late 16th century. The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of Milan , where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit. In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze trims . By

1287-488: The most famous London hatters is James Lock & Co. of St James's Street . The shop claims to be the oldest operating hat shop in the world. Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 Fish Street Hill . In the late 20th century, museums credited London-based David Shilling with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable Belgian hat designers are Elvis Pompilio and Fabienne Delvigne ( Royal warrant of appointment holder ), whose hats are worn by European royals. Philip Treacy OBE

1326-545: The most spectacular straw hats ever seen on men in the West, notably those worn in the Arnolfini Portrait of 1434 by Jan van Eyck (tall, stained black) and by Saint George in a painting by Pisanello of around the same date (left). In the middle of the 18th century, it was fashionable for rich ladies to dress as country girls with a low crowned and wide brimmed straw hat to complete the look. Hat A hat

1365-401: The officer's head, a sun hat shades the face and shoulders from the sun, a cowboy hat protects against sun and rain and an ushanka fur hat with fold-down earflaps keeps the head and ears warm. Some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard , which is worn (or carried) during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a certain profession, such as

1404-401: The present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement , the patron saint of felt hatmakers , is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD. In the Middle Ages, hats were

1443-583: The summer months, and have changed little between the medieval times and today. They are worn, mostly by men, by all classes. Many can be seen in the calendar miniatures of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . The mokorotlo , a local design of a straw hat, is the national symbol of the Basotho and Lesotho peoples, and of the nation of Lesotho . It is displayed on Lesotho license plates . Betsey Metcalf Baker (née Betsey Metcalf; 1786–1867)

1482-498: The top jaw is not forward enough. It is similar to a facemask, also attached to braces, and encourages forward growth of the upper jaw. Headgear can also be used to make more space for teeth to come in. In this instance the headgear is attached to the molars , via molar headgear bands and tubes, and helps to draw the molars backwards in the mouth, opening up space for the front teeth to be moved back using braces and bands. Multiple appliances and accessories are typically used along with

1521-476: Was a manufacturer of straw bonnets , entrepreneur, and social activist based in Providence, Rhode Island and Westwood, Massachusetts. At age twelve, she developed a technique for braiding straw, allowing her to emulate the styles of expensive straw bonnets and make them accessible to working-class women. Rather than patent her technique, Baker taught the women in her community how to make straw bonnets, enabling

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