A calliope (see below for pronunciation) is a North American musical instrument that produces sound by sending a gas, originally steam or, more recently, compressed air , through large whistles —originally locomotive whistles.
59-457: Streckfus Steamers was a company started in 1910 by John Streckfus Sr. (1856–1925) born in Edgington, Illinois . He started a steam packet business in the 1880s, but transitioned his fleet to the river excursion business around the turn of the century. In 1907, he incorporated Streckfus Steamers to raise capital and expand his riverboat excursion business. A few years later, the firm acquired
118-612: A calliaphone , the name given to it by Norman Baker , but the "Calliaphone" name is registered by the Miner Company for instruments produced under the Tangley name. In the age of steam , the steam calliope was particularly used on riverboats and in circuses. In both cases, a steam supply was readily available for other purposes. Riverboats supplied steam from their propulsion boilers. Circus calliopes were sometimes installed in steam-driven carousels , or supplied with steam from
177-458: A traction engine . The traction engine could also supply electric power for lighting, and tow the calliope in the circus parade, where it traditionally came last. Other circus calliopes were self-contained, mounted on a carved, painted and gilded wagon pulled by horses, but the presence of other steam boilers in the circus meant that fuel and expertise to run the boiler were readily available. Steam instruments often had keyboards made from brass. This
236-428: A Rock Island Landmark. John and Theresa Streckfus had four sons who were later licensed as captains: Joseph Leo (1887–1960), Roy Michael (1888–1968), John Nicholas (1891–1948), and Verne Walter (1895–1984). Joseph took over Streckfus Steamers in 1925 after the death of his father. Of this second Streckfus generation, he also was the most engaged with the music side of the business. There are at least four descendants of
295-584: A bandleader of the Sidney Desvigne’s S.S. Capitol Orchestra. Walter “Fats” Pinchon followed Sidney Desvigne to the Island Queen and back. Eventually, the conservatory-trained pianist headed his own group, the last New Orleans band to have regular employment with Streckfus Steamers. The Sidney is a steamboat first built in West Virginia between 1880 and 1881. On March 10, 1881, a breach in
354-527: A boiler operator's license. The calliope produces 10 notes and takes 8 hours to get ready. The pronunciation of the word has long been disputed, and often it is pronounced differently inside and outside the groups that use it. The Greek muse by the same name is pronounced / k ə ˈ l aɪ . ə p i / kə- LY -ə-pee , but the instrument was usually pronounced / ˈ k æ l i oʊ p / KAL -ee-ohp by people who played it. A nineteenth-century magazine, Reedy's Mirror , attempted to settle
413-520: A device similar to Stoddard's calliope, but he never patented it. Later, an employee of Stoddard's American Music, Arthur S. Denny, attempted to market an "Improved Kalliope" in Europe, but it did not catch on. In 1859, he demonstrated this instrument in Crystal Palace , London. Unlike other calliopes before or since, Denny's Improved Kalliope let the player control the steam pressure, and therefore
472-582: A dining boat business in Tampa, Florida with paddle boat operations on the Mississippi, and Brian Bristol, both nephews of Joy Manthey, are also active on the River. Joy, Troy Manthey and Brian Bristol are all descended from Anna Streckfus. John Streckfus bought his first steamboat in 1889 for $ 10,000. Verne Swain , a small steamer with a narrow profile, measuring just 120-feet in length and 22-feet in width,
531-493: A faster beat than the dancers in New Orleans. John Streckfus demanded strict decorum on his steamships. Though he sold alcoholic drinks, he tolerated neither gambling nor drunkenness from his passengers or his musicians. Marable made a perfect fit as a bandleader since he enforced these rules, and he imposed the same exacting standards for studying, rehearsing, and playing music. Marable sometimes took extreme measures to make
590-448: A floating entertainment venue. According to his own design, Streckfus commissioned work on a 175-foot steamboat with a capacity to hold 2,000 passengers, sleeping berths for the crew and the entertainers, a 100 x 27 foot maple dance floor, a bar, a dining room, and electric lights. His first custom-built excursion boat he named the J.S. Howard Shipyard of Jeffersonville, Indiana built the steamboat according to this new design. J.S.
649-507: A grocery business. John Streckfus married Theresa Bartemeier in 1880. Theresa bore nine children, and all of the surviving children worked on the riverboats. Balthazar had been commuting from Edgington to his shop in Rock Island. His sons built a house for him in the late-1860s to facilitate a shorter journey to work. The Streckfus House still stands at 908 4th Avenue (as of October 2017), and the brick Italianate house has been designated as
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#1732787614777708-515: A house band to play popular music, a quartet which included a drummer, trumpeter, violinist, and a pianist. Charles Mills was the piano player, an African-American performing with three white musicians. Mills remained with Streckfus until 1907, when he planned to seek musical opportunities in New York City . Mills told Fate Marable about his plans. The seventeen year-old piano player from Paducah, Kentucky solicited employment from an agent of
767-605: A packet fleet from the Diamond Jo Line . He applied new capital raised by Streckfus Steamers to purchase of four ships. These included the Dubuque and three damaged riverboats: Sidney , a 221-foot sternwheeler; St. Paul , a 300-foot side-wheeler; and another side-wheeler, the 264-foot Quincy . Included in this February 3, 1911 acquisition were docks, shipyards and warehouses. Streckfus Steamers paid $ 200,000 for all of these ships and land-based assets. Low water on
826-634: A point, as when he fired musicians. Sometimes he left a hatchet on a musician's chair, in order to him know that "he gave them the axe." Another trick was telling the whole group (except for one musician) to come to rehearsal an hour early. Musicians on Streckfus Steamers did not achieve star status during their tenure. John Streckfus established a policy of standard wages. At one point, he offered band members $ 35 per week, plus room and board (or $ 65 per week without room and board). He lowered compensation in 1919 to $ 37.50 per week—non-inclusive of room and board—albeit with much shorter work schedules. Seven years later,
885-401: A similar manner to a piano roll in a player piano , mechanically operating the keys. Many of these mechanical calliopes retained keyboards, allowing a live musician to play them if needed. During this period, compressed air began to replace steam as the vehicle of producing sound. Most calliopes disappeared in the mid-20th century, as steam power was replaced with other power sources. Without
944-431: A trademark of the steam calliope. A calliope may have anywhere from 25 to 67 whistles, but 32 is traditional for a steam calliope. Joshua C. Stoddard of Worcester, Massachusetts patented the calliope on October 9, 1855, though his design echoes previous concepts, such as an 1832 instrument called a steam trumpet, later known as a train whistle . In 1851, William Hoyt of Dupont, Indiana claimed to have conceived of
1003-413: Is a compressed-air powered, easily transported instrument developed by early 20th century American inventor Norman Baker . The lustre chantant (literally "singing chandelier") or musical lamp was invented by Frederik Kastner. It was a large chandelier with glass pipes of varying lengths each illuminated and heated by an individual gas jet. A keyboard allowed the player to turn down individual jets; as
1062-399: Is the currently mayor of the township. Edgington first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census . The Edgington post office closed in 1920. The community's name honors Daniel and John Edgington, pioneer settlers. This Rock Island County, Illinois location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Calliope (music) A calliope
1121-504: Is typically very loud. Even some small calliopes are audible for miles. There is no way to vary tone or loudness . Musically, the only expression possible is the pitch , rhythm , and duration of the notes. The steam calliope is also known as a steam organ ( orgue à vapeur in Quebec ) or steam piano ( piano à vapeur in Quebec). The air-driven calliope is sometimes called
1180-526: The Freddie , a triple-decked, 73-foot sternwheeler with a 16-foot beam. Once established as an operator, he transported freight and passengers on both the Mississippi and the Ohio Rivers, later restriciting his operations to packets on the Mississippi, north of St.Louis. Though he gained a reputation for punctuality and efficiency, he complained about the meager profits his packets earned running freight on
1239-533: The J.S. , to a fire allegedly ignited by a drunken and disorderly passenger. Streckfus started offering passenger service on his paddle-wheelers as a part of a new business model, balancing his business between moving freight and moving people. John Streckfus organized the Streckfus Steamers Line in order to raise capital for an expansion of his steamboat excursion business. This was a closely held company, accepting investments only from members of
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#17327876147771298-613: The Sidney to winter excursions in the New Orleans area for about a decade. There was a 1921 rebuild, after which it was rechristened Washington . Louis Armstrong performed aboard Sidney ; Erroll Garner performed aboard Washington . Fate Marable started his first New Orleans band on the Sidney in 1918, starting his expanded responsibilities as bandleader and talent scout, duties he would continue until his retirement in 1940. He scouted and hired Louis Armstrong, as well as Warren “Baby” Dodds , George “Pops” Foster , and Johnny St. Cyr. By
1357-613: The 1920s, the Streckfus patriarch had four sons to captain his fleet: Joseph, Vern, Roy, and John Streckfus Jr. John Streckus chose for his first conversion the largest of the Diamond Jo steamers, the 300-foot St. Paul . The company ran the first excursion for the St. Paul in 1917, and the next year it tramped between St. Louis and its namesake city on the Mississippi. The cabin was fitted with electric lights and fans. In its third season,
1416-458: The 1972 western film The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid , which takes place in 1876, a calliope is featured prominently during a scene when Cole Younger (portrayed by Cliff Robertson ) and his gang arrive in Northfield, Minnesota. The instrument is referred to by name and Younger shows such interest in it that he attempts to fix it. In the video game Team Fortress 2 , the calliope
1475-479: The Diamond Jo Line, a steamboat packet company. The most active period started after the first World War. Bandleader Fate Marable recruited many musicians from New Orleans during this period, including Louis Armstrong. Streckfus Steamers expanded the number of excursion boats, acquired or converted larger boats, and hired more bands. After the death of the patriarch in 1925, the eldest son Joseph took over
1534-569: The Mississippi River often sidelined the erstwhile packets for the next five seasons, but Streckfus bided his time by more bond issues and stock sales. He and his sons converted the St. Paul , which was fitted to run excursions between by 1917, when it tramped between St. Louis and St. Paul. However, Streckfus business was executed at an inconvenient time: the Mississippi River was low due to droughts, and he would not be able to run regular excursions for about five years. Some years later, by
1593-595: The President from St. Louis to New Orleans. The company overhauled the President’s motive power, switching to diesel propulsion in 1978, before selling the ship to the New Orleans Steamboat company in 1981. The SS Admiral was the first of the Streckfus fleet to be built with a metal superstructure on a steel hull. Originally the 1907 Albatross , a railroad ferry, Streckfus Steamers stripped it down to
1652-556: The Queen City and Louisville, Kentucky. The company installed twenty-four watertight compartments into the existing steel hull and rebuilt a superstructure in steel, and expanded to five decks. The new excursion steamer was dubbed President , and Streckfus Steamers dispatched it up the Ohio River to serve Pittsburgh during the depression. Eventually, President replaced the J.S. Deluxe for excursions catering to wealthy people in
1711-673: The St. Louis market. The ship commenced carrying excursion passenger in July 1934 out of St. Louis, with bands led by Fate Marable and Charlie Creath . The S.S. President could accommodate 3,100 passengers and continued service for many years after riverboat excursions diminished in popularity after World War II . It was a venue for the New Orleans Jazz Festival , and hosted performers such as Pete Fountain and Louis Cottrell’s Dixieland Jazz Band . In 1944, Streckfus Steamers moved
1770-552: The Streckfus family who are active as river boat captains, at least through 2005. At that time, Captain Lisa Streckfus piloted the Delta Queen on the Mississippi River. She is the daughter of riverboat captain, Bill Streckfus, and great-granddaughter of the family's first riverboat captain, John Streckfus Sr. Lisa's cousin, "Sister" Joy "Mary" Manthey, is also a Mississippi River steamboat captain. Troy Manthey, who runs
1829-512: The Streckfus family. He had started as a freight hauler who had sold passenger tickets, but his new company's main business was the excursion trade, though he also accepted freight about his steamboats. Moving freight on steamboats had already been dying as a business for a few decades, but this extended an opportunity. Since the packet business was unprofitable, this implied that many steamboat owners were motivated sellers. John Streckfus, who had seen his custom-built J.S. go up in flames, purchased
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1888-581: The United States when referring to a fairground organ; this was also used by the British Manfred Mann's Earth Band in their 1976 cover . The pyrophone is a calliope-like instrument that uses internal combustion within its whistles to power their notes, rather than externally produced. At 1998's Burning Man , a pyrophone referred to as Satan's Calliope was powered by ignition of propane inside resonant cavities. The calliaphone
1947-557: The brothers attended rehearsals, marking the tempo with a watch to ensure 60 beats per minute for the slow tunes, and 90 beats per minute for the fast ones. While Louis Armstrong played for Fate Marable's band, he observed Joseph Streckfus smiling, laughing, and tapping to the beat. However, another account indicates that Joseph Streckfus made music evaluations with considerations beyond his own sense of taste. According to trumpeter Henry “Red” Allen , Joseph Streckfus expected different tempi depending on where they played: St. Louis dancers liked
2006-427: The company increased pay to $ 45 per week and added $ 5 weekly retention bonuses, but without room and board. A few exceptional musicians were allowed to improvise for a few bars. One exception was Louis Armstrong. The Streckfus family and Marable otherwise insisted that the performers play the arrangements as written. However, this prompted expressive and gifted musicians like Armstrong to advance his career elsewhere. In
2065-596: The company removed the steam engine and converted SS Admiral to diesel power. Streckfus Steamers ran excursions on the SS Admiral through the 1978 season, and retired the ship in 1979 due to weakness in its hull. The company sold the ship to John E. Connelly in 1981. John Streckfus started hiring musicians in 1901, when he engaged a friend to scout talent, which resulted in the first live musical entertainment, an African-American trio from Des Moines playing banjo , guitar , and mandolin . By 1903, Streckfus employed
2124-414: The company when a Streckfus excursion boat docked in his hometown. Streckfus hired Marable to play a steam calliope and to play piano in the boat’s dance bands. Marable first played piano for Streckfus on the J.S. , playing in a duo with Emil Flindt, a white violist. Marable continued as a performer on the company's flagship until its conflagration in 1910. The calliope was not just a musical instrument, it
2183-601: The company, and was assisted by his three brothers. The principal of Streckfus Steamers was John Streckfus Sr. , the son of Balthazar (1811–1881) and Anna Mary (Schaab) Streckfus, both immigrants to the United States from Bavaria . In 1850, the couple sailed for the United States with their two daughters, Barbara and Catherine. Before their ship arrived in New Orleans, Theresa gave birth to their first son, Michael. The Streckfus family eventually settled in Edgington, Illinois , but Balthazar later established his wagon shop in nearby Rock Island, Illinois in 1868. The family also had
2242-462: The demand for technicians that mines and railroads supplied, no support was available to keep boilers running. Only a few calliopes have survived, and, unless converted to a modern power source, are rarely played. A relatively recently-built calliope is that of Carl Bergman of Aspen, Colorado , which was built in the mid 1970s. The 6 foot tall wood-fired steam boiler was originally used by miners at Independence Pass and requires its owner to maintain
2301-530: The dispute by publishing this rhyme: Proud folk stare after me, Call me Calliope; Tooting joy, tooting hope, I am the calliope. This, in turn, came from a poem by Vachel Lindsay , called "The Kallyope [ sic ] Yell", in which Lindsay uses both pronunciations. In the song " Blinded by the Light ", written in 1972, Bruce Springsteen used the four-syllable ( / k ə ˈ l aɪ . ə p i / kə- LY -ə-pee ) pronunciation commonly used in
2360-541: The glass tube cooled, a note was produced. Kastner installed several such instruments in Paris. The Beatles , in recording " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! " from the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band , used tapes of calliope music to create the atmosphere of a circus. Beatles producer George Martin recalled, "When we first worked on 'Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!' John had said that he wanted to 'smell
2419-547: The late-1930s, Streckfus Steamers had an inventory of aging steamboats with wooden hulls. The United States Coast Guard was enforcing stricter standards for riverboats, so the company built its last two excursion boats—the President and the SS Admiral —with steel hulls. In 1933, Streckfus Steamers bought the steamboat Cincinnati , a steel-hulled packet built in 1924. Cincinnati , true to its name, ran freight between
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2478-665: The music of John Hartford . A former Streckfus musician (and later chief engineer of the Delta Queen ) Mike O’Leary is the subject of Hartford's song "Let Him Go on Mama" on the Grammy-winning Mark Twang album (1976). Edgington, Illinois Edgington is an unincorporated community in Rock Island County , Illinois , United States. Edgington is located on Illinois Route 192 , 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Andalusia . Kate Anderson
2537-639: The old sternwheeler, the Dubuque . It did not require as much water depth as other ships in their fleet, so Streckfus Steamers put it into use in the Upper Mississippi, while it served local cruises at New Orleans in the winter. Fate Marable performed on the Capital starting in 1920, leading a band which included Louis Armstrong , Boyd Adkins, Norman Brashear, Warren “Baby” Dodds , David Jones, Henry Kimball, and Johnny St. Cyr . Starting around 1924,
2596-433: The other. Some calliopes can also be played via a MIDI interface. The whistles of a calliope are tuned to a chromatic scale , although this process is difficult and must be repeated often to maintain quality sound. Since the pitch of each note is largely affected by the temperature of the steam, accurate tuning is nearly impossible; however, the off-pitch notes (particularly in the upper register) have become something of
2655-474: The period after World War I, John Streckfus followed the expansion of Jim Crow practices, segregating his musicians and his passengers. In 1920, Streckfus Steamers began running Monday night cruises for African-American audiences out of St. Louis. On the other hand, according to Louis Armstrong, Fate Marable’s band was the first African American group to play music on the Mississippi riverboats. Mississippi River lore and riverboat culture feature prominently in
2714-597: The resonant tube (the bell) of the whistle, lending a sweeter tone than cast bronze or brass, which were the usual materials for steam whistles of the day. David Morecraft pioneered a resurgence in the building of authentic steam calliopes of the Thomas J. Nichol style beginning in 1985 in Peru, Indiana . These calliopes are featured in Peru's annual Circus City Parade. Morecraft died on December 5, 2016. Stoddard's original calliope
2773-459: The rivers. By 1901, Streckfus changed his business model. Rather than using his slow paddle-wheelers to compete with the railroads for the freight business, he started transitioning to the excursion business. He tested this idea around 1900 when he installed a calliope on the City of Winona . The next year he increased his investment in the new venture with $ 25,000 in capital to convert a packet into
2832-407: The sawdust on the floor', wanted to taste the atmosphere of the circus. I said to him, 'What we need is a calliope.' 'A what?' 'Steam whistles, played by a keyboard. ' " Unable to find an authentic calliope, Martin resorted to tapes of calliopes playing Sousa marches. "[I] chopped the tapes up into small sections and had Geoff Emerick throw them up into the air, re-assembling them at random." In
2891-459: The second conversion from their Diamond Jo fleet, the packet Quincy . The company developed different ships for different markets, and the J.S. Deluxe catered to wealthy people from St. Louis. The company hired white musicians to perform on this steamer. J.S. Deluxe continued to serve the upscale market in the St. Louis area until the President took over in 1934. The Capitol was born from
2950-429: The steam line scalded fourteen people and killed four others. Diamond Jo Line acquired the steamer the next year for about $ 23,000, after which it ran the Mississippi River between St. Louis and St. Paul. Streckfus purchased the Sidney in 1911, a 221-foot sternwheeler from the Diamond Jo Line after the steam packet had been damaged by rocks while cruising on the Mississippi River. After repairs and refitting, he assigned
3009-465: The steamer ran aground on a sandbar, though this may have been the only mishap of the season. During the 1920s, Streckfus tramped it a bit further south, between the Quad Cities and Cape Girardeau, Missouri areas. The next decade, the large steamer plied the Ohio River until its 1930 rebuild. Rechristened Senator , it ran excursions for just a few more years. In 1919, Streckfus Steamers executed
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#17327876147773068-444: The steel hull and rebuilt it with a steel superstructure and an Art Deco finish. The company docked on the Mississippi River in St. Louis, at the foot of Washington Avenue. SS Admiral commenced excursions in 1940, featuring an air-conditioned cabin and a large ballroom with maple flooring. The top deck, also known as the fifth deck, allowed guests to access close-up views of the riverbank sights through coin-operated telescopes. In 1973,
3127-692: The trumpeter Ed Allen led the Whispering Gold Band aboard the S.S. Capitol and stayed with Streckfus Steamers for about two years before moving to New York City. “Papa” Celestine brought his band to the Capitol around 1926. Sidney Desvigne who had previously played corner in Ed Allen’s band aboard the Capitol , left Streckfus Steamers for two years to lead his own band on the Island Queen . He returned to Streckfus Steamers, this time as
3186-674: The volume of the music, while playing. While Stoddard originally intended the calliope to replace bells at churches, it found its way onto riverboats during the paddlewheel era. While only a small number of working steamboats still exist, each has a steam calliope. These boats include the Delta Queen , the Belle of Louisville , and President . Their calliopes are played regularly on river excursions. Many surviving calliopes were built by Thomas J. Nichol , Cincinnati, Ohio , who built calliopes from 1890 until 1932. The Thomas J. Nichol calliopes featured rolled sheet copper (as used in roofing) for
3245-729: Was an advertising medium for Streckfus Steamers. Its music carried for miles, announcing the presence of an excursion boat plying the river. People gathered at the docks, listening the calliope playing and some bought excursion tickets. Later, Streckfus allowed Marable to hire his own musicians. Around 1918, Marable assembled his own orchestra for the Sidney , including many from New Orleans: George "Pops" Foster (bass), Warren "Baby" Dodds (drums), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), David Jones and Norman Mason (saxophone), Lorenzo Brashear (trombone), and Boyd Atkins (violin). John Streckfus Sr. and his two brothers were amateur musicians and formed specific ideas about what kind of music his guests would hear. Often, one of
3304-423: Was attached to a metal roller set with pins in the manner familiar to Stoddard from the contemporary clockwork music box . The pins on the roller opened valves that admitted steam into the whistles. Later, Stoddard replaced the cylinder with a keyboard, so that the calliope could be played like an organ. Starting in the 1900s calliopes began using music rolls instead of a live musician. The music roll operated in
3363-656: Was constructed in Stillwater, Minnesota at the Swain Shipyard. Verne Swain ran every day with several stops between Davenport and Clinton Iowa, making a three-hour, one-way trip, then departed Clinton in the afternoon and returned to Davenport every evening. By 1891, Streckfus had acquired his own operator’s license and the title of Captain, whereas before he had contracted for established operators to manage his steamers, earning an engineer’s license in this same period. The same year, he bought his second steamboat,
3422-406: Was in part to resist the heat and moisture of the steam, but also for the golden shine of the highly polished keys. Calliopes can be played by a player at a keyboard or mechanically. Mechanical operation may be by a drum similar to a music box drum, or by a roll similar to that of a player piano . Some instruments have both a keyboard and a mechanism for automated operation, others only one or
3481-432: Was the first steamboat in service on the Mississippi built especially for excursions. The 1901 excursions on the J.S. also corresponds to the first regular dance bands hired by Streckfus. Though the J.S. spent much of its time in St. Louis and St. Paul , it tramped on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. While cruising the Mississippi near LaCrosse, WI on the night of June 25, 1910, Streckfus lost his custom-built steamer,
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