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63-667: Since its introduction, the Sambar has used a rear engine, rear wheel drive layout with body-on-frame rather than unibody construction. The first two generations used the air-cooled engine from the Subaru 360 and later generations used the water-cooled engine from the Subaru Rex , Vivio and the Pleo . Four-wheel drive became optional in 1980. Sambar models were manufactured in China as

126-531: A ladder frame construction, with a rear torsion bar trailing arm suspension. The reverse gearshift position was a left-pattern selection, instead of a right-pattern selection, and the EK series engine could be accessed via a hatch inside the vehicle. Maximum power from the two-stroke twin was 18 PS (13.2 kW; 17.8 bhp). As with the Subaru 360, front doors were rear-hinged. Rear doors were front-hinged, with

189-414: A 10% improvement in fuel economy with the power coming on sooner and the torque band being broader. The CB engine was first introduced in 2020 with the second-generation Levorg . According to Subaru, CB stands for Concentration/Compact Boxer. The first engine in the series is designated CB18 , a 1.8 litre dual overhead cam 16-valve engine featuring dual AVCS with gasoline direct injection and

252-411: A cable-actuated throttle, variable intake geometry, and a cast aluminium intake manifold. It was only available with an automatic transmission. The 2003-2007 EZ30D received new cylinder heads with 3 exhaust ports per head, AVLS , AVCS on the intake cams only, a drive-by-wire throttle, and a plastic intake manifold. It was available in manual and automatic unlike the original EZ30D. The EZ36D retains

315-433: A chassis and drivetrain while making changes to bodywork and interiors relatively easy, thus keeping costs down and minimizing design time. Over time the technology for unibody construction became economically feasible, assisted in recent decades by computer-aided design . in addition, modern creature comforts, luxury and power-assisted features, and extensive safety reinforcement of vehicles have all added substantial weight,

378-408: A decade later. Europe's custom-made or "coachbuilt" cars usually contained some wood framing or used aluminium alloy castings. Towards the beginning of international automobile assembly and construction, most manufacturers created rolling chassis consisting of a powertrain, suspension, steering column and a fuel tank that was then sent to a coachbuilder that added the body, interior and upholstery to

441-491: A full "B" pillar to enhance body stiffness instead of the approach used by the Nissan Prairie which had the front and rear doors interlock. Minor horsepower improvements were introduced in 1977 along with an increase in the width of the vehicle. A sunroof was added to the options list in 1979. 4WD was introduced as an option in 1980, on both the van and truck bodystyles, coinciding with the same feature being offered on

504-402: A rear cargo hatch. Provisional camping bunk beds were available. Commercial variants of the Sambar was marketed for delivery use, nicknamed the " kuchibiru ([lower] lip) " Sambar, inspired by a competior, the 1959–1961 Kurogane Baby . Other competitors included the front-engined Suzulight Carry which placed the engine in front of the driver, but also adopted the cabover approach in 1966, and

567-409: A separate body or coach is mounted on a strong and relatively rigid vehicle frame or chassis that carries the powertrain (the engine and drivetrain ) and to which the wheels and their suspension , brakes, and steering are mounted. Whereas this was the original method of building automobiles, body-on-frame construction is now used mainly for pickup trucks , large SUVs , and heavy trucks . In

630-544: A similar layout for the Sambar 5 (K75 truck, K76 panel van, K85 van). This was naturally sold as the Subaru 500 in export markets. This was in turn soon replaced by a full 550 cc (EK23) model, the K77/87 of March 1977. In export, the Sambar 550 was known as the Subaru 600. This model saw the introduction of a sliding side door added on both sides (although a version without the driver's side door remained available), with

693-579: A square 86 mm × 86 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in) bore x stroke with a compression ratio of 16.3:1 and uses five main bearings. The EE20 shares a bore pitch dimension and assembly line with the EZ30 at the Ooizumi Factory; compared to the contemporaneous gasoline EJ20, which has a similar displacement, the EE20 is 61.3 mm (2.41 in) shorter. The common rail solenoid injector

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756-639: A turbocharger. Bore and stroke are 80.6 mm × 88.0 mm (3.17 in × 3.46 in), respectively, and the compression ratio is 10.4:1. Rated output power is 130 kW (180 PS; 170 hp) at 5,200–5,600 RPM and torque is 300 N⋅m (31 kg⋅m; 220 lb⋅ft) at 1,600–3,600 RPM. Compared to the FB16 used in the previous generation of the Levorg, the CB18 offers decreased fuel consumption (16.6 km/L (39 mpg ‑US ) for

819-527: A water-cooled engine used in the 1969–1972 Subaru R-2 . The EN was used in all kei cars and kei trucks in production by Subaru up until 2012. ( Japanese : Subaru FA engine ) The FA was developed from the FB engine, however, efforts to reduce weight while maintaining durability were the main goals of the FA engine. While the FA and FB engines share a common platform, the FA shares very little in dedicated parts with

882-489: Is 40% due to the adoption of lean-burn combustion with an excess air ratio (λ) of 2. All of Subaru's six-cylinder engines are of a liquid-cooled, Flat-6 four-stroke design. ( Japanese : Subaru ER27 ) Subaru introduced its first six-cylinder engine in its Subaru XT sports car. This MPI SOHC 2-Valve engine was based on the EA82, with two cylinders added to the front. The ( Japanese : Subaru EG33 ) engine

945-514: Is manufactured by Denso and operates at 180 MPa (26,000 psi). The IHI variable geometry turbo is mounted under the right side of the engine, close to the exhaust manifold, reducing turbo lag. For the Legacy 2.0D, Subaru claimed consumption improved by 15 to 20% (ranging from 6.4 to 5.6 L/100 km (37 to 42 mpg ‑US )) and that CO 2 emissions fell from 202 to 148 g/km (0.72 to 0.53 lb/mi) compared to

1008-453: Is only marginally heavier and has similar exterior dimensions compared to an EJ engine of equivalent displacement. In Jan 2011, Car and Driver was told direct injection would be added soon. Direct Injection was added to FB engines used in the 2017 Impreza, 2018 Crosstrek, 2019 Forester and the 2020 Legacy and Outback models. Subaru claims a 28-percent reduction in friction losses, mainly due to lighter pistons and connecting rods. The FB has

1071-458: Is the first time the Sambar is a semi- cabover vehicle, the engine was installed in the front of the vehicle, between the front passengers, and driven by the rear wheels , and continuing to offer on demand four-wheel-drive . In 2014, the Sambar truck was discontinued and updated to S500 Hijet generation, while the Sambar van/Dias Wagon stayed on the S321 platform. The eighth-generation Sambar Truck

1134-517: The EF engine is no longer manufactured. To address safety concerns with side impact resistance, on 1 October 1998 the width restriction for kei vehicles was increased to 1,480 mm (58.3 in) and the sixth generation Sambar was widened accordingly. July 18, 2008, items that were included were dual front passenger airbags, power sliding rear doors, power windows, and leather interior on upper trim level models. On June 26, 2007, an article appeared in

1197-496: The EN series ) are liquid-cooled, horizontally opposed boxer four-strokes . The EA was used from 1966 until 1994 in most models. It is a basic two-valve-per-cylinder design with siamese ports, or one port that is directly next to another, and three main crankshaft main bearings . Engines with overhead camshafts were installed with two timing belts, whereas vehicles with overhead valves used timing gears exclusively. Subaru unveiled

1260-477: The Rex to reduce emissions. Claimed maximum power remained the same, but at a much higher engine speed (7500 rpm) and with considerably lower torque figures than the earlier two-stroke type. This model saw the introduction of an electric window washer pump to improve driver visibility. Because of regulations changes, only three months later the engine was again upgraded with a 490 cc displacement (EK22) engine of

1323-494: The Subaru Rex . May 9, 1982 is when the fourth generation model appeared (KR), with one-box van models marketed as "Sambar Try." The Try was available as a Van with a high or a regular roof, and as a high-roofed passenger model (model code KR). The suspension was upgraded to a four-wheel independent layout with MacPherson struts for the front wheels. The wheel size increased from 10 inches to 12 inches, thereby accommodating larger drum brakes used at all four wheels. The 4WD

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1386-1010: The Subaru VIZIV Concept. The Lineartronic EE20 powertrain was added to the Forester in 2015. In 2016, citing increasingly stringent emissions standards, the project manager for the Impreza stated that further development of the EE20 had been halted. In September 2017, Subaru announced production of diesel automobiles would end by 2020; at the time, sales were approximately 15,000 diesel-powered cars annually in Europe and Australia. The capacity gained would be used to start producing plug-in hybrids in 2018 and electric vehicles by 2021. At Geneva in March 2018, Subaru UK confirmed its parent company's plans to discontinue diesel production, but had enough stock on hand to meet projected demand through

1449-547: The " Gōriki (Herculean strength) " Sambar due to an advertising campaign at the time. The first series still carried a two-stroke two-cylinder 356 cc engine but by now water-cooled. Maximum power is 28 PS (21 kW) at 5500 rpm. The engine code was EK34, the truck received the K71 model code while the van was called K81. As of February 1976, the engine was upgraded to the EK21 four-stroke water-cooled version introduced in

1512-482: The 1964 Daihatsu Hijet cabover. The Subaru cabover configuration followed the 1950 Volkswagen Type 2 , and was introduced the same year as the 1961 Ford Econoline , and the 1961 Chevrolet Greenbrier . The redesigned Sambar debuted in January 1966 with revised styling and a truck variant. The second generation is nicknamed the " baban " Sambar. The Sambar continued to use the 356 cc EK31 engine, but now in

1575-419: The 20 PS (14.7 kW; 19.7 hp) iteration used in the Subaru 360 since July 1964. A raised roof for extended headroom was added to the options list in 1968. Starting with the 1970 model year, the engine was accessed from outside the vehicle, and the front doors were conventionally hinged. To enhance safety a full padded dash pad was introduced, sharing the dashboard panel from the new R–2 . Along with

1638-746: The 3-cylinder EF10 1000 cc engine starting in 1983. This bigger version of the Sambar was available in Europe from 1983 and went by several names, such as the Subaru Sumo , Libero , Domingo , and Columbuss. The small-bodied version went by the name of Subaru 700 in the few markets where it was available. It went on sale in the United Kingdom in August 1985, in Van form only and with either rear- or four-wheel drive. Subaru's plans involved selling only about 500 examples per year, divided evenly between

1701-506: The 700 was also offered with four-wheel drive. In May 1986 retracting seat belts became standard fitment and the TG version of the Sambar Try replaced the earlier TX-G. January 9, 1987 saw the commercial one-box versions renamed Sambar Van, while the high roofed passenger version retained the Sambar Try name. Front disc brakes were added to the options list. Full-time 4WD was available towards

1764-656: The CB18 and 16.0 km/L (38 mpg ‑US ) for the FB16, both using the JC08 mode ) and increased torque (300 N⋅m (31 kg⋅m; 220 lb⋅ft) for the CB18 and 250 N⋅m (25 kg⋅m; 180 lb⋅ft) for the FB16). In addition, the CB16 achieves its peak torque at a lower engine speed. The CB18 also is shorter and lighter than the FB16; the bore pitch (centerline to centerline spacing between adjacent cylinders) has decreased from 113.0 to 98.6 mm (4.45 to 3.88 in),

1827-673: The EJ15 and is used in the JDM Subaru Impreza 1.5R (series GD, GG, GE, GH) starting with model year 2006. It is based on the EJ engine and shares many components, like the crankshaft from the EJ25. It has DOHC cylinder heads with AVCS variable valve timing on the intake. The Subaru EN inline-four engine was introduced in 1988 to replace the straight-two EK series engine that was originally engineered as an air-cooled engine, then modified as

1890-526: The European market; the diesel was only offered with a manual transmission at first, and the clutch and flywheel were specifically modified for diesel use. In September 2008, FHI announced the EE20 would be available as a slightly modified variant (the diesel particulate filter was now closed) in Forester and Impreza models sold in Europe starting that fall. For the Forester, output was reduced slightly to 108 kW (147 PS; 145 bhp). The EE20

1953-537: The FB engine, with a different block, head, connecting rods, and pistons. The FB-series (initially available as naturally-aspirated engines in 2.5 and 2.0 litre displacements) is the first new generation of boxer engine since the EJ-series. Subaru announced details of the FB engine on 23 September 2010. By increasing piston stroke and decreasing piston bore, Subaru aimed to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy, while increasing and broadening torque output over

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2016-578: The Japanese newspaper Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun , claiming that due to the investment by Toyota in Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, all production of kei class vehicles made by Subaru would end and be replaced by Toyota-owned Daihatsu models rebadged as Subarus. This would allow Subaru to focus on their core business of four-wheel-drive family cars with horizontally opposed engines; kei car sales are almost entirely limited to

2079-816: The Phase II engines (1999–2010). The Phase II engines featured new cylinder heads and crankshafts with the thrust bearing located at crank bearing #5 instead of #3. The designation also changed from Phase I to Phase II. All Phase I engines have an alphanumerical suffix behind the standard EJXX designation, all Phase II engines have a numerical suffix behind the EJXX designation. Example: Phase I: EJ15E, EJ15J, EJ16E, EJ18E, EJ20B, EJ20D, EJ20E, EJ20G, EJ20H, EJ20J, EJ20R, EJ20K, EJ22E, EJ221, EJ25D Phase II: EJ151, EJ161, EJ181, EJ201, EJ202, EJ203, EJ204, EJ205, EJ206, EJ207, EJ208, EJ222, EJ251, EJ252, EJ253, EJ254, EJ255, EJ257, EJ20X, EJ20Y The ( Japanese : Subaru EL engine ) replaced

2142-529: The Sambar's engine was upgraded to 660 cc. For the 4WD version it sold as Subaru Dias Wagon as a permanent trim model. Commercials in Japan used Kuniko Yamada, a Japanese comedian . The tradition of using the engine in Subaru's kei car offering was continued, with the Subaru Vivio sharing its EN07 engine with this version of the Sambar. The engine now had four cylinders and 40 PS (29 kW) in

2205-675: The United States continued to use separate bodies on "conventional" frames. Body-on-frame remains the preferred construction method for heavy-duty commercial vehicles (especially those intended to carry or pull heavy loads, such as trucks and some sport utility vehicles (SUVs)) but as production volumes rise, increasing numbers of SUVs and crossover SUVs are switching to unibody frames. Mass-market manufacturers Ford , General Motors , and Chrysler are abandoning true body-on-frame SUVs, opting, when sales volume permits, for more efficient unibody construction. Toyota currently manufactures

2268-736: The [三八] as well as in Finland in a joint venture with Elcat Automotive . Passenger variants of the Sambar were later marketed as the Subaru Dias Wagon . With the Sambar, named after a species of deer, Subaru may have borrowed from the Type 2 (1951–1967) van — using a marketing name very similar to the Volkswagen's upper trim level, the Samba , and using a similar rear-drive, rear air-cooled engine, cabover configuration. The Sambar

2331-515: The ability to offset this with unibody construction has proven advantageous. A handful of small passenger vehicles switched to unibody construction by the end of the 1930s. The trend had started with cars like the Citroën Traction Avant (1934) and Opel Olympia (a General Motors design) introduced in 1935, and the short-lived, aborted Chrysler Airflow . Trucks , bus manufacturers , and large low-volume cars or those made in

2394-593: The carburetted standard model; 55 PS (40 kW) was on tap in the optional supercharged model, coupled with fuel injection. An automatic transmission was offered in the form of Subaru's ECVT system in tandem with full-time 4WD and a viscous coupling differential. 1994 saw a full model change for the Domingo, using the new Sambar design coupled to the Subaru Justy 's EF12 SOHC three-cylinder engine displacing 1200 cc. A maximum seating capacity of seven

2457-471: The customers specific requests. In contrast, unibody or monocoque designs, where panels within the body supported the car on its suspension, were developed by European manufacturers in the late 1920s with Budd USA (which had a number of large factories in Europe) and its technical knowhow. Because of the high cost of designing and developing these structures and the high cost of specialised machinery to make

2520-585: The domestic Japanese market and were not cost effective for such a small manufacturer. In September 2009, the passenger version of the Sambar introduced as the Subaru Dias Wagon, a rebadged version of the Daihatsu Atrai van. The seventh generation of the Sambar truck was later introduced to Japan on April 2, 2012 as a badge engineered Daihatsu Hijet Van/Truck, but the passenger variant (Dias Wagon) had already been produced since 2009. This

2583-480: The drivetrain types. The primary difference between the Sambar and the larger-engined variants is the extension of both the front and rear bumpers to aid in occupant protection. The larger Domingo (and its various iterations) isn't considered "kei class" because the dimensions exceed the requirements and the engine displacement is larger than regulations allow. The fifth generation Sambar was introduced in 1990. Engine regulations for displacement size were increased and

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2646-517: The end of 2018. The EJ engine was introduced in the 1989 Subaru Legacy to replace the EA engines. It was designed from scratch with five main crankshaft bearings and four valves per cylinder and can be either SOHC or DOHC and one timing belt . The fifth digit is the only way to tell without seeing the engine. Generally the EJ-series can be divided into two versions: the Phase I engines (1989–1998) and

2709-512: The end of this generations product cycle. In April 1989, a six-valve engine producing 34 PS (25 kW; 34 bhp) joined the regular engine in high-end versions of the Try and the Sambar truck. The EN05 four-cylinder engine later used in the Rex was never fitted to the KR/KT Sambar, as it would require re-engineering to be a replacement platform. The enlarged Domingo was available with

2772-491: The engines presently in models sold by Subaru The EK series was an inline twin cylinder engine. Early versions were air-cooled two-stroke cycle , later replaced with water-cooled configurations in 1971. The engine was upgraded to a four-stroke SOHC in 1973 to meet Japanese Government emission regulations, using the SEEC emissions system (later SEEC-T), with an alloy block and head. The ( Japanese : Subaru EK series )

2835-559: The facelift, the engine was also updated (EK33) and now produced 26 PS (19.1 kW; 25.6 hp). The styling was also revised, adding a faux front grille to create a more modern appearance as well as bringing the corporate look of the all new compact Subaru Leone . The Sambar saw new competitors, the Mazda Porter in 1968, and the Honda Vamos in 1970. The third generation appeared 10 February 1973, this one nicknamed

2898-438: The large pressings required by this style of construction it is not used by low-volume manufacturers, who might construct an equivalent by welding steel tube to form a suitable space frame. The Ford Model T carried the tradition of body-on-frame over from horse-drawn buggies, helping to facilitate high volume manufacturing on a moving assembly line. The use of steel ladder and X frame chassis allowed numerous vehicles to share

2961-544: The late 19th century, the frames, like those of the carriages they replaced, might be made of wood (commonly ash ), reinforced by steel flitch plates , but in the early 20th century, steel ladder frames or chassis rapidly became standard. Mass production of all-metal bodies began with the Budd Company and the Dodge Brothers . All-metal bodies became common in the 1920s, except for Europe, which followed almost

3024-522: The most body-on-frame SUVs with the 4Runner , Sequoia , Land Cruiser , Lexus GX , and Lexus LX , followed by Nissan with the Patrol , Armada , and Infiniti QX56/80 . The following is a list of SUVs and light-duty pickup trucks that have a body-on-frame construction. The list is divided by vehicle category. List of Subaru engines#EK Subaru uses a four or five character code to identify all of their engines . As of August 2022 these are

3087-416: The overall crank length has decreased from 350.5 to 315.9 mm (13.80 to 12.44 in), and engine weight has been reduced by 14.6 kg (32 lb). For the first time in a Subaru engine, the centerlines of the cylinder bores do not intersect with the crankshaft axis to reduce friction during the piston downstroke; instead, there is a crank offset of 8 mm (0.31 in). Overall thermal efficiency

3150-589: The previous generation engine. The FB has an all new block and head featuring dual overhead cams with intake and exhaust variable valve timing (AVCS - Active Valve Control System), and a timing chain that replaced the timing belt. Moving to chain-driven cams allows the valves to be placed at a more narrow angle to each other and shrinks the cylinder bore from 99.5 mm to 94. It results in less unburned fuel during cold start, thereby reducing emissions. Subaru also uses asymmetrical connecting rods like those in EZ36 . The FB

3213-542: The second iteration of the EZ30D used from 2003 to 2009 was heavily updated from the early EZ30D used from 2001 to 2003, Subaru continued to identify it as EZ30D. "EZ30R" is a false engine code often used on the Internet for the later EZ30, but Subaru has never used it as an official engine code. All EZ-series engines use dual timing chains and feature coil-on-plug ignition. The 2000-2003 EZ30D used one exhaust port per head,

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3276-474: The similar model with a gasoline engine. Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI) spent three years starting in fall 2005 developing the EE20 after concluding the marque needed a diesel engine to compete in Europe. Details about the engine were first released in February 2008, after an additional preview at Frankfurt in 2007, and an official announcement of applications was made at Geneva in March 2008. The EE20

3339-493: The world's first boxer diesel engine to be fitted in a passenger car at the Geneva Auto Show in 2007. This 2.0L DOHC engine, designated the EE20, has an output of 110 kW (150 PS; 150 hp) at 3600 rpm and develops 350 N⋅m (36 kg⋅m; 260 lb⋅ft) of torque at 1800 rpm, with a redline of 4750 rpm. The engine has a total displacement of 1,998 cc (122 cu in) from

3402-522: Was DOHC , and valvetrain parts came from the not yet released EJ25D. Bore: 96.9 mm Stroke: 75 mm The ( Japanese : Subaru EZ series ) was introduced in 1999 in the Japanese market, in the Subaru Outback , and in 2000 in the United States market, also in the Outback. It is a flat-six, 24-valve, quad-cam engine with an aluminium block and heads. It is available in EZ30 and EZ36 variants. Though

3465-704: Was a direct replacement for the ER engine. The ER had been used only in the Subaru XT6 , which was being replaced by the Subaru Alcyone SVX , and the company took the opportunity to create a new engine based on the more modern EJ rather than the EA engine series. As the ER27 was to the EA82, Subaru took the EJ22 design and created a six-cylinder version to make the new EG33. However, this four-valves-per-cylinder engine

3528-459: Was available for purchase May 2, 1999, and in 1998 kei class vehicle size regulations allowed for an increase in body size. The 4WD Dias is now only offered with a 3-speed automatic transmission, with the supercharger optioned engine power output increased to 58 PS (57 bhp). Carburetors are no longer used on the current version of the Subaru EN engine for the entire product line, and

3591-497: Was available with a dual-range transmission. An automatic clutch was offered in the Sambar Try FL and FX. While the home market Sambar came equipped with the 544 cc, 2-cylinder 28 PS (21 kW) EK23 engine, export versions (known as Subaru 700 ) received an enlarged 665 cc version of the same, producing 31 PS (23 kW) and 52 N⋅m (38 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm. LHD versions were available and

3654-483: Was introduced in Japan on September 2, 2014 as a rebadged tenth-generation Daihatsu Hijet Truck . The eighth-generation Sambar Van was introduced in Japan in January 2022 as a rebadged eleventh-generation Daihatsu Hijet Cargo , which is built on the DNGA platform. The Dias Wagon passenger van was renamed to Sambar Dias. Body-on-frame Body-on-frame is a traditional motor vehicle construction method whereby

3717-599: Was offered with the Impreza XV at that model's launch in 2010. The Subaru continuously variable transmission (branded Lineartronic ) was offered as an option for EE20-equipped Outback models starting in 2013, and sales of the Lineartronic EE20 Outback would start in Australia later in 2013. At Geneva 2013, the diesel boxer was combined with three electric motors to form the hybrid powertrain of

3780-438: Was originally released with Euro-4 emissions compliance; an oxidation catalyst and diesel particulate filter are mounted close to the turbo, using heat from exhaust gases, and the exhaust gas recirculation system is water-cooled to meet regulations. The compliance was soon updated to Euro-5 and Euro-6 in 2015. Per the March 2008 announcement at Geneva, the EE20 was sold in Legacy (wagon and sedan) and Outback vehicles for

3843-727: Was possible. October 1995 saw the elimination of the ECVT transmission due to drivability issues and a 3-speed automatic was made available instead. A new option for naturally aspirated versions was the EMPi engine, producing 46 PS (34 kW). Special edition appearance packages were offered including a retro "Dias Classic", later available on the Sambar truck, influenced by the Subaru Vivio Bistro . A Sambar Dias Classic appears in Love Hina as Seta 's van. The sixth generation

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3906-489: Was the second Kei truck (after the Kurogane) and was the last Kei-compliant vehicle to use a rear-engine, rear-drive layout. Introduced at the 1960 Tokyo Motor Show in passenger and commercial versions, the Sambar featured 4-wheel independent suspension, a rear engine, rear drive layout — and a one-box body configuration based on the Subaru 360 platform and inspired by the 1957 Fiat 600 Multipla . The chassis uses

3969-608: Was used from 1958 until 1989 in most Kei car models. The EF series engine is a liquid-cooled three-cylinder, four-stroke , with SOHC . It is not compliant with Japanese Government regulations concerning displacement of kei cars with a current maximum limit of 660 cc. The EF appeared while the EK was being replaced by the EN05. SOHC 2V, 55 hp at 5,200 rpm 1984–1987 Subaru Justy SOHC 3V, 66-73 hp 1987–1994 Subaru Justy All of Subaru's four-cylinder engines (except

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