82-468: [REDACTED] Different groups of civil movements and individual people [REDACTED] Forces of Freedom and Change consisting of: [REDACTED] Sudan Non-centralized leadership December 2018 – April 2019 [REDACTED] Omar al-Bashir President of Sudan [REDACTED] Mohamed Tahir Ayala Prime Minister [REDACTED] Motazz Moussa Prime Minister [REDACTED] Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) Head of
164-475: A "Declaration of Freedom and Change" and "Freedom and Change Charter" in which they called for president Omar al-Bashir to be removed from power. The alliance of groups supporting the charter came to be known by several similar names, including the "Forces of Freedom and Change" alliance (FFC or AFC). The 1 January 2019 declaration was signed by 22 organisations in total. In August 2019, Rosalind Marsden claimed that although Sudanese women and youth had played
246-625: A "Declaration of Freedom and Change" and "Freedom and Change Charter" which called for president Omar al-Bashir to be removed from power, which occurred after several more months of protest in the April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état . The FFC continued coordinating protest actions, and in July 2019, negotiated a power-sharing plan with the Transitional Military Council (TMC) for a transition to return to democracy . The agreement
328-760: A "women's revolution" in March 2019 and following the April 2019 coup d'état, Transitional Military Council chair al-Burhan referred to "the uprising and the revolution". Gilbert Achcar of Jacobin described the transfer of power to the Sovereignty Council and the plan for a 39-month period of transitional institutions as the "fourth phase" of "the revolution". Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok stated, after taking power in August 2019, that "The revolution's deep-rooted slogan, 'freedom, peace and justice,' will form
410-489: A car went viral. On 11 April, al-Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military. The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting. State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail. A curfew was also put in place between 10 pm and 4 am. Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on
492-746: A civilian Prime Minister and have civilians run every Government ministry outside the Defense and Interior Ministries. The same day, military council spokesman Shams El Din Kabbashi Shinto announced that Auf had been removed as Defense Minister and Lt. General Abu Bakr Mustafa was named to succeed Gosh as chief of Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS). On 15 April 2019, Shams al-Din Kabbashi announced that "The former ruling National Congress Party (NCP) will not participate in any transitional government". Despite being barred from
574-500: A civilian government. On 12 April, Col. General Omar Zein al-Abideen, a member of the Transitional Military Council, announced that the transfer of Sudanese government to civilian rule would take place in "as early as a month if a government is formed" and offered to start talks with protestors to start this transition. On 14 April 2019, it was announced that council had agreed to have the protestors nominate
656-680: A civilian-led transitional government , and urging other reforms in Sudan. Negotiations between the TMC and the civilian opposition to form a joint transition government took place during late April and in May, but stopped when the Rapid Support Forces and other TMC security forces killed 128 people, raped 70 and injured others in the Khartoum massacre on 3 June. Opposition groups responded to
738-472: A coalition called the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, or Alliance for Freedom and Change). The Freedom and Change Charter signed by the alliance participants called for the removal of the government and a transition to democracy under a civilian government. Multiple groups and coalitions were organised at multiple levels. Local grassroots groups that had started organising as a loose network in 2013, called
820-549: A judicial investigation of post-coup events, including the Khartoum massacre , until elections occur in mid-2022. On 17 July 2019, the deal planned for leadership of the sovereign council to be transferred from a military leader to a civilian leader 21 months after the transitional period began, for a total of 39 months, leading to elections in 2022 . On 3 August 2019, terms concerning a transitional government and new Constitution were finalized. On 4 August 2019, Opposition leader Ahmed Rabie and Gen Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo signed
902-678: A major role in the Sudanese Revolution , they had been "largely excluded from FFC decision-making bodies". On 4 November 2019, the FFC announced a new, formal top structure, consisting of a Central Council, a Coordination Council, and an Advisory Council. The Central Council is the "supreme political" body; the Coordination Council has executive powers; and the Advisory Council "will control and give counsel" to
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#1732772926282984-532: A major role in the protests, sometimes constituting 70% of the daily street protestors. In August 2019, during the Sudanese transition to democracy period that followed the first 2018–2019 civil disobedience , coup and massacre phases of the Sudanese revolution, these organisation argued that since women had played as significant a role in the revolution as men, positions chosen by civilian–military consensus in
1066-418: A narrative that the protests were race-based. These forced confessions were broadcast on both Sudanese state television and Facebook on 29 December. The generals' position has been strengthened by the security forces' use of force. In the worst of these instances, a crackdown on protestors in the capital city of Khartoum on June 3 resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, some of whose remains were dumped into
1148-536: A prison guard. Military council spokesman Shams Eldin Kabashi added that two of al-Bashir's brothers, Abdullah al-Bashir and Alabas al-Bashir, were arrested as well. On 20 April, officials located suitcases "loaded with cash" in al-Bashir's home and added that the secretary general of the Islamic movement Al-Zubair Ahmed Hassan and former parliament speaker Ahmed Ibrahim al-Taher were among those arrested as well. It
1230-620: A rally supporting the ousted president. Soldiers also raided the offices of the Islamic Movement, the main ideological wing of the National Congress, in Khartoum. On 12 April, the ruling military government agreed to shorten the length of its rule to "as early as a month" and transfer control to a civilian government if negotiations could result in a new government being formed. That evening, Auf stepped down as head of
1312-527: A sit-in camp Khartoum. After being detained, al-Bashir was initially placed under house arrest under heavy guard; his personal bodyguard was dismissed. Lt. General Omar Zain al-Abideen, who at the time also served as head of the Transitional Military Council's political committee, said that the military government would not extradite al-Bashir to The Hague to face charges in the International Criminal Court (ICC), where al-Bashir
1394-403: A total 39-month transition period leading into elections. The TMC was dissolved and the mostly male Sovereignty Council was created on 20 August 2019. Abdalla Hamdok was appointed prime minister on 21 August 2019. The Transitional Cabinet , with four female and 14 male civilian ministers and 2 male military ministers, was announced in early September. A " comprehensive peace process " between
1476-787: Is a wide political coalition of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, including the Sudanese Professionals Association , No to Oppression against Women Initiative , MANSAM , the Sudan Revolutionary Front , the National Consensus Forces , Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering, and the Sudanese resistance committees , created in January 2019 during the 2018–19 Sudanese protests . The FFC drafted
1558-434: Is not wanted or implicated for war crimes by any international court. He was one of the generals who had reached out to protesters during their week-long encampment near the military headquarters, meeting with them face to face and listening to their views. Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on the streets. On 13 April, Burhan announced in his first televised address that the curfew which had been imposed by Auf
1640-516: Is the subject of an arrest warrant on counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes in connection with the Darfur genocide between 2003 and 2008. Al-Abideen said, however, that the military government would seek to prosecute al-Bashir in Sudan. More than 100 of al-Bashir's allies, including Prime Minister Mohamed Taher Ayala , National Congress Party leader and ICC fugitive for war crimes and crimes against humanity Ahmed Haroun , member of
1722-448: The 2019 Sudanese coup d'état . The FFC continued coordinating protest actions, prior to the 3 June Khartoum massacre by the Rapid Support Forces , and after the massacre. In July and August 2019, the FFC negotiated a detailed power-sharing plan with the Transitional Military Council (TMC) for a Sudanese transition to democracy . On 20 August 2019, the TMC transferred power to the Sovereignty Council of five civilians nominated by
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#17327729262821804-531: The Cabinet of Ministers should be allotted equally between men and women, stating that Sudanese women "claim an equal share of 50–50 with men at all levels, measured by qualifications and capabilities". The 2018–2019 wave of protests began on 19 December 2018 in response to the tripling of the price of bread in Atbara , then quickly spread to Port Sudan , Dongola and the capital Khartoum . Protestors set fire to
1886-685: The NetBlocks internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive Internet censorship regime". Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country. Darfuri students in Sennar and Khartoum were arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) and tortured into confessing membership in the Sudan Liberation Movement in an effort to create
1968-466: The Rapid Support Forces [REDACTED] Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf Sudanese Minister of Defense [REDACTED] Salah Mohammed Abdullah (Gosh) Head of National Intelligence and Security Service April 2019 – August 2019 [REDACTED] Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (11–12 April) [REDACTED] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (12 April – 21 August), Chairman of
2050-563: The Sudanese Ba'ath Party ). Jacobin described the political movement organised by the Sudanese opposition groups as "perhaps the best organized and politically advanced in the [Middle East/North Africa] region". 1 January declaration that created the FFC included two major women's coalitions, the Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups , Sudanese Women's Union , No to Oppression against Women Initiative , and MANSAM . Women played
2132-484: The Sudanese Professionals Association led to a doctor being shot on 17 January, as hospitals were being targeted by security forces. The erstwhile allies of Bashir, the National Congress Party, announced that it was withdrawing from the government and later called on for a transfer of power to a transitional government, signalling at least that even in the ruling establishment, there was fatigue from
2214-591: The Sudanese pound in October 2018 led to wildly fluctuating exchange rates and a shortage of cash in circulation. Long lines for basic goods such as petrol, bread, as well as cash from ATMs were a common sight. At the time, Sudan had around 70% inflation, second only to Venezuela. In August 2018, the National Congress party backed Omar Al-Bashir's 2020 presidential run, despite his increasing unpopularity and his previous declaration that he would not run in
2296-719: The Vice President of Sudan , declared himself the de facto Head of State, announced the suspension of the country's constitution , and imposed a curfew from 10 pm to 4 am, effectively ordering the dissolution of the ongoing protests. Along with the National Legislature and national government, state governments and legislative councils in Sudan were dissolved as well. State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail. Al-Bashir's National Congress Party responded by announcing that they would hold
2378-541: The resistance committees , played a major role in organising civil disobedience and pressuring the TMC. One of the key groups active in coordinating the protests is the Sudanese Professionals Association . The group is a civil society organisation and an umbrella group of trade unions for professionals. The group is composed of doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, pharmacists, and others. The group, established in 2012, operated mostly clandestinely during al-Bashir's regime in order to avoid arrest. The core of
2460-523: The "Sudanese revolution". Two earlier Sudanese civil disobedience uprisings that led to major changes of government include the October 1964 Revolution and the March/April 1985 Revolution . Since December 2018, sustained civil disobedience was referred to by protestors as a revolution , with chanted slogans including "Revolution is the people's choice". Women participating in the protests called them
2542-608: The Central Council. The Central Council and Advisory Council include representatives from the biggest signatories to the Declaration of Freedom and Change Charter, while the Advisory Council includes representatives from all the signatories. Throughout the first half of 2019, the FFC supported continuing mass peaceful civil disobedience actions, especially mass street protests for several months. In April 2019, military forces rebelled against al-Bashir and arrested him in
Sudanese revolution - Misplaced Pages Continue
2624-517: The Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people had been tried in the newly-established emergency courts by mid-March. On 6 April, days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika was forced to step down to appease Algerian protesters , the Sudanese Professionals Association called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces. Hundreds of thousands of people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between
2706-572: The FFC, five military chosen by the TMC, and a civilian, Raja Nicola , chosen by mutual agreement between the FFC and the TMC. As of April 2023 , the FFC had split into the FFC-CC (Central Council) versus the FFC-DB (Democratic Block). In early April 2023, negotiations between FFC-CC and FFC-DB for cooperation were underway. 2019 Sudanese coup d%27%C3%A9tat Military coup successful, protests continue A coup d'état took place in Sudan in
2788-519: The National Congress Awad Al-Jaz, and former vice presidents Bakri Hassan Saleh and Ali Othman Taha were also arrested. Former defense minister and Khartoum state Governor Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein , also subject to an ICC arrest warrant for war crimes and crimes against humanity, was also arrested. More people who had served in al-Bashir's government were reported to have been arrested on 14 April 2019, as well. Among
2870-519: The River Nile. On the same day, Mohamed Nagi Alassam , SPA secretary, delivered a statement demanding the government to step-down. He and over 100 opposition members were arrested the next day. By 7 January 2019 over 800 anti-government protesters were arrested and 19 people, including security officials, were killed during the protests. On 9 January, thousands of protesters gathered in the southeastern city of El-Gadarif . Protests organised by
2952-544: The South Darfur officials arrested were women. On 20 May 2019, suspects who confessed to killing five pro-democracy protestors were arrested. A deal was agreed verbally between the TMC and the civilian protesters represented by the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) on 5 July and a written form of the agreement was signed by the TMC and FFC on 17 July 2019. The TMC and FFC announced that they would share power to run Sudan via executive and legislative institutions and
3034-635: The Sovereignty Council (21 August–present) The Sudanese revolution ( Arabic : الثورة السودانية , romanized : al-Thawrah al-Sūdānīyah ) was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power, 3 June Khartoum massacre took place under
3116-548: The Sudanese revolution, which may also be interpreted to include the period during the prime ministership of Hamdok, who promised that the transitional period would carry out "the program" of the revolution. On 19 December 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese cities, due in part to rising costs of living and deterioration of economic conditions at all levels of society. The protests quickly turned from demands for urgent economic reforms into demands for President Omar al-Bashir to step down. The violence of
3198-523: The Sudanese state and armed opposition groups was scheduled to start on 1 September 2019. Nemat Abdullah Khair was appointed as Sudan's first female Chief Justice on 10 October. Street protests continued during the transitionary period. Al-Bashir had ruled the country since 1989 when he led a successful coup against the elected, but increasingly unpopular, prime minister of the time, Sadiq al-Mahdi . The International Criminal Court (ICC) has indicted Al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in
3280-444: The TMC and the civilian protesters represented by the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) on 5 July 2019 and a written form of the agreement was signed by the TMC and FFC on 17 July. The TMC and FFC announced that they would share power to run Sudan via executive and legislative institutions and a judicial investigation of post-coup events, including the Khartoum massacre , until elections occur in mid-2022 . The Political Agreement
3362-410: The TMC formally transferred executive power to a mixed military–civilian collective head of state, the Sovereignty Council of Sudan , and to a civilian prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok and a mostly civilian cabinet , while judicial power was transferred to Nemat Abdullah Khair , Sudan's first female Chief Justice . While it is mainly about this eight-month period, there are debates on the definition of
Sudanese revolution - Misplaced Pages Continue
3444-545: The basic goods including bread. The protests grew quickly and found support from different opposition parties. Youth and women's movements also joined the protests. The Sudanese government devalued the local currency and removed wheat and electricity subsidies. Sudan's economy has struggled since Omar al-Bashir's ascent to power, but became increasingly turbulent following the secession of South Sudan in 2011, which, up until then, had represented an important source of foreign currency, because of its oil output. The devaluation of
3526-469: The country. In particular, the 2011–2013 Sudanese protests , which coincided with the Arab Spring , saw a period of heightened protest and repression, as well as shifts in organizational dynamics within the Sudanese opposition and a restructuring of the regime's coercive apparatus. In January 2018, large protests started on the streets of Khartoum , Sudan's capital, in opposition to the rising prices of
3608-431: The dissolution of the central governments and the regional governments, and replaced regional governors with military generals. The next day he appointed his chosen successor, Mohamed Tahir Ayala , as prime minister and former intelligence chief and current Defence Minister Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf as first vice-president. His intelligence chief also announced that he would not seek re-election in 2020 and would resign from
3690-486: The first state of national emergency in twenty years amidst increasing unrest. On 11 April, the Sudanese military removed Omar al-Bashir from his position as President of Sudan, dissolved the cabinet and the National Legislature , and announced a three-month state of emergency, to be followed by a two-year transition period. Lt. Gen. Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf , who was both the defense minister of Sudan and
3772-496: The first time since the declaration of the state of emergency. On 10 April, soldiers were seen shielding protesters from security forces, and on 11 April, the military removed al-Bashir from power in a coup d'état . Following al-Bashir's removal from power, street protests organised by the Sudanese Professionals Association and democratic opposition groups continued, calling on the ruling Transitional Military Council (TMC) to "immediately and unconditionally" step aside in favour of
3854-769: The former head of the ruling party, will be charged with corruption and the death of protesters. On 17 April, al-Bashir was transferred from house arrest in the Presidential Palace to solitary confinement at the maximum-security Kobar Prison in Khartoum, a prison notorious for holding political prisoners during al-Bashir's time in power. Military council spokesman Shams Eldin Kabashi said that two of al-Bashir's brothers, Abdullah and Alabas, had also been arrested. Forces of Freedom and Change The Forces of Freedom and Change ( FFC , also Alliance for Freedom and Change , or AFC, and Declaration of Freedom and Change , or DFC; Arabic : قوى إعلان الحرية والتغيير )
3936-552: The former head of the ruling party, will be charged with corruption and the death of protesters. On 23 April, the AU agreed to extend the transition deadline from 15 days to three months. On 24 April, three members of the Transitional Military Council submitted their resignations. Those who resigned included political committee chair Lieutenant-General Omar Zain al-Abideen, Lieutenant-General Jalal al-Deen al-Sheikh and Lieutenant-General Al-Tayeb Babakr Ali Fadeel. On 27 April, an agreement
4018-454: The government's reaction to these peaceful demonstrations sparked international concern. On 22 February 2019, al-Bashir declared a state of emergency and dissolved the national and regional governments, replacing the latter with military and intelligence-service officers. On 8 March, al-Bashir announced that all of the women jailed for protesting against the government would be released. On the weekend of 6–7 April, there were massive protests for
4100-567: The government. A "senior military source" told Middle East Eye that Salah Gosh , head of Sudanese intelligence, had the support of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt to replace al-Bashir as president, citing his private talks with Yossi Cohen at the Munich Security Conference as evidence (15–17 February). On 22 February, Bashir declared a yearlong state of national emergency, the first in twenty years. Bashir also announced
4182-799: The group consists of urban middle-class professionals. Other Sudanese opposition groups include the Sudan Call (Nidaa Sudan in Arabic), a movement founded by many political figures including, Farouk Abu Issa and Dr. Amin Mekki Medani , (and included the Umma Party , Sudanese Congress Party, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North ) and the National Consensus Forces (consisting of the Sudanese Communist Party and
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#17327729262824264-462: The head of the National Congress Party. Ahmed Haroun , also wanted by the ICC for war crimes, replaced Al-Bashir as leader of the National Congress party. Officers from the military and intelligence services were put in charge of provincial governments after the dissolution. Security forces raided universities in Khartoum and Ombdurman, reportedly beating students with sticks in Khartoum on 24 February. On
4346-479: The late afternoon on 11 April 2019, when President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the Sudanese Armed Forces after popular protests demanded his departure. At that time, the army, led by Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf , toppled the government and National Legislature and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months, followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement
4428-409: The leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy. In August and September 2019,
4510-494: The massacre and post-massacre arrests by carrying out a 3-day general strike from 9–11 June and calling for sustained civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance until the TMC transfers power to a civilian government. On 12 June the opposition agreed to stop the strike and the TMC agreed to free political prisoners. After renewed negotiations, a deal, called the Political Agreement, was agreed verbally between
4592-429: The military council and made Lt. Gen. Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan , who serves as general inspector of the armed forces, his successor. This came following protests over his decision not to extradite Bashir to the International Criminal Court . The resignation was regarded as a "triumph" by the protestors, who were overjoyed. Burhan is considered to have a cleaner record than the rest of al-Bashir's generals and
4674-447: The military council announced that Burhan had again cooperated with the demands of the protestors and sacked the nation's three top prosecutors, including chief prosecutor Omar Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsalam, public prosecutor Amer Ibrahim Majid, and deputy public prosecutor Hesham Othman Ibrahim Saleh. The same day, two sources with direct knowledge told CNN that Bashir, his former interior minister Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, and Ahmed Haroun,
4756-445: The military council announced that Burhan once again cooperated with the demands of the protestors and sacked the nation's three top prosecutors, including chief prosecutor Omar Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsalam, public prosecutor Amer Ibrahim Majid, and deputy public prosecutor Hesham Othman Ibrahim Saleh. The same day, two sources with direct knowledge told CNN that Bashir, his former interior minister Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, and Ahmed Haroun,
4838-470: The national party headquarters in Atbara and Dongola. Authorities used tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition to disperse demonstrators, causing dozens of deaths and injuries. The former prime minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi , returned to the country on the same day. Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by
4920-510: The people arrested on 14 April included the head of the party's political sector Abdel Rahman al-Khidir, former Interior Minister Ibrahim Mahmoud , former Presidential Affairs Minister Fadl Abdallah, and head of the party's youth sector Mohamed al-Amin. On 17 April 2019, two prison officials, as well as members of al-Bashir's family, confirmed that al-Bashir was transferred from the presidential palace, where he had been under house arrest, to Khartoum's Kobar Maximum Security Prison . Al-Bashir
5002-436: The program of the transitional period." The Sudan Revolutionary Front , an alliance of armed groups created in 2011 in opposition to President Omar al-Bashir , argued that the August 2019 creation of the Sovereignty Council was a "hijacking of the revolution", and that the revolution had been started by the armed rebel groups in 2003. The Sudanese opposition to al-Bashir was initially fractured, but in January 2019 unified in
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#17327729262825084-425: The protestors and the military to transition to a civilian government officially started. In a statement, several Sudanese activists, including those of the Sudanese Professionals Association and the Sudanese Communist Party , denounced the Transitional Military Council as a government of "the same faces and entities that our great people have revolted against". The activists demanded that power be handed over to
5166-403: The protestors during the sit-in. Burhan is also "not known to be implicated in war crimes or wanted by international courts." On 13 April, talks between the military and the protestors officially started. This came following announcements that the curfew imposed by Auf was lifted, that an order was issued to complete the release of those who were jailed under emergency laws issued by al-Bashir. It
5248-508: The rule of Bashir. Media coverage of the protests was strictly controlled by security forces. Al Tayyar began printing blank pages to show the amount of government-censored copy. Other news outlets have seen their entire print run confiscated by the government. The security service (NISS) raided Al Jarida ' s offices again, which has led the latter to stop producing its print version. According to The Listening Post , foreign Arabic-language videographers have been particularly targeted by
5330-437: The same day, al-Bashir issued decrees banning unauthorised demonstrations, prohibiting the illegal trade of fuel and wheat under threat of 10-year prison sentences; banning the "unauthorized circulation of information, photos or documents that belong to the president's family"; and introducing capital controls on the trade of gold and foreign currency. On 7 March, protests were organised to honour women for their leading role in
5412-425: The secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum. According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2,500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene. Also on Monday, Alaa Salah , a young woman dressed as a kandake , became a symbol of the movement when a photo of her leading the protestors in a chant while standing on top of
5494-407: The security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back." On Sunday, Social media were blocked and the power was cut all over Sudan as the protestors began a sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum which continued throughout the week. On Monday morning (8 April), the army and the rapid reaction force of
5576-404: The streets. On the evening of 12 April, the head of the Transitional Military Council in Sudan, Awad Ibn Auf , announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing this announcement as he was one of the generals who reached out to
5658-449: The transitional government, the NCP has not been barred from taking part in future elections. Prominent activist Mohammed Naji al-Asam announced that trust was also growing between the military and the protestors following more talks and the release of more political prisoners, despite a poorly organized attempt by the army to disperse the sit-in. It was also announced that the military council
5740-399: The upcoming elections. These measures led to rising opposition from within the party calling for respect of the constitution, which currently prevents Al-Bashir from being reelected. Sudanese activists reacted on social media and called for a campaign against his nomination. The protests and the planned 39-month phase of transitionary institutions were widely referred to as "the revolution" or
5822-660: The uprising. "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests. On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed. Protestors named a Khartoum neighbourhood park (in Burri ) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of flogging , first introduced during British colonisation in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to
5904-517: The western region of Darfur . Since the Bashir regime gained control of the country in 1989, the opposition had been very fierce from all political parties, due to the oppressive "Islamist" policies and heinous human rights violations. Multiple failed coup attempts, protests, and strikes had been dealt with extremely harshly, and key opposition members such as Sadiq al-Mahdi , Amin Mekki Medani , and Farouk Abu Issa were even arrested and expelled from
5986-958: Was also announced that intelligence and security chief Salah Gosh had resigned. Amnesty International asked the military coalition to investigate his role in protesters' deaths. On 14 April it was announced that the council had agreed to have the protestors nominate a civilian prime minister and have civilians run every Government ministry outside the Defense and Interior Ministries. The same day, military council spokesman Shams El Din Kabbashi Shinto announced that Auf had been removed as Defense Minister and that Lt. General Abu Bakr Mustafa had been named to succeed Gosh as chief of Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS). On 15 April, military council spokesman Shams al-Din Kabbashi announced "The former ruling National Congress Party (NCP) will not participate in any transitional government," despite not being barred from future elections. The same day, prominent activist Mohammed Naji al-Asam announced that trust
6068-469: Was also growing between the military and the protestors following more talks and the release of more political prisoners, despite a poorly organised attempt by the army to disperse the sit-in. It was also announced that the military council was undergoing restructuring, which began with the appointments of Colonel General Hashem Abdel Muttalib Ahmed Babakr as army chief of staff and Colonel General Mohamed Othman al-Hussein as deputy chief of staff. On 16 April,
6150-497: Was complemented by the Draft Constitutional Declaration, which was initially signed by the FFC and the TMC on 4 August 2019 and signed more formally on 17 August. The transition plan creates the Sovereignty Council as head of state, with a mixed civilian–military composition and leadership to be transferred from a military leader to a civilian leader 21 months after the transitional period begins, for
6232-466: Was later revealed that the suitcases contained a total of around $ 6.7 million. Parliament speaker Ibrahim Ahmed Omar and presidential aide Nafie Ali Nafie were also placed under house arrest. On 7 May 2019, 21 former officials who served in al-Bashir's National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in South Darfur were arrested after attempting to flee the country. On 8 May, it was revealed that some of
6314-456: Was now lifted and that an order was issued to complete the release of all prisoners jailed under emergency laws ordered by Bashir. Hours beforehand, members of the ruling military council released a statement to Sudanese television which stated that Burhan had accepted the resignation of intelligence and security chief Salah Gosh . Gosh had overseen the crackdown of protestors who opposed al-Bashir. Following these announcements, talks between
6396-425: Was reached later. Protests had been ongoing in Sudan since 19 December 2018 when a series of demonstrations broke out in several cities due to dramatically rising costs of living and the deterioration of the country's economy . In January 2019, the protests shifted attention from economic matters to calls for resignation of the long time President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir . By February 2019, Bashir had declared
6478-461: Was reached to form a transitional council made up jointly of civilians and military, though the exact details of the power-sharing arrangement were not yet agreed upon, as both sides wanted to have a majority. The military also announced the resignation of the three military council generals. Dozens of women were raped on 3 June 2019 by Sudanese security forces and at least 87 people were killed by Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and other troops tore apart
6560-512: Was reported to be surrounded by tight security and held in solitary confinement, in the same prison where he had held political prisoners during his time in power. This came a day after Uganda's Minister for Foreign Affairs Henry Oryem Okello considered offering the former Sudan President asylum in Uganda. Several other allies of al-Bashir are being held at the prison as well. The reports of al-Bashir's transfer were later confirmed to Al Jazeera by
6642-462: Was restructuring, which began with the appointments of Colonel General Hashem Abdel Muttalib Ahmed Babakr as army chief of staff and Colonel General Mohamed Othman al-Hussein as deputy chief of staff. On 15 April, the African Union gave Sudan 15 days to install a civilian government. If the ruling military council does not comply, Sudan will be suspended as a member of the AU. On 16 April,
6724-439: Was signed on 17 July 2019. The 2018–19 Sudanese protests had already lasted several weeks when a wide array of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, including the Sudanese Professionals Association , No to Oppression against Women Initiative , MANSAM , the Sudan Revolutionary Front , the National Consensus Forces , Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering, and the Sudanese resistance committees , drafted and signed
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