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71-756: The name Suesca is derived from the Chibcha word Suejica , Sueica or Suesuca , which means "Rock of the birds" or "Tail of the macaw". Suesca was inhabited early in the history of inhabitation of the Altiplano and the rock shelters formed the site for semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers of the Herrera and preceramic periods. Before the Spanish conquest , Suesca was part of the Muisca Confederation . The cacique of Guatavita ruled over Suesca,

142-499: A ction"; izhe – "street" i – open "i" as in "' i nca" – sié – "water" or "river" o – short "o" as in "b o x" – to – "dog" u – "ou" as in "y ou " – uba – "face" y – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – ty – "singing" b – as in " b ed", or as in Spanish "ha b a"; – bohozhá – "with" ch – "sh" as in " sh ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – chuta – "son" or "daughter" f – between

213-734: A "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – foï – "mantle" g – "gh" as in " g ood", or as in Spanish "abo g ado"; – gata – "fire" h – as in " h ello" – huïá – "inwards" ï – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – ïe – "road" or "prayer" k – "c" as in " c old" – kony – "wheel" m – "m" as in " m an" – mika – "three" n – "n" as in " n ice" – nyky – "brother" or "sister" p – "p" as in " p eople" – paba – "father" s – "s" as in " s orry" – sahawá – "husband" t – "t" as in " t ext" – yta – "hand" w – "w" as in " w ow!" – we – "house" zh – as in " ch orizo", but with

284-592: A 3.7-meter (12 ft) wooden cross, a trek confirmed by Guinness World Records as part of "the longest round-the-world pilgrimage" for Christ. Most crossings of the Darién Gap region have been from Panama to Colombia. In July 1961, three college students — Carl Adler, James Wirth, and Joseph Bellina — crossed from the Bay of San Miguel to Puerto Obaldia on the Gulf of Parita (near Colombia) and ultimately to Mulatupu in

355-454: A Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by the Caro y Cuervo Institute in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken. " González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in

426-399: A dictionary of all the languages of the world This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ], "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ] and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ]; The third book

497-457: A grammar, a confessional in Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with

568-481: A large number of sites with impressive platform mounds, plazas, paved roads, stone sculpture and artifacts made from jade , gold and ceramic materials. The Guna people lived in what is now Northern Colombia and the Darién Province of Panama at the time of the Spanish conquest , and they subsequently began to move westward due to a conflict with the Spanish and other indigenous groups. Centuries before

639-713: A major power would be to share the benefits of England's international trade and the growth of the English overseas possessions, so its future would have to lie in unity with England. Furthermore, Scotland's nobles were almost bankrupted by the Darién fiasco. Most of Panama was part of Colombia until it declared its independence in 1903, with encouragement and support from the United States. The geography of Darién, through which no troops could pass, made its Departamento of Panamá harder to defend and control. The current border

710-524: A motorboat across the Gulf of Uraba from Turbo to Capurganá and then hopping the coast to Sapzurro and hiking from there to La Miel, Panama. All inland routes through the Darién remain highly dangerous. In June 2017, CBS journalist Adam Yamaguchi filmed smugglers leading refugees on a nine-day journey from Colombia to Panama through the Darién. Migrants from Africa , South Asia , the Middle East ,

781-439: A semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in cusmuy *[kusmʷɨ], */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one. The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. Myska didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows: a – as in Spanish "casa"; ka – "enclosure" or "fence" e – as in "

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852-576: A stretch of the Pacific Coast and almost the entire border with neighbouring Colombia. On 6 June 1992, Copa Airlines Flight 201 , a Boeing 737 jet airplane covering a flight between Panama City and Cali, Colombia, crashed in the Darién Gap, killing all 47 people on board. To travel between the continents through the Darién Gap has long been a challenge for adventure travelers. The Gap can be transited by off-road vehicles attempting intercontinental journeys. The first post-colonial expedition to

923-478: Is La Palma , the capital of Darién Province, with roughly 4,200 residents; other population centers include Yaviza and El Real , both on the Panamanian side. Owing to its isolation and harsh geography, the Darién Gap is largely undeveloped, with most economic activity consisting of small-scale farming, cattle ranching, and lumber. Criminal enterprises such as human and drug trafficking are widespread. There

994-474: Is a geographic region that connects the American continents , stretching across southern Panama 's Darién Province and the northern portion of Colombia 's Chocó Department . Consisting of a large watershed , dense rainforest , and mountains, it is known for its remoteness, difficult terrain, and extreme environment, with a reputation as one of the most inhospitable regions in the world. Nevertheless, as

1065-594: Is a language spoken by the Muisca people of the Muisca Confederation , one of the many indigenous cultures of the Americas . The Muisca inhabit the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of what today is the country of Colombia . The name of the language Muysc cubun in its own language means "language of the people", from muysca ("people") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of

1136-460: Is a mountainous rainforest , with terrain reaching from 60 m (197 ft) in the valley floors to 1,845 m (6,053 ft) at the tallest peak, Cerro Tacarcuna, in the Serranía del Darién . The Darién Gap is inhabited mostly by the indigenous Embera-Wounaan and Guna peoples; in 1995, it had a reported population of 8,000 among five tribes. The only sizable settlement in the region

1207-596: Is a system of roads measuring about 30,000 km (19,000 mi) in length that runs north–south through the entirety of North, Central and South America, with the sole exception of a 106 km (66 mi) stretch of marshland and mountains between Panama and Colombia known as the Darién Gap. On the South American side, the Highway terminates at Turbo, Colombia , near 8°6′N 76°40′W  /  8.100°N 76.667°W  / 8.100; -76.667 . On

1278-533: Is an agglutinative language , characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an inflectional language , which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is Uwa . Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations. The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from

1349-629: Is documented in his 1976 book The Rucksack Man and in Wade Davis's 1996 book One River . In 1981, George Meegan crossed the gap on a similar journey. He too started in Tierra del Fuego and eventually ended in Alaska. His 1988 biography, The Longest Walk , describes the trip and includes a 25-page chapter on his foray through the Gap. In 1979, evangelist Arthur Blessitt traversed the gap while carrying

1420-609: Is no road, not even a primitive one, across the Darién: Colombia and Panama are the only countries in the Americas that share a land border but lack even a rudimentary link. The "Gap" interrupts the Pan-American Highway , which breaks at Yaviza, Panama and resumes at Turbo, Colombia roughly 106 km (66 mi) away. Infrastructure development has long been constrained by logistical challenges, financial costs, and environmental concerns; attempts failed in

1491-595: Is part of the Chibcha linguistic family , which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America. In prehistorical times, in the Andean civilizations called preceramic , the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and

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1562-741: Is regulated by the Victoria-Velez Treaty  [ es ] , signed in Bogotá on 20 August 1924 by the Foreign Ministers of Panama, Nicolás Victoria  [ es ] , and Colombia, Jorge Vélez . This treaty is officially registered in the Register No. 814 of the Treaty League of Nations , on 17 August 1925; said border was based on the same Colombian law of 9 June 1855. Two major national parks exist in

1633-461: Is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013. These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013 It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of

1704-596: Is to use a combination of bridges and tunnels to avoid the environmentally sensitive regions. Archaeological knowledge of this area has received relatively little attention compared to its neighbors to the north and south, although in the early 20th century, scholars such as Max Uhle , William Henry Holmes , C. V. Hartman and George Grant MacCurdy undertook studies of archaeological sites and collections that were augmented by further research by Samuel Kirkland Lothrop , John Alden Mason , Doris Zemurray Stone , William Duncan Strong , Gordon Willey and others. There are

1775-491: The Caribbean , and China have been known to cross the Darién Gap as a method of migrating to the United States. This route may entail flying to Ecuador (taking advantage of that nation's liberal visa policy ) and attempting to cross the gap on foot. The journalist Jason Motlagh was interviewed by Sacha Pfeiffer on NPR 's nationally syndicated radio show On Point in 2016 concerning his work following migrants through

1846-697: The Company of Scotland was backed by approximately 20% of all the money circulating in Scotland, its failure left the Scottish Lowlands in substantial financial ruin; in fact, English financial incentives are thought to have been a factor in persuading those in power to support the 1707 union with England . According to this argument, the Scottish establishment of landed aristocracy and mercantile elites considered that their best chance of being part of

1917-600: The New Kingdom of Granada and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in Santafé and its surroundings Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as Adolfo Constenla (1984), González de Pérez (2006) and Willem Adelaar with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from

1988-560: The San Blas Islands . The trip across the Darién was by banana boat , piragua and foot via the Tuira river ( La Palma and El Real de Santa Maria), Río Chucunaque ( Yaviza ), Rio Tuquesa (Chaua's (General Choco Chief) Trading Post— Choco Indian village) and Serranía del Darién. In 1985, Project Raleigh, which evolved from Project Drake in 1984 and in 1989 became Raleigh International , sponsored an expedition which also crossed

2059-465: The 17th century and comparative linguistics. The proposal of Adolfo Constenla , Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains

2130-640: The 17th century when the language was alive. In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha". fulano fulano muysca person cha male cho good guy COP fulano muysca cha cho guy fulano person male good COP Dari%C3%A9n Gap The Darién Gap ( UK : / ˈ d ɛər i ə n , ˈ d ær -/ , US : / ˌ d ɛər i ˈ ɛ n , ˌ d ɑːr -, d ɑːr ˈ j ɛ n / , Spanish : Tapón del Darién [taˈpon del daˈɾjen] , lit.   ' Darién plug ' )

2201-708: The 1970s and 1990s. As of 2024, there is no active plan to build a road through the Gap, although there is discussion of reestablishing a ferry service and building a rail link. Consequently, travel within and across Darién Gap is often conducted with small boats or traditional watercraft such as pirogues . Otherwise, hiking is the only remaining option, and it is strenuous and dangerous. Aside from natural threats such as deadly wildlife, tropical diseases, and frequent heavy rains and flash floods, law enforcement and medical support are nonexistent, resulting in rampant violent crime, and causing otherwise minor injuries to ultimately become fatal. Despite its perilous conditions, since

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2272-494: The 2010s, the Darién Gap has become one of the heaviest migration routes in the world, with hundreds of thousands of migrants, primarily Haitians and Venezuelans, traversing north to the Mexico–United States border . In 2022, there were 250,000 crossings, compared to only 24,000 in 2019. In 2023, more than 520,000 passed through the gap, more than doubling the previous year's number of crossings. The Pan-American Highway

2343-652: The Bay of Darién, and make the Isle called the Golden Island ... some few leagues to the leeward of the mouth of the great River of Darién ... and there make a settlement on the mainland". After calling at Madeira and the West Indies , the fleet made landfall off the coast of Darién on 2 November. The settlers christened their new home "New Caledonia". The aim was for the colony to have an overland route that connected

2414-723: The Colombia Border with two Corvairs, the third having been abandoned in the jungle. A pair of Range Rovers was used on the British Trans-Americas Expedition in 1972 led by John Blashford-Snell , which is claimed to be the first vehicle-based expedition to traverse both American continents north to south through the Darién Gap. The Expedition crossed the Atrato Swamp in Colombia with the cars on special inflatable rafts that were carried in

2485-486: The Darién Gap from Panama to Colombia. In Panama City, Liska decided to fly his motorcycle ahead to Medellin, and proceed across the Gap by boat and on foot. He was later forced to abandon it in Punta Arenas when he was not able to clear it at a customs office, and was once again afoot. In 1961, a team of three 1961 Chevrolet Corvairs and several support vehicles departed from Panama. After 109 days, they reached

2556-420: The Darién Gap has been considered to be essentially impassable, the 21st century has seen thousands of migrants, primarily Haitian during the 2010s and Venezuelan during the 2020s, cross the Darién Gap to reach the United States . By 2021, the number was more than 130,000, and 2023 is on pace for 500,000 migrants for the now more organized 2 ½ day trek, which used to take a week. Of the 334,000 migrants that made

2627-473: The Darién Gap. Journalists Nadja Drost and Bruno Federico were interviewed by Nick Schifrin about their work following migrants through the Darién Gap in mid-2019 and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic a year later, as part of a series on migration to the United States for PBS NewsHour . In 2023, people fleeing China travelled to Ecuador, then to Necoclí in Colombia, with the intention of crossing

2698-614: The Darién Gap: Darién National Park in Panama and Los Katíos National Park in Colombia. The Darién Gap forests had extensive cedrela and mahogany cover until many of these trees were removed by loggers. Darién National Park in Panama, the largest national park in Central America, covers roughly 5,790 km (2,240 sq mi) of land, and was established in 1980. The property includes

2769-407: The Darién coast to coast. Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Encounter Overland, a British adventure travel company, organized two- to three-week trekking trips through the Darién Gap from Panama to Colombia or vice versa. These trips used a combination of whatever transport was available: jeeps, bus, boats, and walking, with travelers carrying their own supplies. Complete overland crossings of

2840-634: The Darién rainforest on foot and riverboat (i.e., from the last road in Panama to the first road in Colombia) became more dangerous in the 1990s because of the Colombian conflict . The Colombian portion of the Darién rainforest in the Katios Park region eventually fell under control of armed groups. Furthermore, combatants from Colombia even entered Panama, occupied some Panamanian jungle villages and kidnapped or killed inhabitants and travelers. While

2911-642: The Darién was the Marsh Darién Expedition in 1924–25, supported by several major sponsors, including the Smithsonian Institution , the American Museum of Natural History and the government of Panama . The first vehicular crossing of the Gap was made by three Brazilians in two Ford Model T cars. They left Rio de Janeiro in 1928 and arrived in the United States in 1938. The expedition intended to bring attention for

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2982-920: The Gunas. In 1698, the Kingdom of Scotland tried to establish a settlement in a project known as the Darién scheme , intending to tame, occupy and administer the non-traversable land of the Darién Gap, and use it as a gateway to trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as was later achieved successfully by the Panama Railroad and then the Panama Canal . The first expedition of five ships ( Saint Andrew , Caledonia , Unicorn , Dolphin and Endeavour ) set sail from Leith on 14 July 1698, with around 1,200 people on board. Their orders were "to proceed to

3053-507: The Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation , a cultural grouping. As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, Quito , and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy

3124-687: The Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Since its inception, it has been said that the undertaking was beset by poor planning and provisioning, divided leadership, a poor choice of trade goods, devastating epidemics of disease, reported attempts by the East India Company to frustrate it, and a failure to anticipate the Spanish Empire's military response. It was finally abandoned in March 1700 after a siege and harbor blockade by Spanish forces. As

3195-547: The Pan-American Highway. Planning began in 1971 with the help of American funding, but was halted in 1974 after concerns were raised by environmentalists. US support was further blocked by the US Department of Agriculture in 1978, from its desire to stop the spread of foot-and-mouth disease . Another effort to build the road began in 1992, but, by 1994 a United Nations agency reported that the road, and

3266-455: The Panamanian side, the road terminus, for many years in Chepo, Panama Province , is since 2010 in the town of Yaviza at 8°9′N 77°41′W  /  8.150°N 77.683°W  / 8.150; -77.683 . Many people, including local indigenous populations, groups and governments are opposed to completing the Darién portion of the highway. Reasons for opposition include protecting

3337-628: The Panamerican highway, after an International Conference in Chile, in 1923. The participants were Leonidas Borges de Oliveira, a lieutenant from Brazilian army, Francisco Lopez da Cruz from Brazilian air force, and Mário Fava, a young mechanic. They took what appears to be the last photo of Augusto Sandino , who received them in Nicaragua, and were received by Henry Ford and Franklin Roosevelt in

3408-615: The United States. Another crossing was completed by the Land Rover La Cucaracha Cariñosa (The Affectionate Cockroach) and a Jeep of the Trans-Darién Expedition of 1959–60. They left Chepo, Panama , on 2 February 1960 and reached Quibdó , Colombia , on 17 June 1960, averaging 201 m (220 yd) per hour over 136 days. In December 1960, on a motorcycle trip from Alaska to Argentina , adventurer Danny Liska attempted to transit

3479-741: The Welsh pirate Henry Morgan crossed the Isthmus of Panama from the Caribbean side and destroyed the city ; the town was subsequently relocated a few kilometers to the west on a small peninsula. The ruins of the old town, Panamá Viejo , are preserved and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Silver and gold from the viceroyalty of Peru was taken across the isthmus by Spanish Silver Train to Porto Bello , where Spanish treasure fleets shipped them to Seville and Cádiz from 1707. Lionel Wafer spent four years between 1680 and 1684 among

3550-484: The backs of the vehicles. However, they received substantial support from the British Army . The first fully overland wheeled crossing (others used boats for some sections) of the Gap was that of British cyclist Ian Hibell , who rode from Cape Horn to Alaska between 1971 and 1973. Hibell took the "direct" overland south-to-north route, including an overland crossing of the Atrato Swamp in Colombia. Ed Culberson

3621-507: The conquest, the Gunas arrived in South America as part of a Chibchan migration that moved east from Central America. At the time of the Spanish invasion, they were living in the region of Uraba, near the borders of what are now Antioquia and Caldas . The Guna themselves attribute their several migrations to conflicts with other chiefdoms, and their migration to nearby islands in particular to escape malarial mosquito populations on

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3692-644: The grapheme y . Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine. These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of

3763-530: The horse and the rider were one. When a horse died in Suesca, they found out this was not the case. In 1602, in a cave in Suesca, 150 Muisca mummies were discovered. The mummies were organised in a circle around the mummy of the cacique of the town. Rock art has also been found in Suesca. The pictographs of Suesca are among the most extensive of Cundinamarca, but at the same time the most vandalised. Chibcha language Chibcha , Mosca , Muisca , Muysca (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska] ), or Muysca de Bogotá

3834-459: The language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state. Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos , Bernardo de Lugo , José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea . The Muysca language

3905-418: The language. Three documents from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of the New Kingdom of Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela , collected by Mutis , due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia Catherine the Great , who wanted to create

3976-401: The mainland. Vasco Núñez de Balboa and Alonso de Ojeda explored the coast of Colombia in 1500 and 1501. They spent the most time in the Gulf of Urabá , where they made contact with the Gunas. The regional border was initially created in 1508 after royal decree to separate the colonial governorships of Castilla de Oro and Nueva Andalucía , using the River Atrato as the boundary between

4047-501: The modern town. In Suesca he sentenced a soldier of his army to death for stealing mantles from the Muisca . After submitting the hoa of Hunza, Eucaneme , the Muisca ruler was taken prisoner to Suesca in an attempt to get him to reveal the location of his treasures. When the psihipqua of Muyquytá, Bogotá , heard about the Spanish presence in Suesca, he sent a spy to the town to gain information about their strength. The Muisca, unfamiliar with horses and horseback riders, thought that

4118-470: The most accepted. In The languages of the Andes they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in Spanish according to the needs of the language. In his book Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca , González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122). González does not present approximants, although she considers [w] as

4189-598: The only land bridge between North and South America, the Darién Gap has historically served as a major route for both humans and wildlife. The geography of the Darién Gap is highly diverse. The Colombian side is dominated primarily by the river delta of the Atrato River , which creates a flat marshland at least 80 km (50 mi) wide. The Tanela River, which flows toward Atrato, was Hispanicized to Darién by 16th Century European conquistadors. The Serranía del Baudó mountain range extends along Colombia's Pacific coast and into Panama. The Panamanian side, in stark contrast,

4260-431: The rainforest, containing the spread of tropical diseases , protecting the livelihood of indigenous peoples in the area, preventing drug trafficking and its associated violence, and preventing foot-and-mouth disease from entering North America. The extension of the highway as far as Yaviza resulted in severe deforestation alongside the highway route within a decade. Efforts were made for decades to fill this sole gap in

4331-465: The road would bring about the potential erosion of their cultures by destroying their food sources. An alternative to the Darién Gap highway would be a river ferry service between Turbo or Necoclí, Colombia and one of several sites along Panama's Caribbean coast. Ferry services such as Crucero Express and Ferry Xpress operated to link the gap, but closed because the service was not profitable. As of 2023 , nothing has come of this idea. Another idea

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4402-483: The subsequent development, would cause extensive environmental damage. Cited reasons include evidence that the Darién Gap has prevented the spread of diseased cattle into Central and North America, which have not seen foot-and-mouth disease since 1954, and, since at least the 1970s, this has been a substantial factor in preventing a road link through the Darién Gap. The Embera-Wounaan and Guna are among five tribes, comprising 8,000 people, who have expressed concern that

4473-445: The tongue to the back – zhysky – "head" The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA. In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá – "woman". In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel,

4544-443: The trek over the first eight months of 2023, 60% were Venezuelan, motivating the Biden administration to provide foreign assistance to help Panama deport migrants. The hike, which involves crossing rivers which flood frequently, is unpleasant, demanding, and dangerous, with rape and robbery common, and there are numerous fatalities. By 2013, the coastal route on the east side of the Darién Isthmus became relatively safe, by taking

4615-402: The two governorships. Balboa heard of the "South Sea" from locals while sailing along the Caribbean coast. On 25 September 1513, he saw the Pacific. In 1519, the town of Panamá was founded near a small indigenous settlement on the Pacific coast. After the Spaniards entered what is now Peru, it developed into an important transshipment port as well as an administrative center . In 1671,

4686-488: The village close to the sacred Lake Guatavita and containing Lake Suesca where rituals were held. Suesca formed an important centre on the trade road to Boyacá , ruled by the hoa of Hunza . The merchants took coal and salt on their way to the north. Every four days a market was held in Suesca. Suesca was also an important settlement for the pottery made by the Muisca. When conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada arrived in Suesca in March 1537, he founded

4757-409: The vowel changes as follows: a - uba becomes oba – "his (or her, its) face" a - ita becomes eta – "his base" a - yta becomes ata – "his hand" (note: ata also means "one") Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta , a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta Muysca

4828-478: Was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha dialect continuum that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy to the Sumapaz Páramo . The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time. Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project

4899-403: Was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century. In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in the region as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991 . Modern Muisca scholars as Diego Gómez have claimed that the variety of languages

4970-405: Was partly financed by the University of Bergen , Norway. The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in the first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language. Manuscript 158 of the National Library of Colombia has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ],

5041-453: Was the first one to follow the entire Pan-American highway including the Darién Gap proposed route on a motorcycle, a BMW R80G/S . In the 1990s, the gap was briefly joined by ferry service, provided by Crucero Express , until it ceased operations in 1997. A number of notable crossings have been made on foot. Sebastian Snow crossed the Gap with Wade Davis in 1975 as part of his unbroken walk from Tierra del Fuego to Costa Rica. The trip

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