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18-606: The Aachener Museumsverein (Aachen museum association) was created in 1877, and in 1883 a city museum was opened in the Alte Redoute (Old Redoubt ) building. It was named the Suermondt Museum, after the founder Barthold Suermondt , who gave 105 paintings from his collection to the city, as well as those from the collection of his sister-in-law Adèle Cockerill. This collection, together with many other works which were later sold to Berlin, had been on display in

36-411: A crucial role in military history: A national redoubt is an area to which the remnant forces of a nation can be withdrawn if the main battle has been lost, or beforehand if defeat is considered inevitable. Typically a region is chosen with a geography favouring defence, such as a mountainous area or a peninsula, in order to function as a final hold-out to preserve national independence for the duration of

54-428: A large collection of glass painting, 10,000 works of graphic art by artists like Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt and many others, Flemish tapestries, and works of goldsmiths. 50°46′25″N 6°05′44″E  /  50.7735°N 6.0956°E  / 50.7735; 6.0956 Redoubt A redoubt (historically redout ) is a fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside

72-399: A larger fort, usually relying on earthworks , although some are constructed of stone or brick. It is meant to protect soldiers outside the main defensive line and can be a permanent structure or a hastily constructed temporary fortification. The word means "a place of retreat". Redoubts were a component of the military strategies of most European empires during the colonial era, especially in

90-811: A redoubt by the Royalists , (the remains of which can be seen today in Fort Royal Hill Park ). During the battle, the Parliamentarians captured the redoubt and turned its guns on Worcester. In so doing they made the defence of the city untenable. That action effectively ended the battle, the last of the English Civil War . From 1715 onwards, the Order of Saint John built a number of redoubts in Malta , as part of an effort to improve

108-611: The coastal fortifications of the islands. They were built in the middle of bays to prevent enemy forces from disembarking and outflanking the coastal batteries . The design of the redoubts was influenced by ones built in the French colonies. In all, eleven pentagonal redoubts and a few semi-circular or rectangular ones were built. Most redoubts have been demolished over the years, but a few still survive, such as Briconet Redoubt , Saint George Redoubt and Ximenes Redoubt . Four tour-reduits were also built. These were redoubts built in

126-640: The French blockade survive today. In the late 19th century, the British built a redoubt near Fomm ir-Riħ as part of the Victoria Lines . The American Revolution defenses at West Point , New York included several redoubts, forts, and the Great Chain with links weighing more than 100 pounds each that Continental Army military engineers stretched across the Hudson River. The purpose behind

144-588: The Netherlands shows works by Anthony van Dyck , Jacob Jordaens , Frans Snyders , Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael , Frans Hals , Willem Claeszoon Heda , Willem Kalf , Joseph de Bray and Jan Boeckhorst . The modern art collection is largely restricted to artists living or working in Germany, including internationally known ones like Alexej von Jawlensky , Otto Dix , Max Beckmann , August Macke and Andreas Achenbach . Other disciplines on display include

162-783: The Suermondt Gallery in Aachen already before the museum was established. In 1901, the museum moved to the Villa Cassalette  [ de ] , originally owned by the Cassalette family which had acquired fortune through the Aachener Kratzenfabrik Cassalette  [ de ] , which produced raising cards . Over the next decades, the building was slowly extended to house the ever growing museum collection, interrupted by WWII when

180-577: The West Point defensive system was to prevent the British Army and Royal Navy from gaining control of the Hudson and splitting New England off from the mid-Atlantic and southern states. The chain blocked the river, the forts were positioned to fire on ships attempting to approach the chain, and outlying redoubts were well placed to defend land routes into West Point. Examples where redoubts played

198-533: The architect Eduard Linse  [ de ] to design a city palace in a Renaissance Revival architecture style, inspired by Venetian palaces. The interior of the Villa Cassalette was richly decorated with murals in the Pompeian style, stucco cassettes on the ceilings, and sculptures. Many small changes and extensions were made when the building became a museum in 1901 and afterwards; but much of

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216-572: The collection was stored for safe-keeping in the Albrechtsburg in Meissen . About 200 paintings were missing after the war, but the museum recently recovered two flower paintings; Flowers in a Glass Vase and Flowers in a Wan-Li Vase . The most recent expansion was in 1992 to 1994. Major gifts were received from Anton Ignaz van Houtem and Franz Johann Joseph Bock  [ ar ; arz ; da ; de ; fr ; hu ; nl ; sv ] . In 1977,

234-940: The earliest paintings in the collection is an Adoration of the Magi by the Master of the Glorification of the Virgin  [ de ; fr ] and a work by Joos van Cleve . Paintings from the 16th century include a Judith by Lucas Cranach the Elder , an Ecce Homo and Mater Dolorosa Diptych by Aelbrecht Bouts and a Mary Magdalen by Cornelis Engebrechtsz. Major artists from the 17th century who are represented here include from Spain Francisco de Zurbarán , Luis de Morales and Jusepe de Ribera and from Italy Bartolomeo Manfredi . The large collection of paintings from Flanders and

252-767: The form of a tower, with rows of musketry loopholes. Three were around Marsaxlokk Bay, and one was located in Marsalforn , Gozo . The only one still in existence is Vendôme Tower in Marsaxlokk. During the siege of Malta of 1798–1800 , Maltese insurgents built a number of fortifications to bombard French positions and repel a possible counterattack. Most of the fortifications were batteries, but at least two redoubts, Windmill Redoubt and Żabbar Redoubt , were also built. In 1799, British forces also built San Rocco Redoubt and San Lucian Redoubt in Malta. No redoubts from

270-403: The name of the museum was changed to Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum to honour Irene  [ de ; ru ] and Peter Ludwig  [ es ; nl ; pl ; pt ; ru ] , art collectors who donated a significant part of their collection of art (medieval to modern) to the museum that year, after having given permanent loans from 1957 on. The family Cassalette, rich factory owners in Aachen, asked

288-510: The original interior has been restored or made visible again since. In 1992-1994, the architecture company Busmann & Haberer  [ de ] designed a large extension, built at the left side of the Villa. The oldest pieces in the collection are German sculptures from the 12th to 16th century. This includes works by Tilman Riemenschneider , Heinrich Douvermann  [ cs ; de ; es ; fr ; it ] and Arndt van Tricht . Amongst

306-411: The outer works of Vauban -style fortresses made popular during the 17th century, although the concept of redoubts has existed since medieval times . A redoubt differs from a redan in that the redan is open in the rear, whereas the redoubt was considered an enclosed work. During the English Civil War , redoubts were frequently built to protect older fortifications from the more effective artillery of

324-522: The period. Often close to ancient fortifications, there were small hills that overlooked the defences, but in previous centuries, they had been too far from the fortifications to be a threat. A small hill close to Worcester was used as an artillery platform by the Parliamentarians when they successfully besieged Worcester in 1646 . In 1651 before the Battle of Worcester the hill was turned into

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