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29-624: The province shares a border with the Jizzakh , Namangan , Samarkand and Fergana regions of Uzbekistan , and the Osh and Batken regions of Kyrgyzstan . The Syr Darya river flows through it. It contains the Akash Massif and Mogoltau Massif Important Bird Areas . Sughd is separated from the rest of Tajikistan by the Gissar Range (passes may be closed in winter). The southern part of

58-414: A Special Economic Zone in the region. This high-tech industrial park will be formally established by March 2013. The China Development Bank will provide a $ 50 million loan to finance several of the joint projects in the construction, agro-industrial and mechanical engineering sectors. The region has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, with over 2500 km of surfaced roads. The climate

87-675: A few inches tall, with weak root systems. Other common plant life-forms include prostrate shrubs ; tussock -forming graminoids ; cushion plants ; and cryptogams , such as bryophytes and lichens . Relative to lower elevation areas in the same region, alpine regions have a high rate of endemism and a high diversity of plant species. This taxonomic diversity can be attributed to geographical isolation , climate changes , glaciation , microhabitat differentiation, and different histories of migration or evolution or both. These phenomena contribute to plant diversity by introducing new flora and favoring adaptations , both of new species and

116-450: A few yards of each other, depending on topography, substrate, and climate. Alpine vegetation generally occurs in a mosaic of small patches with widely differing environmental conditions. Vegetation types vary from cushion and rosette plants on the ridges and in the rock crannies; to herbaceous and grassy vegetation along the slopes; dwarf shrubs with grasses and forbs below the melting snowdrifts; and sedges, grasses, low shrubs, and mosses in

145-633: A mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0.75° of latitude) towards the pole. This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans can drastically modify the climate. In the alpine tundra, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture). Typical high-elevation growing seasons range from 45 to 90 days, with average summer temperatures near 10 °C (50 °F). Growing season temperatures frequently fall below freezing, and frost occurs throughout

174-454: A relationship between the Arctic and Antarctic tree lines and the 10 °C summer isotherm; i.e., places where the average temperature in the warmest calendar month of the year is below 10 °C cannot support forests. See Köppen climate classification for more information. Otto Nordenskjöld theorized that winter conditions also play a role: His formula is W = 9 − 0.1 C , where W is

203-568: Is Jizzakh (pop. 212,689, 2024). Other major towns include Doʻstlik , Gagarin , Gʻallaorol , Paxtakor , and Dashtobod . Jizzakh Region was formerly a part of Sirdaryo Region but was given separate status in 1973. The economy of the Jizzakh Region is primarily based on agriculture . Cotton and wheat are the main crops, and extensive irrigation is used. Natural resources include lead , zinc , iron , and limestone . Uzbekistan and China are working together to jointly establish

232-544: Is a typically continental climate , with mild winters and hot, dry summers. The Zaamin National Park , formerly Guralash Reserve, on the western slopes of the Turkestan Range and known for its unique fauna and flora, is also within the region. Wildlife is extremely rich here; in spring and in summer, alpine meadows are with a multitude of colors: bright-red tulips and snow-white acacias . In autumn

261-456: Is observed. Alpine areas are unique because of the severity and complexity of their environmental conditions. Very small changes in topography – as small as 1 foot (0.3 m) or less – may mean the difference between a windswept area or an area of snow accumulation, changing the potential productivity and plant community drastically. Between these extremes of drought versus saturation , several intermediate environments may exist all within

290-409: Is one of the regions of Uzbekistan . It is located in the center/east of the country. It borders Tajikistan to the south and south-east, Samarqand Region to the west, Navoiy Region to the north-west, Kazakhstan to the north, and Sirdaryo Region to the east. It covers an area of 21,210 km . The population is 1,443,408 (2024 estimate) with 53% living in rural areas. The regional capital

319-419: Is too cold and windy to support tree growth. Alpine tundra transitions to sub-alpine forests below the tree line ; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as krummholz . With increasing elevation it ends at the snow line where snow and ice persist through summer. Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by dwarf shrubs close to

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348-875: The Alps and Pyrenees of Europe, the Himalaya and Karakoram of Asia, the Andes of South America, the Eastern Rift mountains of Africa, the Snowy Mountains of Australia, the South Island of New Zealand, and the Scandinavian Mountains . Alpine tundra occupies high-mountain summits, slopes, and ridges above timberline. Aspect plays a role as well; the treeline often occurs at higher elevations on warmer equator-facing slopes. Because

377-700: The GRP (gross regional product) of Sughd, respectively. Since 2000, the output of industrial production increased two-fold, at an average annual growth rate of 5–8%. A free economic zone has been established in the region called Sughd Free Economic Zone . Sughd province counts the following 8 district-level cities (with population estimate as of 2020): The province is divided into 10 districts ( Tajik : ноҳия , nohiya or Russian : район , raion ). Furthermore, several cities ( shahr ) also cover other towns ( shahrak ) and rural localities. These are listed under "city districts". Jizzakh Region Jizzakh Region

406-607: The Jizzakh Region. The permanent population of Jizzakh region was 1,352,100 at the January 1, 2019, grew by 27,100 people or increased by 2.0%. Urbanisation was 46.9% (634,300 cities population and 53,1% or 717,800 rural population) in the beginning of 2019. Analysis by district shows that the largest population was in Sh. Rashidov district of 213,000 inhabitants (15.8% of population) and in Jizzakh city with 174,000 inhabitants (12.9%);

435-441: The alpine zone is present only on mountains, much of the landscape is rugged and broken, with rocky, snowcapped peaks, cliffs, and talus slopes, but also contains areas of gently rolling to almost flat topography. Averaging over many locations and local microclimates , the treeline rises 75 meters (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and 130 meters (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S,

464-440: The average temperature in the warmest month and C the average of the coldest month, both in degrees Celsius (this would mean, for example, that if a particular location had an average temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in its coldest month, the warmest month would need to average 11 °C (52 °F) or higher for trees to be able to survive there). In 1947, Holdridge improved on these schemes, by defining biotemperature :

493-514: The bogs and along the brooks. Alpine meadows form where sediments from the weathering of rocks has produced soils well-developed enough to support grasses and sedges. Non-flowering lichens cling to rocks and soil. Their enclosed algal cells can photosynthesize at any temperature above 0 °C (32 °F), and the outer fungal layers can absorb more than their own weight in water. The adaptations for survival of drying winds and cold may make tundra vegetation seem very hardy, but in some respects

522-456: The dispersal of pre-existing species. Though tundra covers only a minority of the Earth's surface (17-20%), the biodiversity of plant species is important to human nutrition. Of the 20 plant species that make up 80% of human food, 7 of them (35%) originated in this region. Plants have adapted to the harsh alpine environment. Cushion plants , looking like ground-hugging clumps of moss, escape

551-488: The ground and consists mainly of perennial grasses , sedges , and forbs . Perennial herbs (including grasses, sedges, and low woody or semi-woody shrubs) dominate the alpine landscape; they have much more root and rhizome biomass than that of shoots, leaves, and flowers. The roots and rhizomes not only function in water and nutrient absorption but also play a very important role in over-winter carbohydrate storage. Annual plants are rare in this ecosystem and usually are only

580-564: The ground. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by adiabatic cooling of air, and is similar to polar climate . Alpine tundra occurs at high enough altitude at any latitude . Portions of montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregions worldwide include alpine tundra. Large regions of alpine tundra occur in the North American Cordillera and parts of the northern Appalachian Mountains in North America,

609-771: The growing season in many areas. Precipitation occurs mainly as winter snow, but soil water availability is highly variable with season, location, and topography. For example, snowfields commonly accumulate on the lee sides of ridges while ridgelines may remain nearly snow free due to redistribution by wind. Some alpine habitats may be up to 70% snow free in winter. High winds are common in alpine ecosystems, and can cause significant soil erosion and be physically and physiologically detrimental to plants. Also, wind coupled with high solar radiation can promote extremely high rates of evaporation and transpiration . There have been several attempts at quantifying what constitutes an alpine climate. Climatologist Wladimir Köppen demonstrated

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638-477: The hills are magnificently decorated with the gold-colored domes of the hazelnut trees, columns of birch -trees, towering plane trees , and green thickets . High in the mountains, in the upper part of the Guralashsoy gorge , is a nesting-place of black storks . These rare birds are the pride and joy of Uzbekistan. They are written down in the "Redbooks" in many countries as an endangered species . Early in

667-400: The mean annual temperature, where all temperatures below 0 °C are treated as 0 °C (because it makes no difference to plant life, being dormant). If the mean biotemperature is between 1.5 and 3 °C (34.7 and 37.4 °F), Holdridge quantifies the climate as alpine. Since the habitat of alpine vegetation is subject to intense radiation, wind, cold, snow, and ice, it grows close to

696-587: The region is the east-west valley of the upper Zarafshan River . North, over the Turkestan Range, is the Ferghana Valley . The region has 29% of Tajikistan's population and one-third of its arable land . It produces two-thirds of the country's GDP. The economy of Sughd has been growing steadily since 2000, at the average rate of 13.2% in 2008 and 13.3% in 2009. In 2009, farming, trade and industrial production contributed 28.2%, 25.8% and 14.0% to

725-686: The smallest population is Arnasay with 45,000 people (3.3%) and Yangiabad witj 27,000 people (2.0%) in the district, as of 1 January 2019. By district, the highest population growth rate is for the corresponding period of 2017: 15.8% in Sh. Rashidov district, 12.9% in Jizzakh city, 12.4% in Gʻallaorol district, 11.8% in Arnasay district, and 3.3% in Yangiabad district. Migrants across the region between January and December 2018 numbered about 11,000, and emigrants numbered about 12,000. The migration balance

754-520: The spring when the Arnasoy depression is flooded, flocks of ducks , wild geese , pelicans and grey herons are found here. This territory serves as a nesting place for rose-coloured starlings , shrikes , and sandpipers . The Jizzakh Region consists of 12 districts (listed below) and one district-level city: Jizzakh . There are 6 cities ( Jizzakh , Gʻallaorol , Doʻstlik , Dashtobod , Gagarin , Paxtakor ) and 42 urban-type settlements in

783-468: The strong winds blowing a few inches above them. Many flowering plants of the alpine tundra have dense hairs on stems and leaves to provide wind protection or red-colored pigments capable of converting the sun's light rays into heat. Some plants take two or more years to form flower buds, which survive the winter below the surface and then open and produce fruit with seeds in the few weeks of summer. In various areas of alpine tundra, woody plant encroachment

812-506: The treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 meters (11,500 and 13,100 ft). Alpine climate is the average weather ( climate ) for the alpine tundra. The climate becomes colder when reaching higher elevations —this characteristic is described by the lapse rate of air: air tends to get colder as it rises, since it expands. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10 °C per km (5.5 °F per 1000 ft) of elevation or altitude. Therefore, moving up 100 meters (330 ft) on

841-612: Was minus 800 persons. The higher the migration balance level was in Pakhtakor (minus 400 persons) in the city of Jizzakh (minus 300 persons). Alpine meadow Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation , with an associated harsh climate . As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets lower until it reaches sea level, and alpine tundra merges with polar tundra . The high elevation causes an adverse climate, which

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