44-517: Sultan Muhammad Shah may refer to: Sultan Muhammad Shah of Brunei (reigned 1368-1402) Sultan Muhammad Shah of Malacca (1424–1444) Sultan Muhammad Shah of Selangor (1804–1857) Sultan Aga Khan III (Muhammed Shah Aga Khan) (1877–1957), 48th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili community Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
88-647: A Buddhist name, reflecting earlier cultural influences. The 1371 mission to China resulted in two significant letters: the "Golden Letter," symbolising Brunei's submission to Chinese authority, and the "Perak Letter," detailing payments to the Hongwu Emperor. Both letters were brought in September 1371 by Zhang-Jing-Zhi, the Chinese official, and Ismail, the Sultan's envoy. One of the letters reads, "My country
132-457: A Murut woman from Limbang . Dewa Emas Kayangan embarked on a quest for a specific type of cattle, the tembadau , to fulfill his wife's desires while she was pregnant. Throughout his journey, he married women in four villages, fathered children, and ultimately had the 14 siblings mentioned. Upon finding the tembadau , Dewa Emas Kayangan chose to ascend to the celestial realms, where he was known as Batara Kala di Kayangan. Awang Alak Betatar
176-608: A letter addressed to Brunei, also known as the state of Poni, on behalf of the Chinese emperor. On 18 November 1371, they landed in Java after leaving Quan-Chau. They learned that Muhammad Shah was the new name of the Poni kingdom shortly after they arrived in Java. The account makes special notice of the Sultan's demeanour, characterising him as exceedingly egotistical . Muhammad Shah showed opposition to Chinese domination by acting coldly toward
220-455: A significant historical link between Chinese-documented Ma-na-je-chia-na and Brunei's sultanate. The Syair Awang Semaun , originally an oral tradition in Brunei, was first transcribed into written form in 1947 by Allen R. Maxwell, who released additional portions in 2005. It primarily recounts mythological tales from pre-Islamic Brunei, focusing on the reign of Awang Alak Betatar, possibly
264-544: A solid foundation at that point. Despite this, evidence also suggests that the present-day region of Brunei was home to an Islamic presence before to the establishment of the Sultanate, as well as a pre-existing Muslim monarchy. During the Ming Dynasty 's rise in the 14th century, Ancient China actively sought to restore diplomatic relations and commerce with Southeast Asian kingdoms. Between 1370 and 1375, under
308-478: Is a very small place ruled by She-po (Java), very much in need of attention from His Majesty." Muhammad Shah's daughter, Princess Ratna Dewi, allegedly married a Chinese immigrant by the name of Ong Sum Ping who started a trading station at Mumiang on the Kinabatangan River . For this he was conferred the nobility title of Pengiran Maharaja Lela and elected Chief of Kinabatangan. Additionally,
352-543: Is complex, characterised by discrepancies between Chinese sources and local Bruneian accounts such as the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei . Chinese records mention figures like Raja Ma-na-je-chia-na ( Maharaja Karna ) and his son Hsia Wang ( Raja Kecil ), aided by Ismail and Mahmud, ruling Brunei until 1425. In contrast, the genealogy skips these figures, instead naming Sultan Ahmad (Pateh Berbai or Ong Sum Ping) after Muhammad Shah. This divergence underscores
396-494: Is consistent with Brunei's oral traditions and corresponds with the country's 10th century geographical dominance, as documented in " Zhu Fan Zhi " (977). The myth, passed down orally, tells of a prince who, while searching for a missing spear, got married in each of the 14 states he went to, bearing sons who were subsequently made rulers of these communities. The Chinese accounts verify Brunei's historical authority over 14 territories, even with their mythological components. As to
440-531: Is derived from Alaka Isvara, is most likely an altered version of Alaka Bhatara. Two sources are used to determine the regnal date of 1363. First, Prapanca states in 1365 that Buruneng in Borneo was a vassal of Majapahit; Sung Lien and the Ming Shih affirm this in 1371. According to both of these texts, the ruler of Brunei is named Ma-ho-mo-sha, which Paul Pelliot reinterprets as Mahmud Shah. Along with that,
484-452: Is said that when some residents ask "Where are you going?" they will answer "Kan ke Saba ku" (Meaning they want to go to the river basin to get fish and daily necessities from the fishermen). Over time this village was called Kampung Saba. According to the village leader, SABA is also an acronym to Saya Anak Brunei Asli (I am a Native Bruneian Child). This village is no exception to the fire that made this village hold many legends, one of which
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#1732771845684528-694: Is the Lela Menchanai School. This village also gave birth to many religious figures, reciters and reciters in this country. Despite that it is also claimed that the village was named after the craftsman of the village. As of 2015, more over 800 people live in Kampong Saba Darat 'B', compared to more than 500 in Kampong Saba Darat 'A' and dwellings. While there are 55 homes in Kampung Saba Darat A, there are 84 homes in Kampong Saba Darat 'B'. Interestingly, in addition to
572-529: Is the sole primary school in the mukim. There is also Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Religious School, which provides Islamic religious primary education which is compulsory for Muslim pupils in the country. The Balai Ibadat Kampong Saba is the village mosque; the construction began in 1988 and completed in the following year. It can accommodate 500 worshippers. 4°53′0″N 114°56′50″E / 4.88333°N 114.94722°E / 4.88333; 114.94722 This Brunei location article
616-558: The Syair Awang Semaun and the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei , state that Awang Alak Betatar turned to Islam in order to marry Puteri Dayang Pingai, the daughter of the Sultan of Johor. While archeological data points to Brunei's emergence in the 10th century , some historians of Brunei have placed this event as early as 1368 ( Jamil Al-Sufri 1997), which has come to be accepted as the official date of
660-532: The Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei , 'Royal Genealogy of Brunei' (Manuscript 9B), upon Sultan Muhammad Shah's ascension as the first Sultan of Brunei, he was bestowed with many lands by the Yang Di-Pertuan of Johor, including Kalaka, Saribas , Semarahan , Sarawak, and Mukah. Theorising that the Melanau people's resistance to Brunei rule could account for the difference within the battle accounts and
704-518: The Dayaks , overpowered Basiung's warriors despite their superior numbers; as a result, Igan was destroyed and war spoils were taken. Following this, Jerambak made Igan accept Awang Alak Betatar's dominance. The Bruneian soldiers persisted in their conquests, subduing Igan's allies, such as Sarikei, Rajang, Sadung, Sarawak, Tanjung Datu, and Lingga, and stealing and capturing the traditionally Melanau regions of Oya, Matu, and Mukah . They penetrated all
748-599: The Hongwu Emperor , Chinese envoys were dispatched to several kingdoms in the South China Sea region, including Majapahit in Java, Suwarnabhumi , Pagaruyung , Malayapura in Sumatra , and notably Brunei. These efforts aimed to establish diplomatic ties and assert Chinese influence in the region, amidst ongoing Javanese dominance. Shen-Chi and his aide Chang-Jhing-Chi went out in September 1370 to deliver
792-513: The Sultanate of Brunei and was its first sultan , from 1368 to his death in 1402. The genealogy of Muhammad Shah remains unclear. He converted to Islam in the 14th century and assumed the name Sultan Muhammad Shah. Subsequent sovereigns of Brunei, governed by a Muslim administration, were referred to as sultans. Awang Alak Betatar and his half-brother Awang Semaun were among the 14 siblings born to their father, Dewa Emas Kayangan, and
836-588: The Tutong River region. Pembakal Bangis, a Bruneian nobleman, was chosen by Awang Alak Betatar to make the request that Mawangga, the Tutong chief, show up at the capital. Mawangga responded, however, that he and his people were conquered slaves, ruled by the Melanau leader Basiung and his in-law Tugaw, who resided in Igan, and that they could not submit. Mawangga told Pembakal Bangis that Tutong would surrender to
880-508: The Tutong River to the Rejang river delta . According to Chinese historical accounts, including "Nan Hai Zhi, Volume 7," Brunei ruled over nine regions in the 13th and 14th centuries , which is consistent with the Syair Awang Semaun . It describes how Awang Alak Betatar expanded his domain to include Sungai Igan and then took five more provinces from Johor on Borneo's west coast: Sarawak, Samarahan , Sadong , Mukah, and Kalaka. With
924-454: The history of Brunei , which was ruled by Awang Alak Betatar and his siblings; Awang Semaun at Kota Batu ; Pateh Mambang and Pateh Tuba at Luba : Pateh Sangkuna and Pateh Manggurun at Saba , Pateh Malakai at Bukit Panggal , Pateh Pahit at Labuhan Kapal , Damang (Damong) Sari at Bukit Salilah, Pateh Sindayung at Panchor Papan , Demang Lebar Daun, Hapu Awang, Pateh Berbai (also known as Sultan Ahmad of Brunei ), and Pateh Laila Langgong. At
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#1732771845684968-658: The Chinese Emperor's 1405 coronation of Raja Ma-na-je-chia-na could reflect Awang Alak Betatar's uncertainty toward China, influenced by Javanese pressures during the 1371 envoy visit. This mirrors China's strategic approach, exemplified by its 1377 installation of a new ruler in the Suwarnabhumi Kingdom to counter Javanese influence. These intricate historical dynamics underscore Brunei's nuanced early history and ongoing scholarly inquiries into its royal succession and geopolitical influences. The name, which
1012-486: The Chinese emissary. He provided a number of justifications for rejecting China's hegemony. As per Brunei's oral traditions, the report recalls an invasion by the Sulu people. Sultan said, "Recently the state of Solo (Sulu) has invaded my country, my children and my possessions have all been confiscated." The Sultan opposed Chinese dominance in 1371, acting coldly with the Chinese ambassador and bringing up recent battles like
1056-520: The House of Sang Sapurba . Awang Alak Betatar's conversion of the Malay Hindu - Buddhist monarchy of Brunei to Islam transformed its religious landscape. However, because of the strong Hindu-Buddhist influence, Islam had not yet thoroughly permeated Bruneian society in the immediate wake of his conversion. According to Mahmud Saedon in 2003, Islamic missionary activities also hadn't established
1100-411: The Sulu invasion and Majapahit's shielding might. Chinese records show that Awang Alak Betatar had already converted to Islam in 1371. The report from the Chinese ambassador makes clear that Brunei had to manage its contacts with China and Java even after the Sultan's conversion, even though it had become independent of Java. The Syair Awang Semaun, celebrating Brunei's strength and victories like repelling
1144-577: The Sulu invasion, contrasts with the more balanced narrative in the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei. This historical account acknowledges Brunei's earlier subordination to Java and its subsequent independence following its Islamic conversion. Chinese records from the "Ming-shih" mention the Sultan of Brunei in 1370 as Ma-ho-mo-sa, interpreted by local historians as referring to Muhammad Shah, the first Islamic Sultan of Brunei, though some suggest it might read as Mahmud Shah or "Maha Moksha,"
1188-610: The acquisition, Brunei's colonial territories became a total of 14, in line with reports that date back to the 10th century . Due to the influence of the Srivijaya , these provinces had slipped out of Brunei's authority, but in the middle of the 14th century, Awang Alak Betatar regained them, solidifying Brunei's historical geographical reach. Brunei was still ruled by the Javanese, but according to " Ming Tai Zu Shi Lu , Volume 67," it confirmed its authority over 14 states. This figure
1232-549: The authority of the Brunei Raja if the great Melanau commander, Awang Alak Betatar, ordered his soldiers to proceed to Igan. Awang Alak Betatar's demand was communicated to Basiung, the chief of the Bruneian forces at Igan. However, Basiung was not pleased and was used to people approaching him. In response, Basiung suggested that Awang Alak Betatar pay him a visit instead, threatening to launch an Igan attack on Brunei if there
1276-625: The beginning, Melanau and Brunei were both subjects of the Majapahit Empire . A number of regions, including "Kadangdangan, Landa Samedang, Tirem, Sedu, Barune(ng), Kalaka, Saludung, Solot, Pasir Barito, Sawaku, Tabulang, Tajung Kuteri, and Malano," were vassals of the Majapahit, according to the old Nagarakretagama record. As the Majapahit Empire collapsed, Brunei seized the chance to increase its power and set its sights on
1320-407: The capital Bandar Seri Begawan . The population was 1,000 in 2016. It encompasses the village of Kampong Saba . The mukim could be possibly be named after the villages it encompasses, Kampong Saba. As of 2016 census , the population of Mukim Saba comprised 520 males and 480 females. The mukim had 144 households occupying 144 dwellings. The entire population lived in urban areas . As of 2021,
1364-461: The current Temburong District . Following a period at Negeri Garang, Awang Alak Betatar then moved to Brunei on the waters around Kota Batu. The reason for the migration was because they felt the new place was more suitable as the centre of administration. The location of Kota Batu near a river enabled Awang Alak Betatar to control the rural areas and enlarge his political influence. The Syair Awang Semaun , 'Poem of Awang Semaun' explains
Sultan Muhammad Shah - Misplaced Pages Continue
1408-650: The exact timing of Brunei's first ruler converting to Islam is uncertain. Although some suggest that Awang Alak Betatar, may have ruled before the 14th century, Portuguese records imply that Brunei's king was still a pagan as late as 1513. In letters from that year, Portuguese officials noted that Bruneian nobles visiting Malacca were Muslim, yet their king was not. It wasn't until 1515, according to Tomé Pires , that Brunei's ruler converted to Islam. Thus, Sultan Muhammad Shah's conversion likely occurred between 1514 and 1515, challenging earlier assumptions about an earlier Muslim leadership in Brunei. The early history of Brunei
1452-458: The gift from the Sultan of Johor , Dzulfawati Haji Hassan published her paper " Hubungan Melanau-Brunei " for the 10th Anniversary of Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 1996. In defiance of Brunei's invasions and conquests, the Melanau sided with Johor and revolted. However, these states were eventually restored to Brunei after Sultan Muhammad Shah wed a princess of Johor. Local customs, recorded in
1496-798: The homes of the current people, Kampong Saba also boasts a number of contemporary homes. The majority of the residents of this community are miners , sailors , and independent contractors like cement mixers. Saba Darat 'B' Primary School, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Religious School, a sepak takraw court, a surau , and a hall called Dewan Muafakat are just a few of the amenities offered in Kampung Saba Darat 'B'. The community of this hamlet also participates in local events including Dikir, Al-Quran recital, Tausyeh, Majlis Doa Arwah Semukim from house to house, and cemetery maintenance. Along with producing sweets in their homes, several people of this town also work in private industry, producing dried shrimp and other marine goods. Saba Darat Primary School
1540-545: The kingdom's earliest documented monarch. Central to the narrative is Awang Semaun, a Bruneian Malay celebrated for his bravery and physical strength rather than his association with Awang Alak Betatar. Citations Bibliography Kampong Saba Mukim Saba is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District , Brunei . It is part of Kampong Ayer , the traditional stilted settlements on the Brunei River in
1584-469: The mukim comprises the following villages : The origin of the name Kampong Saba is Kampung Pabalat. Kampung Pabalat was also known as Kampong Nelayan, they use balat ( kilong , lintau and kabat ) as fishing tools . In the beginning, Kampong Pabalat has a large area and there are many village names in it such as Kampong Padian, Kampong Peminyak, Kampong Pedaun, Kampong Perambat, Kampong Setia Pahlawan, Kampong Khatib Sulaiman, Kampong Peramu and others. It
1628-625: The sultanate's Islamic conversion, though there is still room for disagreement. Early on under Sultan Muhammad Shah's rule, Brunei was required to pay tribute to China as well as Java. This time frame matched the Ming Dynasty's ascent to power in 1368, following the fall of the Yuan Dynasty . According to Jamil Al-Sufri , the Johor in the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei should be understood as Tumasik , or ancient Singapore , as Johor
1672-607: The title Sultan Muhammad Shah . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Muhammad_Shah&oldid=792976608 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Muhammad Shah of Brunei Muhammad Shah (born Awang Alak Betatar ; died c. 1402 ) established
1716-498: The uncertain early succession of Brunei's sultans and suggests the genealogy might incorporate distinct oral traditions. Spanish texts from the Boxer Codex (1590) mention Sultan Yusuf as Brunei's purported Islamic state founder, adding another layer to the historical discourse. The presence of Ismail in both Chinese accounts—first as Muhammad Shah's envoy to China in 1371 and later as Hsia Wang's grandfather's uncle in 1421—suggests
1760-425: The way to Sambas, where they took control of Pontianak , Sanggau , and Sambas itself. They also expanded their dominion over Borneo to the south and southwest. They overcame Banjar (now Banjarmasin ) on the east coast and took over parts of northern Borneo, albeit the latter took longer because of the dispersed towns. Awang Alak Betatar expanded the newly established Brunei territory by advancing his frontiers from
1804-449: Was any delay. Bangis told Basiung nine days to make up his mind, but Basiung was unfazed and declared that he would make sure Awang Alak Betatar didn't hurt him if he showed up on time with presents. Awang Alak Betatar and his ministers, Awang Semaun, Awang Jeramabak, and Pateh Damang Sari, were offended by Basiung's reply and chose to attack Igan in order to establish their authority. The first battleground between Brunei and foreign armies
Sultan Muhammad Shah - Misplaced Pages Continue
1848-480: Was crowned despite not being the firstborn prince. Charming and attractive, he rose to become Brunei's first monarch. The current state of Brunei was formed by Muhammad Shah, with the help of his brothers. He ruled as Raja Awang Alak Betatar until the early 1360s, until his conversion to Islam. Before the Brunei River colony was established, Awang Alak Betatar established a new village in Negeri Garang in
1892-407: Was not created until 1512. Pengiran Mohammad (1992), who seems to have known that Singapore was not a Muslim country, proposes that Melaka , whose kings converted to Islam in the early 15th century , should be considered as the correct interpretation. It is unclear whom Muhammad Shah married, but it is reported either as the daughter of Iskandar Shah , or the daughter of Sang Nila Utama , both of
1936-709: Was the Sarawakian Igan Valley. The Igan River flowed through this valley and was located in the traditional lands of the Melanau-speaking people. There are two accounts of the fight: the first, more legendary, tells of a nine-month struggle between three Brunei heroes and Bilanapura, a genie that Jerambak finally defeated using a miraculous fish skin he stole from an ogre . According to the second, Awang Jerambak's Brunei men came up against Basiung and his 9,000-strong allied armies from Sambas , Matu , Sadung, and Sarikei . The Brunei army, aided by
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