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114-629: Sultan Hasanuddin was born in Makassar , Gowa Kingdom (on what is now part of South Sulawesi ) under the name I Mallombasi Daeng Mattawang Muhammad Baqir Karaengta Bonto Mangape Sultan Hasanuddin , as the name of the giving of Qadi Islam Sultanate of Gowa namely Sayyid Syaikh Jalaludin bin Ahmad Bafaqih Al-Aidid, a mursyid of Baharunnur Baalwy in South Sulawesi as well as teacher tarekat of Sheikh Yusuf and Sultan Hasanuddin. He

228-456: A Portuguese officer and daughter of La Putebulu from Suppa was exposed as they married secretly in Malacca, which would result in the birth of Manuel Godinho de Erédia . The Portuguese vessel had to rapidly left Sulawesi to avoid severe violence and they did not dared to travel back to the island until 1559. One member of the voyage, Manuel Pinto, decided to remain in South Sulawesi, he recorded

342-474: A distinct regional language called Bugis ( Basa Ugi ) in addition to Indonesian . The Bugis language belongs to the South Sulawesi language group ; other members include Makassarese , Torajan , Mandarese and Massenrempulu . The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym . The earliest inhabitant of South Sulawesi is potentially related to

456-551: A fleet' was seen around 1866. Sholl believed that they did not venture south into other areas such as Nickol Bay (where the European pearling industry commenced around 1865) due to the absence of trepang in those waters. The Macassan voyages appear to have ceased sometime in the late nineteenth century, and their place was taken by other sailors operating from elsewhere in the Indonesian archipelago. A radio documentary on

570-647: A greater autonomy in contrast to a nearby kingdom like Bone, which would likely dominate them. The war concluded in 1565 and a peace negotiation followed afterwards. The two states agreed in the Tengka River as their respective spheres of influence under the Treaty of Caleppa. The citizens of Bone and Gowa were also awarded equal rights in each other's jurisdiction. The ambitions for dominance continued in South Sulawesi. Between 1570 and 1591, several military operations were conducted by Gowa, in which oftentimes with

684-587: A mercenary in the VOC's army for a while, while large numbers of Buginese rebels also gathered in Buton, now a vassal state of the Company. Hasanudin began preparing for another conflict with the VOC even before the treaty had even taken effect. Further strengthening the already mighty fortification of Makassar, he sealed the city's entire coastline with a brick wall nearly eleven kilometers long. He also refused to banish

798-653: A number of his war canoes for the war against Gowa. Arung Palakka were dropped off at the island of Kambaena, to launch his own personal campaign to sow discontent among the Buginese, raising them in rebellion. Still wary of the impressive fortifications of Makassar, the Hoge Regering instructed Speelman only to raid the coast in several places, and to have his allies do all the fighting, sparing his European troops. Again Hasannudin were forced to negotiate, signing

912-473: A population of around 1.474 million (732,391 males and 742,002 females) in mid 2023 within Makassar City's fifteen administrative districts. Its official metropolitan area , known as Mamminasata , with the addition of thirty-three further districts of neighbouring regencies, covers an area of 2,666.63 square kilometres (1,029.59 sq mi) and had a population of around 2,795,639 according to

1026-635: A proselytization mission facilitated by Sultan of Johor. After their new attempts to introduce the Islamic teaching once more met with opposition, they left for Luwu . This was because Luwu was the spiritual center of South Sulawesi and its indigenous belief of Dewata SewwaE had some similarities with Islam. They successfully converted the Pattiarase, Datu of Luwu and in February 1605 he took the name of Sultan Muhammad. The group then revisited Makassar and

1140-510: A radical change throughout the political landscape of lowland South Sulawesi Peninsula . The trade in South Sulawesi was based on the export of rare commodities, a business which was easily dominated by an exclusive ruling class . The administrative structure is fairly basic, a majority of the states are small and in a form of a local chiefdom. A small population is sufficient to assist the elite with food, physical work and military assistance to preserve their state's independence. However, by

1254-481: A result of which many of our people had died. The Makassarese even inspired great fear among their mighty neighbors, and many kingdoms, islands and fortifications stood under their control. The kingdom of Makassar itself is equipped with strong castles and many fortresses to repel possible enemies." The conflict between the Makassar and the VOC had started as early as 1616, when 15 Dutch sailors were massacred after

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1368-486: A series of 11 fortresses and strongholds and a fortified sea wall that extended along the coast. Portuguese rulers called the city Macáçar . Makassar was very ably led in the first half of the 17th century when it effectively resisted Dutch pressure to close down its trade to Maluku and made allies rather than enemies of the neighboring Bugis states. Karaeng Matoaya (c.1573–1636) was the ruler of Tallo from 1593, as well as Chancellor or Chief Minister ( Tuma'bicara-butta ) of

1482-452: A simple clothing. The women potentially wore a skirt ; while for the men, a loincloth and possibly a headcloth. Remains of bronze and gold ornaments have also been retrieved based on archeological evidence. Pottery is evident, although bamboo containers were more extensively used together with the usage of bamboo knives. The weapons were sourced from iron and stones together with helmets and shields made from rattan . Theologically,

1596-548: A sparsely populated communities, they were not living in an absolute isolation with the outside world. Instead, trade and commerce were held high and regarded to be of pivotal importance in the society. The archeological findings near Bantaeng and Ara unearthed ancient artifacts dating from 300 to 100 BC, denoting evidence that the southern part of Sulawesi has played an integral role in the axis of early insulindian trade . There are also traces of imported Chinese and other continental Southeast Asian ceramics and stoneware found in

1710-574: A workable permanent compromise, as the VOC would not tolerate any commercial (and by extension, military) rival in the region. In order to resist Dutch encroachments, Hasanuddin made every effort to strengthen his military forces. Already Makassar was a cosmopolitan society with a large population of Europeans, of which the Portuguese were the most numerous, numbering nearly 2,000. The large numbers of European experts available allowed Makassar to greatly modernize their army and navy; for example by 1632

1824-511: Is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan "—which means that the Bugis have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan ." Migration from South China by some of the paternal ancestors of the Bugis

1938-538: Is a warm black hue, streaked with tan or brown tones, and highly prized for use in making fine cabinetry and veneers . Nowadays, as the largest city in Sulawesi and Eastern Indonesia, the city's economy depends highly on the service sector, which makes up approximately 70% of activity. Restaurant and hotel services are the most significant contributor (29.14%), followed by transportation and communication (14.86%), trading (14.86), and finance (10.58%). Industrial activity

2052-399: Is also supported by studies of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups . Christian Pelras, an anthropologist , hypothesized that the proto-Bugis were potentially arrived from abroad, possibly from Borneo , to the western seaboard of South Sulawesi. Their arrival was largely drawn to control the mineral and natural resources in the hinterland. As the group began to spread towards the interior of

2166-706: Is around 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) and the average low around 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) all year long. In contrast to the virtually consistent temperature, rainfall shows wide variation between months due to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone . Makassar averages around 3,086 mm (121.50 in) of rain on 163 days during the year, but during the month with least rainfall – August – only 15 mm (0.59 in) on one day of rain can be expected. In contrast, during its wet season , Makassar can expect more than 500 mm (20 in) per month between December and February. During

2280-591: Is celebrated today as the city's official anniversary. John Jourdain called Makassar in his day "the kindest people in all the Indias to strangers". Matoaya's eldest son succeeded him on the throne of Tallo, but as Chancellor, he had evidently groomed his brilliant second son, Karaeng Pattingalloang (1600–54), who exercised that position from 1639 until his death. Pattingalloang must have been partly educated by Portuguese, since as an adult he spoke Portuguese "as fluently as people from Lisbon itself", and avidly read all

2394-487: Is denoted by the letter on the windshield. Makassar is also known for its becak ( pedicabs ), which are smaller than the " becak " on the island of Java . In addition to becak and pete-pete, the city has a government-run bus system, taxis and ride-hailing services such as Gojek . A bus rapid transit (BRT), which is known as "Trans Mamminasata" was started in 2014. It has some routes through Makassar and connects to nearby cities including Maros, Takallar, and Gowa. Run by

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2508-428: Is divided into 15 administrative districts ( kecamatan ) and subdivided into 153 urban villages ( kelurahan ). The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Note (a) The 2010 population of

2622-402: Is likely that despite being benefited with the trade relationship, they would resist external assimilation . Thus, outside elements are almost absent in the development of native religion and the indigenous states. The intensity on the early insulindian trade has led to a gradual shift in terms of the economic development, social construct, political interest and the balance of power amongst

2736-405: Is mentioned as an island under Majapahit dominance, alongside Butun , Salaya and Banggawi . The 9th King of Gowa Tumaparisi Kallonna (1512–1546) is described in the royal chronicle as the first Gowa ruler to ally with the nearby trade-oriented polity of Tallo, a partnership which endured throughout Makassar's apogee as an independent kingdom. The center of the dual kingdom was at Sombaopu, near

2850-408: Is one of Indonesia's primary ports, with regular international and domestic shipping connections. It is nationally famous as an essential port of call for the pinisi ships, wooden sailing ships which are among the last in use for regular long-distance trade. During the colonial era, the city was widely known as the namesake of Makassar oil , which it exported in substantial quantity. Makassar ebony

2964-548: Is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta , Surabaya , Medan , and Bandung . The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait . Throughout its history, Makassar has been an important trading port, hosting the center of the Gowa Sultanate and a Portuguese naval base before its conquest by

3078-780: Is the next most important after the service sector, with 21.34% of overall activity. The Makassar Industrial Estate ( Kawasan Industri Makassar ), located within the city's boundaries, measures at 270.84 hectares. Makassar is also a significant fishing center in Sulawesi . One of its major industries is the trepang ( sea cucumber ) industry. Trepang fishing brought the Makassan people into contact with Indigenous Australian peoples of northern Australia, long before European settlement (from 1788). C. C. MacKnight in his 1976 work entitled Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia has shown that they began frequenting

3192-701: The Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. It remained an important port in the Dutch East Indies , serving Eastern Indonesian regions with Makassarese fishers going as far south as the Australian coast. For a brief period after Indonesian independence , Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia , during which an uprising occurred . The city's area is 175.77 square kilometres (67.87 sq mi), and it had

3306-629: The East Indies . During this period, the Kingdom of Gowa was the sole large east Indonesian kingdom which was not yet colonized by the Dutch. "......Makassar, after all, was a powerful kingdom, full of combative folk, which, because of its unbreakable power and strong fortresses, despised our nation as a kind of Goliath. They mocked the peace they had made with us and caused trouble to our people on and around Ambon. They regularly attacked us there, as

3420-657: The Wajak Man , of the Proto-Australoid origin. There are a few flake materials found in Walanae River valley and Maros , likely dating between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The hunter-gatherer culture in South Sulawesi is also known as Toalean culture , and largely based on blade, flake and microlith complex. They are probably of Melanesoid or Australoid stock, hence related to the contemporary population of New Guinea or to Australian aborigines . In 2015,

3534-444: The consumption of pork ; other behaviors including consuming alcohol and opium, offerings to sacred places, worshipping at regalia, lending money with interest ( Riba ) and gambling were also condemned. As Islamization was slowly taking root among the society in the peninsula, mosques were built in each of the states and domains. Thus, appointments were made for the newly established positions of qadi , imam and khatib throughout

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3648-585: The status as a bastion for Islamic faith. However, as far as the mid 16th century, South Sulawesi persist to be one of the few remaining significant domains in the regional native trading network where Islam has yet to take hold. While early contacts with Islam had been made since 1490 with the trading relationship between Siang and Malacca, most Bugis were still believer of the native patturioloang religion. In year 1540, two aristocrats from Makassar were baptized in Ternate . They later embarked on another visit

3762-594: The treaty of Bongaya in 1667, which further restricted the sovereignty of Makassar. Nevertheless, within a few months he would abrogate the treaty, and Speelman was again sent to attack. Eventually, Arung Palakka were so successful in stirring up discontent among the Butonese and Buginese that he was able to assemble an army of 10,000 men, for which the company provided transports to join its war effort. With this large force in hand Speelman felt confident enough to attack Makassar directly, despite his orders. Nevertheless,

3876-509: The 15th century, a major economic revolution taken place, and agricultural become an important economic foundation. To continue their powers in the agrarian-based society , the ruling elites are now required to handle the near unprecedented growth on the rice -producing territories to accommodate a major population boom . Hence, in order adapt with the economic and societal change, a new system and intermediaries are needed. Trade and commerce however, still retains its essential importance for

3990-401: The 16th century, the Bugis life is noted by a burgeoning tolerance towards foreign influences , overseas products were no longer limited to the ruling class, but also among the commoners as well. The method of home construction, remains the same. Sketches from few western sources in the first half of 17th century illustrates tall and strong wooded home raised on piles. Nonetheless, inside of

4104-749: The Bugis and Bajo were amongst the people who arrived in Melaka to trade, although they are small in numbers. Conversely, the Muslim-Malay traders from Patani , Pahang , and Ujung Tanah in the Malay Peninsula ; as well as from Champa in Indochina ; and Minangkabau in Sumatra settled throughout the port cities in the western coast, including Suppa’, Pancana-Tanete, Siang, Tallo, Sanrabone and Gowa. Due to this extensive bilateral connection,

4218-564: The Dutch conquered Portuguese Melaka in 1641, Makassar became the most extensive Portuguese base in Southeast Asia. The Portuguese population had been in the hundreds but rose to several thousand, served by churches of the Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits as well as the regular clergy. By the 16th century, Makassar had become Sulawesi 's principal port and center of the powerful Gowa and Tallo sultanates which between them had

4332-566: The Dutch, the Arabs, Malays and Buddhist returned to trade outside the fortress walls and were joined later by the Chinese. The town again became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia – the copra , rattan , Pearls , trepang and sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hairdressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting

4446-572: The Indonesian Transportation Department, each bus can accommodate 20 standing passengers in addition to 20 seats. A 35-kilometer monorail in the areas of Makassar, Maros Regency , Sungguminasa ( Gowa Regency ), and Takalar Regency (the Mamminasata region) was proposed in 2011, with operations commencing in 2014, at a predicted cost of Rp.4 trillion ($ 468 million). The memorandum of understanding

4560-474: The Makassar and Bugis languages do). On 1 September 1971, the city was renamed after a variant of the pre-colonial name of the city's Fort Rotterdam , Ujung Pandang (Makassarese: Jumpandang ). The action was taken at the time Makassar was expanding from its original 21 km to encompass neighbouring regions to de-emphasise the ethnic connotations of the name, enlarged to its present area. Ujung Pandang remained locally unpopular and, on 13 October 1999,

4674-528: The Makassarese ordnance was managed by an Englishmen who had converted into Islam. The capital city was protected by the fortress of Sombaopu , built in the trace Italienne style in the 1630s, within which was also housed the royal palace. The first conflict between Hasanudin and the Dutch were fought over the company's spice monopoly in Ambon ; this escalated into a blockade of the harbor of Makassar by

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4788-487: The Makassarese. Both kingdoms are pursuing dominance in the entirety of the Peninsula together with the important trade routes. Thus, the two growing kingdoms are bound for a major collision course and a war finally broke out in 1562. Gowa was assisted by Luwu; and also by Wajo and Soppeng, the latter two would probably preferred in favour of a distant sovereign like Luwu or Gowa, as they would furnish Wajo and Soppeng with

4902-576: The Malay-Muslim community of Macassar were awarded special privileges by the ruler of Gowa according to Lontarak Patturiolonga . However, in 1575, during the visit by Abdul Makmur (Dato' ri Bandang), one of the Minangkabau proselytizers of Islam, he noted that there are several difficulties to convert the locals — the superfluous liking towards dried boar flesh , raw deer liver diced with blood (lawa) and palm liquor. He then embarked to promulgate

5016-586: The Portuguese did not consider Bugis as their prime concern. Not until 1584 did the Portuguese send four Franciscans fathers to the area, and their stay was a short one. Also not known were the fates of the four Bugis men sent for education in Indian Goa . Subsequently, no new attempts to baptized Sulawesi were taken after the period, nor Portuguese military support against invasion by King of Gowa-Tallo, Karaeng Lakiyung Tunipalangga, which annexed and vassalized Siang alongside other Ajatappareng states. During

5130-636: The Portuguese living in Makassar, since being enemies of the Dutch they would be vital allies. Sensing the hostility, the Company evacuated its lodge in Makassar in 1665, and 1666 a new fleet were sent to attack Makassar again, under Cornelis Speelman . The fleet consisted of the flagship Tertholen , and twenty other vessels carrying some 1860 people, among them 818 sailors, 578 European soldiers, and 395 native troops from Ambon under Captain Joncker and from Bugis under Arung Palakka and Arung Belo Tosa'deng. Speelman also accepted Sultan Ternate's offer to contribute

5244-483: The Portuguese spelled it Macáçar during their presence there in the 17th century. The Dutch spelled the name both Makasser and Makassar during their rule over the city as part of the Dutch East Indies . With the independence following World War II, the Indonesians kept the Dutch spelling of Makassar with a double 's', despite the fact that the Indonesian language does not have geminate consonants (although

5358-573: The Sangkarrang Islands District ( Kecamatan Kepulauan Sangkarrang ) is included in the figure for the Ujung Tanah district, from which it was cut out. Makassar is a multi-ethnic city, populated mostly by Makassarese and Buginese . The remainder are Torajans , Mandarese , Butonese , Chinese and Javanese . The current population in mid 2023 is approximately 1,474,393, with a Metropolitan total of 2,795,639. The city

5472-437: The South Sulawesi economy. Rice become a major source of export; and at the same time, the economy is stimulated by the import of prestige goods from other parts of archipelago. The area potentially experienced exceptional growth following the rise of Malacca as a regional entrepôt . Conversely, the wealth for the elite families in South Sulawesi would also consequently rose due to this intensive commercial transactions, despite

5586-402: The South Sulawesi people, which has fundamentally led to the Bugis states, dynasties and polities began to flourish. The progress of inter-insular commercial activities and the increasing interactions with Maritime Silk Road were potentially among the main factors contributing to the economic prosperity for a few leading South Sulawesi communities. The period between 1200 and 1600 witnessed

5700-459: The Tallo River, Jeneberang River, and Pampang River) all of which flow into the city. Makassar City is a stretch of lowland at an altitude of between 0-25 meters above sea level. Makassar has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ). The average temperature for the year in Makassar is 27.5 °C (81.5 °F), with little variation due to its near-equatorial latitude: the average high

5814-535: The VOC breaking off negotiations and preparing for war instead. A fleet of thirty one ships, manned by a thousand sailors and carrying 1,200 European soldiers and 400 Ambonese mercenaries were gathered in Ambon under the command of Johan van Dam for the VOC war effort. Aware that this force was not enough to capture the city of Makassar itself, the Hoge Regering of Batavia decided to aim for a better bargaining position instead, using subterfuge rather than force. Eleven of

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5928-425: The VOC fleet between 1654–1655. As the war was costly and disrupted the spice trade both sides came into an agreement, signing a treaty on 2 February 1656. However, as the treaty specified that neither sides should intrude into the others' alliances and diplomacy, it would stand in the way of the Dutch agenda to monopolize the spice trade, meaning that further conflict was inevitable. Also, Hasannudin wasn't happy that

6042-600: The Walannae Depression in the south-west peninsula of Sulawesi. It was here that the ancestors of the present-day Bugis settled, probably in the mid- to late second millennium B.C. The area is rich in fish and wildlife and the annual fluctuation of Lake Tempe (a reservoir lake for the Bila and Walannae rivers) allows speculative planting of wet rice, while the hills can be farmed by swidden or shifting cultivation , wet rice, hunting and gathering. Around A.D. 1200,

6156-476: The adoption of few Portuguese games notably dice , card game and marbles. The Portuguese and Spaniards also introduced new food and produce in the local diet, mainly from the New World crops : sweet potato and tobacco , and also other important items — manioc , maize and chilies . During the period, the women don under a baggy trousers and pants; the usage of short tunics and sleeves were also noted by

6270-471: The alliance with Tallo by declaring he would be his own Chancellor. Conflicts within the kingdom quickly escalated, the Bugis rebelled under the leadership of Bone, and the Dutch VOC seized its long-awaited chance to conquer Makassar with the help of the Bugis (1667–69). Their first conquest in 1667 was the northern Makassar fort of Ujung Pandang, while in 1669 they conquered and destroyed Sombaopu in one of

6384-481: The arrival of the Dutch, there was an important Portuguese community, also called a bandel , that received the name of Borrobos. Around 1660 the leader of this community, which today would be equivalent to a neighbourhood, was the Portuguese Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo. The character of this old trading center changed as a walled city known as Vlaardingen grew. Gradually, in defiance of

6498-516: The availability of prestigious imported goods including Chinese and South-East Asian ceramics and Gujarati print-block textiles, coupled with newly discovered sources of iron ore in Luwu stimulated an agrarian revolution which expanded from the great lakes region into the lowland plains to the east, south and west of the Walennae depression. This led over the next four hundred years to the development of

6612-456: The best armed Dutch ships sailed up the coast of Makassar, taking under fire the various fortifications to create an impression of a much larger force. Finally it bombarded Sombaopu with great violence, causing most of the garrison of the southern fortress of Panakkukkang to rush away to help defend it. However, Panakkukkang was the Dutch's actual target, and the remainder of the Dutch fleet, having remained out of sight, swooped down and captured

6726-416: The books that came his way in Portuguese, Spanish or Latin. A French Jesuit, Father Alexandre de Rhodes , described Pattingalloang's passion for mathematics and astronomy, on which he pestered the priest endlessly, while even one of his Dutch adversaries conceded he was "a man of great knowledge, science and understanding". After Pattingalloang's death in 1654, a new king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin, rejected

6840-544: The capital of the State of East Indonesia , part of the United States of Indonesia . In 1950, it was the site of fighting between pro-Federalist forces under Captain Kahar Muzakkar and Republican forces under Colonel Sunkono during the Makassar uprising . Makassar is the capital of the province of South Sulawesi , located in the southern part of Sulawesi Island, formerly known as Ujung Pandang, bordered to

6954-399: The company had taken a number of Makassarese nobles hostage in order to force the Makassarese king into honoring his debts to them. War would ebb and flow between the two powers for over fifty years, as the Dutch were bent on having a complete monopoly of the spice trade, from which Gowa also derived its prosperity. With that goal in mind it was practically impossible for either side to obtain

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7068-399: The company made Makassar its puppet state, tearing down the defenses of Sombaopu and erecting Fort Rotterdam in its place. Makassar Makassar ( / m ə ˈ k æ s ə r / muh- KASS -uhr ), formerly Ujung Pandang ( / ˈ u ˌ dʒ u ŋ p ɑː n ˈ d ɑː ŋ / oo- JOONG PAHN -dahng ), is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi . It

7182-415: The cost of the entire operation, and, worst of all, that all Portuguese should leave Makassar, and the Company would have open trade there. Gowa's defeat by the Company might have caused its Bugis vassal state of Bone to rise in rebellion in 1660, led by Hasanuddin's future nemesis Arung Palakka . Hasannudin crushed this rebellion, reportedly with great cruelty. Arung Palakka fled to Batavia and became

7296-538: The domain of Soppeng had slowly grown into prominence and slowly seemed to be resistant to accept Luwu's dominance in the area. In cooperation with a few Bugis kingdoms in the western coast — Sawitto', Alitta, Suppa' and Bacukiki'; as well as Rappang in the interior, they formed a loose confederation known as Aja'tappareng ('the lands west of the lake'). Conversely, the neighbouring Bugis territory of Wajo also possessed an aspiration for an autonomy against Luwu, and it too started to extend their influence and dominance in

7410-411: The early Bugis potentially practiced ancestor worshipping . There were also ancient rituals related to agriculture and fertility. They generally buried their corpses, although there were several cases where the deceased body were being disposed by immersion in the sea or lakes, or positioned in trees. Other mortuary practices includes cremation , especially for the rulers. Despite being located in

7524-506: The exception of Toraja highlands) have accepted Islam. Bone, subsequently would continue to Islamize its two vassal states located in the edge of the Torajan realm — namely Enrekang and Duri. The Islamisation in most of South Sulawesi have provided a platform for a faith and ideological revolution. Islamic laws and principles were observed and absorbed into the Makassar, Bugis and Mandar cultures. Dato' ri Bandang directed first towards

7638-432: The fact that trade is now not solely regarded as their single source of riches. In the 1500s, Luwu was the major political force in the Bugis heartland, with its authority proclaimed throughout a large section of the peninsula. Nevertheless, new geopolitical players that would resist its dominance were already beginning to take shape by the end of the century. The impact following the rise of Malacca were more visible in

7752-510: The following year and bought many of the region's previous materials, including gold, sandalwood and iron weapons. Antonio de Paiva, a Portuguese trader, made multiple voyages between Sulawesi and Malacca from 1542, potentially intrigued by the potential riches of the region. During his expedition to the Bugis states of Suppa' and Siang, he was involved in a theological discussion and was requested to baptize La Putebulu, Datu of Suppa' and his family, followed by king of Siang in 1544. The baptism

7866-410: The fortifications of Makassar proved its worth as the VOC fleet exhausted all its ammunition in a useless bombardment, failing to breach Sombaopu's defense. The Company and its allies besieged the city for two and a half years, with diseases taking its toll on the attackers that at one point only 250 European soldiers were fit for service. Finally overcoming the defense through sapping on 12 June 1669,

7980-462: The foundation of Sharia principles on the land, having emphasis on the importance of religious service at the circumcision ceremony , marriage and funerals . However, with the exception of funeral rites which were absolutely Islamized; other rites of passage based on the Islamic understanding were simply incorporated with the existing traditional practices, norms and customs. As for prohibition, there are also strong enforcement against adultery and

8094-577: The free married women. For the affluent male, there were potentially also a favour towards western shirts and hats; and sometimes being paired together with a plume , and a jacket . The slave class and the male commoners however, would usually go topless . The aftershocks following the Fall of Malacca were potentially being strongly felt in South Sulawesi. As noted from Tomé Pires in Suma Oriental, few traders from ‘The Macassar Islands’, including

8208-602: The greatest battles of 17th century Indonesia. The VOC moved the city center northward, around the Ujung Pandang fort they rebuilt and renamed Fort Rotterdam . From this base, they managed to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa, who was then forced to live on the outskirts of Makassar. Following the Diponegoro War (1825–30), Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855. After

8322-519: The head-rests of upholstered chairs). Although the Dutch controlled the coast, it was not until the early 20th century that they gained power over the southern interior through a series of treaties with local rulers. Meanwhile, Dutch missionaries converted many of the Toraja people to Christianity. By 1938, the population of Makassar had reached around 84,000 – a town described by writer Joseph Conrad as "the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all

8436-575: The increasing peril imposed by the neighboring Makassarese states of Gowa-Tallo. Further baptism continued in 1545 by a priest, Father Vicente Viegas, which was involved the Christianization of Bugis rulers in Alitta and Bacukiki', according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia , kings of Sawitto and Sidenreng also participated, all were allies of Suppa' part of Ajatappareng alliance . Relations with Portuguese were still good, until an elopement between

8550-490: The latter is usually used in the historical context of trepangers in northern Australia (the Macassan contact with Australia ) and may include people not from Makassar. More recently, forms such as Makasarese and simply Makasar (both with a single 's') have appeared. The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of

8664-527: The lucrative trade during the pre-colonial and colonial period when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Makassar is mentioned in the Nagarakretagama , a Javanese eulogy composed in 14th century during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk . In the text, Makassar

8778-695: The major kingdoms of South Sulawesi, and the social transformation of chiefly societies into hierarchical proto-states. The lifestyle of ancient Bugis people were, to some extent, preserved by the pagan Torajan people until the dawn of the 20th century. Their homes were mainly constructed on stilts and the communities were likely to be scattered along the river banks, sea or lake shores. The main undertakings during this period were farming rice , millet , adlay and other edible crops, catching fish and shellfish, obtaining forest produce and hunting wild animals. Buffaloes were imported and used for important occasions. The earliest inhabitants potentially clad under

8892-644: The mid 2023 official estimates. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Makassar is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Medan , Jakarta , and Surabaya . According to Bank Indonesia , Makassar has the second-highest commercial property values in Indonesia, after Greater Jakarta . The name Makassar was long spelled Macassar in English and many other European languages, although

9006-483: The more wealthy homes, some foreign furnitures, namely tables and chairs began to emerge, and basic wall opening sometimes become real windows with shutters . The Bugis names for these objects signaled their Portuguese connection , Jandela (window) deriving from Janela , Kadera (chairs) from Cadeira ; and Mejang (table) from Mesa . A gradual change is also noted in the household tools and utensils, including glasses and Iberian-style jugs and trays. There were also

9120-546: The name reverted to Makassar under President B. J. Habibie , himself a native of South Sulawesi. In the local language , the city is known as Mangkasara′ , written ᨆᨀᨔᨑ in the Lontara script traditionally used to write Makassarese as well as Buginese , which is also widely spoken in the city. The adjective form of the city's name and the eponymous ethnic group has varied over time. In English, Macassarese , Makassarese , and Macassan have all been used, although

9234-419: The north by Maros Regency and Pangkajene and Islands Regency, to the east by Maros Regency , to the south by Gowa Regency , and to the west by Makassar Strait . The area of Makassar City is recorded as 175.77 square kilometers. Makassar City is a city located near the coast that stretches along the western and northern corridors and is also known as the "Waterfront City" which contains several rivers such as

9348-632: The north of Australia around 1700 in search of trepang (sea-slug, sea cucumber, Beche-de-mer), an edible Holothurian . They left their waters during the Northwest Monsoon in December or January for what is now Arnhem Land , Marriage or Marega and the Kimberley region or Kayu Djawa. They returned home with the south-east trade winds in April. A fleet of between 24 and 26 Macassan perahus

9462-427: The original elements derived from the indigenous people together with the introduction of revolutionary techniques, items and ideas bought by the new settlers, including weaving , metal arts and theological doctrine. The society however, remains largely divided between two separate classes, the prevailing nobility and the common people. The homeland of the Bugis is the area around Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng in

9576-499: The partner kingdom of Gowa. He managed the succession to the Gowa throne in 1593 of the 7-year-old boy later known as Sultan Alaud-din, and guided him through the acceptance of Islam in 1603, numerous modernizations in military and civil governance, and cordial relations with the foreign traders. The conversion of the citizens to Islam was followed by the first official Friday Prayer in the city, traditionally dated to 9 November 1607, which

9690-687: The people of South Sulawesi were generally well aware on the political-religious changes taken place in the western half of the archipelago. It can be inferred that following the Conquest of Malacca by the Portuguese Conquistadors , the trading links intensified between South Sulawesi to other commercial powerhouse: namely Johor and Patani in the peninsula , Acheh in Sumatra , Banjarmasin in Borneo and Demak in Java — all having

9804-580: The political development and involved in discussions with several Bugis-Makassar rulers in the region before returning to Malacca (via Java). However Datu of Suppa and its population alongside other Ajatappareng states remain largely Christians according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia . Following the restoration of economic relations with the Portuguese Malacca in 1559, there were repeated requests made from South Sulawesi primarily Ajatappareng states for priests, however not many were available and

9918-615: The politics in the country; and historically influential on the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , Borneo , Lesser Sunda Islands and other parts of the archipelago where they have migrated en masse, starting in the late seventeenth century. The third president of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie , and a former vice president of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla , are Bugis descent. In Malaysia , the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), Sultan Ibrahim and eighth prime minister , Muhyiddin Yassin , have Bugis ancestry. Most Bugis people speak

10032-484: The pre-Islamic cemeteries. However, in contrast to much of Southeast Asia, the indicators of Hindu and Buddhist materials are rather sparse in South Sulawesi cultures. Their writing system , and some of their names and words, along with few Buddhist bronze images found in Mandar and Bantaeng only suggest that the existence of trade relations made with the western archipelago and the presence of foreigners alike. It

10146-433: The present-day Bugis heartland, they become increasingly diverged from their neighbouring Makassarese , Mandarese and Torajan brethren; simultaneously, the proto-Bugis too would assimilated the former Austronesian tribes in the sparsely-populated area, a process whereby the native populations would gradually adopt the language of the new arrivals. Hence, a redesigned hybrid-identity through ethnogenesis emerged, binding

10260-645: The remains of Bessé´ , a young woman was unearthed Leang Panninge, South Sulawesi. Dated over 7,200 years old, half of her DNA was identified to be connected to the indigenous Australians, the people in New Guinea and the Western Pacific; together with a previously unknown and unique human lineage that diverged approximately 37,000 years ago. Her DNA provided important evidence pertaining to the understanding on ancient human migration. Their Austronesian ancestors settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C. There

10374-408: The resumption of Portuguese-South Sulawesi relations in 1559, the political dynamic of the region have effectively morphed. The Makassarese state of Gowa had exerted his influence towards the north, and absorbed many Bugis states that have had a friendly relations towards the Portuguese. Simultaneously, the Kingdom of Bone also commenced its southward expansion, and soon come into a direct contact with

10488-684: The right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly. Makassar depended mainly on the Muslim Malay and Catholic Portuguese sailors communities as its two crucial economic assets. However the English East India Company also established a post there in 1613, the Danish Company arrived in 1618, and Chinese, Spanish and Indian traders were all important. When

10602-477: The south-western province of Sulawesi , third-largest island of Indonesia . The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism . Although the majority of Bugis are Muslim, a small minority adhere to Christianity as well as a pre-Islamic indigenous belief called Tolotang . The Bugis, whose population numbers around six million and constitutes less than 2.5% of the Indonesian population , are influential in

10716-406: The spice trade after 1600 made Makassar more vital as an alternative port open to all traders, as well as a source of rice to trade with rice-deficient Maluku. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought a monopoly of Malukan nutmeg and cloves and came close to succeeding at the expense of English, Portuguese and Muslims from the 1620s. The Makassar kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on

10830-560: The support of Luwu. Although a distant power, Gowa tend to be rather hard towards its Bugis vassals of Wajo and Soppeng, this made these two states become inclined to the invitation by Bone to restore their autonomy . In 1590, the three kingdoms (Wajo, Soppeng and Bone) entered an alliance known as Tellumpocco'e , 'the Three Summits' or 'the Big Three'. In 1590, Daeng Mammeta embarked on another campaign to annihilate Wajo, but he

10944-727: The surrounding areas. By 1490, they entered an agreement with Luwu, and in the agreement they would no longer be considered as "its servant" but as a "Luwu's child". By 1498, the Wajorse enthroned Arung Matoa Puang ri Ma'galatung as their ruler, he would later turn the domain as one of the major Bugis Kingdom. The lower western seaboard, the Bugis Kingdom of Bone under the rule of King Kerrampelua' (c.1433–83) had also enacted an expansion plan to absorb parts of neighboring Luwu territories into its vassalage. Thus, by two centuries later, it has become an area for intense confrontation between

11058-830: The teaching of Islam in the Kingdom of Kutei , eastern Borneo, in which he was more triumphant. In 1580, the Sultan of Ternate, Babullah, advised the ruler of Gowa to embrace the teaching of Islam, the king declined. However, as a gesture of kindness, he awarded the Makassar-Malay community the consent to construct a mosque . Abdul Makmur returned to Makassar with Sulaiman (Dato' ri Pa'timang) and Abdul Jawad (Dato' ri Tiro). All three of them are from Minangkabau and likely to have been educated in Aceh, before they visited Johor-Riau to study South Sulawesi culture from Bugis-Makassar sailors, followed by study under Wali Songo of Java , in

11172-552: The then mouth of the Jeneberang River about 10 km south of the present city center, where an international port and a fortress were gradually developed. First Malay traders (expelled from their Melaka metropolis by the Portuguese in 1511), then Portuguese from at least the 1540s, began to make this port their base for trading to the Spice Islands (Maluku), further east. The growth of Dutch maritime power over

11286-582: The three of them later managed promoted Islam to the Gowan ruler, to become Muslim under the name of Sultan Ala’uddin. In November 1607, the first public prayers were promulgated in the newly constructed Tallo' Mosque. Conversion began slowly and adapted with native Ammatoa practitioners centered in Bulukumba. The twin kingdom of Gowa and Tallo persuaded other South Sulawesi Kingdoms to emulate their move on adopting Islam as their religion. When this invitation

11400-572: The towns in the islands". During World War II , the Makassar area was defended by approximately 1000 men of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army commanded by Colonel M. Vooren. He decided that he could not defend the coast, and was planning to fight a guerrilla war inland. The Japanese landed near Makassar on 9 February 1942. The defenders retreated but were soon overtaken and captured. In 1945, Indonesia proclaimed its Independence , and in 1946, Makassar became

11514-488: The trade between Makassar and North-East Arnhem Land, entitled "Trepang Trade" , was made by the historian and film-maker Tom Murray for ABC Radio National in 2000. This work included descriptions of the trade made by Yolngu Aboriginal people who had visited Makassar with the trading boats, including a man called Djalatjerri (variously spelt as Djalatjirri or Djaladjari) who was interviewed by the anthropologists Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt . Other Yolngu recollections of

11628-463: The trade featured in this work are by Charlie Matjuwi Burarrwanga , a Gumatj man from Elcho Island, and Mowarra Ganambarr OAM , a Dätiwuy man from Rorruwuy in NE Arnhem Land. Makassar has a public transportation system called pete-pete . A pete-pete (known elsewhere in Indonesia as an angkot ) is a share taxi that has been modified to carry passengers. The route of Makassar's pete-petes

11742-462: The treaty forbade him from sending trading fleets to the Moluccas without the company's permission. Finally, on 27 April 1659, Hasannudin demanded that the company stopped its attacks on Seram , Buru and Amblau , all of which were vassal states of Makassar, evacuated Menado , and admit that its monopoly of the spice trade in the Moluccas "were in contravention of God's laws". This resulted in

11856-551: The two kingdoms. While the Makassarese , traditionally occupied the deep down in the south and the western coast of the peninsula were mainly concentrated their political rule in Siang and Bantaeng (the latter was potentially still under Luwu's nominal control). However, the small twin states of Gowa and Tallo (better known by foreigners as a single state of Makassar) were started to gain its importance during this period. By

11970-482: The weakened fortress instead. A Makassarese attempt to recapture the fort were repulsed with great loss, and the Company were able to force Hasannudin back into the negotiating table. A new treaty specified that Makassar would no longer interfere with the Company's business in Menado, Buton and Ambon, that Makassar was prohibited from sailing on Banda and Ambon, that it would pay an enormous war indemnity which would cover

12084-399: The western coast of South Sulawesi, an area with a high concentration of Malay and Minangkabau merchants arriving from the west. It slowly gained the attention of the kingdoms of Soppeng and Sindereng, with the pursuit to include the area in their territorial expansions, these Bugis states have already lost their direct sea access in the west coast by Luwu. Sidenreng, a tributary under

12198-412: The wettest month of January, 734 mm (28.90 in) can be expected to fall on twenty-seven rainy days. The executive head of the city is the mayor, who is elected by direct vote for a period of five years. The mayor is assisted by a deputy mayor, who is also an elected official. There is a legislative assembly for the city, members of which are also elected for a period of five years. Makassar City

12312-532: Was also concluded with a military alliance with both states. De Paiva's return to Malacca was not only together with official gifts to the Kingdom of Portugal , but also accompanied with four young Bugis men who would later attend the Jesuit college in Indian Goa . The two Bugis Kings also requested priests and a possible military support from the Portuguese Malaccan governor, potentially to curb

12426-477: Was declined, they launched a series of military actions known as "the Islamic wars". In 1608, the west coast states of Bacukiki', Suppa', Sa wino' and Mandar; and in the east coast, Akkotengeng and Sakkoli' submitted; followed by subjugation of Sidenreng and Soppeng in 1609, Wajo in 1610. Pursuant to the submission from the Bugis state of Bone in 1611, most of the South Sulawesi Peninsula (with

12540-545: Was killed during an amok . A truce was followed soon after in 1591, the peace negotiation, under the Treaty of Caleppa was thus renewed. In the later half of the 16th century, the contest between Islam and Christianity was still largely undecided in South Sulawesi Peninsula. Most of the surrounding kingdoms in Sulawesi have already become Muslims under the sway of Ternate -Gorontalo in 1525 and Buton in 1542. There were already individual converts in South Sulawesi. In 1550,

12654-529: Was noted by Phillip Parker King in the vicinity of Port Essington in the Arafura Sea. In 1865, R.J. Sholl, then Government Resident for the British settlement at Camden Sound (near Augustus Island in the Kimberley region) observed seven 'Macassan' perahus with a total of around 300 men on board. He believed that they made kidnapping raids and ranged as far south as Roebuck Bay (later Broome) where 'quite

12768-625: Was seen in 1803 by French explorers under Nicolas Baudin on the Holothuria Banks in the Timor Sea . In February 1803, Matthew Flinders in the Investigator met six perahus with 20–25 men each on board and was told by the fleet's chief Pobasso , that there were 60 perahus then on the north Australian coast. They were fishing for trepang and appeared to have only a small compass as a navigation aid. In June 1818 Macassan trepang fishing

12882-435: Was signed on 25 July 2011 by Makassar city, Maros Regency and Gowa Regency . In 2014, the project was officially abandoned, citing insufficient ridership and a lack of financial feasibility. Bugis The Bugis people , also known as Buginese , are an Austronesian ethnic group—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi (the others being Makassarese and Torajan ), in

12996-561: Was the second prince of the 15th King of Gowa, Sultan Malikussaid who died on 15 November 1653. Upon ascension to the throne, Hasanuddin changed his name to Sultan Muhammad Hasanuddin Sultan Hasanuddin Tuminanga ri Balla'pangkana . After his accession to the throne of Gowa, Hasanuddin faced a turbulent situation as the Dutch East Indies Company (abbreviated as VOC) colonized large parts of

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