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77-659: Sequences from complete mitochondrial genes of 34 tigers support the hypothesis that Sumatran tigers are diagnostically distinct from mainland subspecies. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognizes the living and extinct tiger populations in Indonesia as P. t. sondaica . Felis tigris sondaicus was the scientific name proposed by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1844 for

154-718: A molecular clock technique. Medical technicians may sequence genes (or, theoretically, full genomes) from patients to determine if there is risk of genetic diseases. This is a form of genetic testing , though some genetic tests may not involve DNA sequencing. As of 2013 DNA sequencing was increasingly used to diagnose and treat rare diseases. As more and more genes are identified that cause rare genetic diseases, molecular diagnoses for patients become more mainstream. DNA sequencing allows clinicians to identify genetic diseases, improve disease management, provide reproductive counseling, and more effective therapies. Gene sequencing panels are used to identify multiple potential genetic causes of

231-407: A body of water, sewage , dirt, debris filtered from the air, or swab samples from organisms. Knowing which organisms are present in a particular environment is critical to research in ecology , epidemiology , microbiology , and other fields. Sequencing enables researchers to determine which types of microbes may be present in a microbiome , for example. As most viruses are too small to be seen by

308-826: A cDNA molecule, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. They are prone to errors and biases, which can affect the accuracy of the sequencing results. They are limited in their ability to detect rare or low-abundance transcripts. Advances in RNA Sequencing Technology In recent years, advances in RNA sequencing technology have addressed some of these limitations. New methods such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-timeref >(SMRT) sequencing have enabled faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective sequencing of RNA molecules. These advances have opened up new possibilities for studying gene expression, identifying new genes, and understanding

385-850: A comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions. In 2007, the Indonesian Forestry Ministry and Safari Park established cooperation with the Australia Zoo for the conservation of Sumatran tigers and other endangered species. The program includes conserving Sumatran tigers and other endangered species in the wild, efforts to reduce conflicts between tigers and humans, and rehabilitating Sumatran tigers and reintroducing them to their natural habitat . Indonesia's struggle with conservation has caused an upsurge in political momentum to protect and conserve wildlife and biodiversity. In 2009, Indonesia's president committed to substantially reduce deforestation, and policies across

462-669: A large part of the Barisan mountain range , which forms the western spine of Sumatra island and includes the highest peak in Sumatra, Mount Kerinci (3,805 m), one of more than five active volcanoes in the national park. This mainly montane park includes hot springs, rivers with rapids, caves, scenic waterfalls, and the highest caldera lake in Southeast Asia - Lake Gunung Tujuh , while the Great Sumatran fault runs through

539-595: A lesser degree. In 1978, the Sumatran tiger population was estimated at 1,000 individuals, based on responses to a questionnaire survey. In 1985, a total of 26 protected areas across Sumatra containing about 800 tigers were identified. In 1992, an estimated 400–500 tigers lived in five Sumatran national parks and two protected areas . At that time, the largest population unit comprised 110–180 individuals in Gunung Leuser National Park. As of 2011,

616-727: A light microscope, sequencing is one of the main tools in virology to identify and study the virus. Viral genomes can be based in DNA or RNA. RNA viruses are more time-sensitive for genome sequencing, as they degrade faster in clinical samples. Traditional Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing are used to sequence viruses in basic and clinical research, as well as for the diagnosis of emerging viral infections, molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens, and drug-resistance testing. There are more than 2.3 million unique viral sequences in GenBank . Recently, NGS has surpassed traditional Sanger as

693-864: A low tiger density in peat swamp forest areas. Repeated sampling in the newly established Tesso Nilo National Park documented a trend of increasing tiger density from 0.90 individuals per 100 km (39 sq mi) in 2005 to 1.70 individuals per 100 km (39 sq mi) in 2008. In the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, nine prey species larger than 1 kg (2.2 lb) of body weight were identified including great argus , pig-tailed macaque , Malayan porcupine , Malayan tapir , banded pig , greater and lesser mouse-deer , Indian muntjac , and Sambar deer . Major threats include habitat loss due to expansion of palm oil plantations and planting of acacia plantations, prey-base depletion, and illegal trade primarily for

770-637: A parallelized, adapter/ligation-mediated, bead-based sequencing technology and served as the first commercially available "next-generation" sequencing method, though no DNA sequencers were sold to independent laboratories. Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert published a DNA sequencing method in 1977 based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Also known as chemical sequencing, this method allowed purified samples of double-stranded DNA to be used without further cloning. This method's use of radioactive labeling and its technical complexity discouraged extensive use after refinements in

847-485: A part in anthropogenic climate change , thus further adding to environmental pressures on endangered species. Climate-based movement of tigers northwards may lead to increased conflict with people. From 1987 to 1997, Sumatran tigers reportedly killed 146 people and at least 870 livestock. In West Sumatra, Riau, and Aceh, a total of 128 incidents were reported; 265 tigers were killed and 97 captured in response, and 35 more tigers were killed from 1998 to 2002. From 2007 to 2010,

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924-472: A particular modification, e.g., the 5mC ( 5 methyl cytosine ) common in humans, may or may not be detected. In almost all organisms, DNA is synthesized in vivo using only the 4 canonical bases; modification that occurs post replication creates other bases like 5 methyl C. However, some bacteriophage can incorporate a non standard base directly. In addition to modifications, DNA is under constant assault by environmental agents such as UV and Oxygen radicals. At

1001-453: A patrol effort similar to previous years. Evidence is scarce and misunderstood on whether the strategies implemented to diminish poaching are succeeding despite the investment of millions of dollars annually into conservation strategies. In provincially-managed forests in Aceh province, Sumatran tigers are threatened by poaching due to insufficient or nonexistent ranger patrols. Panthera tigris

1078-508: A quick way to sequence DNA allows for faster and more individualized medical care to be administered, and for more organisms to be identified and cataloged. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or genomes , of numerous types and species of life, including the human genome and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial species. The first DNA sequences were obtained in

1155-485: A random mixture of material suspended in fluid. Sanger's success in sequencing insulin spurred on x-ray crystallographers, including Watson and Crick, who by now were trying to understand how DNA directed the formation of proteins within a cell. Soon after attending a series of lectures given by Frederick Sanger in October 1954, Crick began developing a theory which argued that the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA determined

1232-499: A result of some experiments by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty demonstrating that purified DNA could change one strain of bacteria into another. This was the first time that DNA was shown capable of transforming the properties of cells. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick put forward their double-helix model of DNA, based on crystallized X-ray structures being studied by Rosalind Franklin . According to

1309-615: A second species of muntjak deer to the Sumatran list of fauna with the rediscovery of the Sumatran muntjac , a deer not recorded since the late 1920s and now concluded as a new species and not subspecies. The park also protects more than 370 bird species, including the Sumatran ground-cuckoo rediscovered in the park in 2002. The Kerinci area is home to more than 300 bird species, including 17 of Sumatra's 20 endemic birds, making it of particular importance to ornithologists and bird-watching enthusiasts. The population of Sumatran rhinoceros in

1386-409: A series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing acrylamide gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment, from which

1463-470: A significant turning point in DNA sequencing because it was achieved with no prior genetic profile knowledge of the virus. A non-radioactive method for transferring the DNA molecules of sequencing reaction mixtures onto an immobilizing matrix during electrophoresis was developed by Herbert Pohl and co-workers in the early 1980s. Followed by the commercialization of the DNA sequencer "Direct-Blotting-Electrophoresis-System GATC 1500" by GATC Biotech , which

1540-403: A suspected disorder. Also, DNA sequencing may be useful for determining a specific bacteria, to allow for more precise antibiotics treatments , hereby reducing the risk of creating antimicrobial resistance in bacteria populations. DNA sequencing may be used along with DNA profiling methods for forensic identification and paternity testing . DNA testing has evolved tremendously in

1617-424: A tiger specimen from Java . Panthera tigris sumatrae was proposed by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1929, who described a skin and a skull of a tiger zoological specimen from Sumatra. The skull and pelage pattern of tiger specimens from Java and Sumatra do not differ significantly. P. t. sondaica is therefore considered the valid name for the living and extinct tiger populations in Indonesia. Analysis of DNA

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1694-576: Is also the most efficient way to indirectly sequence RNA or proteins (via their open reading frames ). In fact, DNA sequencing has become a key technology in many areas of biology and other sciences such as medicine, forensics , and anthropology . Sequencing is used in molecular biology to study genomes and the proteins they encode. Information obtained using sequencing allows researchers to identify changes in genes and noncoding DNA (including regulatory sequences), associations with diseases and phenotypes, and identify potential drug targets. Since DNA

1771-480: Is an informative macromolecule in terms of transmission from one generation to another, DNA sequencing is used in evolutionary biology to study how different organisms are related and how they evolved. In February 2021, scientists reported, for the first time, the sequencing of DNA from animal remains , a mammoth in this instance, over a million years old, the oldest DNA sequenced to date. The field of metagenomics involves identification of organisms present in

1848-471: Is consistent with the hypothesis that Sumatran tigers became isolated from other tiger populations after a rise in sea level that occurred at the Pleistocene to Holocene transition about 12,000–6,000 years ago. In agreement with this evolutionary history, the Sumatran tiger is genetically isolated from all living mainland tigers, which form a distinct group closely related to each other. The isolation of

1925-560: Is higher than in other subspecies. Males have a prominent ruff, which is especially marked in the Sumatran tiger. The Sumatran tiger is one of the smallest tigers. Males measure between the pegs 2.2 to 2.55 m (7 ft 3 in to 8 ft 4 in) in head-to-body length, with the greatest skull length of 295 to 335 mm (11.6 to 13.2 in) and weigh 100 to 140 kg (220 to 310 lb). Females weigh 75 to 110 kg (165 to 243 lb) and measure 2.15 to 2.30 m (7 ft 1 in to 7 ft 7 in) in length between

2002-661: Is listed on CITES Appendix I . Hunting is prohibited in Indonesia. In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and around the Way Kambas National Park to ensure the long-term viability of wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for

2079-953: Is most likely their close genetic relation and inbreeding . DNA sequencing DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA . It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine , guanine , cytosine , and thymine . The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, DNA Genographic Projects and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis , biotechnology , forensic biology , virology and biological systematics . Comparing healthy and mutated DNA sequences can diagnose different diseases including various cancers, characterize antibody repertoire, and can be used to guide patient treatment. Having

2156-598: Is now implemented in Illumina 's Hi-Seq genome sequencers. In 1998, Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington described their phred quality score for sequencer data analysis, a landmark analysis technique that gained widespread adoption, and which is still the most common metric for assessing the accuracy of a sequencing platform. Lynx Therapeutics published and marketed massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS), in 2000. This method incorporated

2233-436: Is possible because multiple fragments are sequenced at once (giving it the name "massively parallel" sequencing) in an automated process. NGS technology has tremendously empowered researchers to look for insights into health, anthropologists to investigate human origins, and is catalyzing the " Personalized Medicine " movement. However, it has also opened the door to more room for error. There are many software tools to carry out

2310-417: Is present in 27 habitat patches larger than 250 km (97 sq mi), which cover 140,226 km (54,142 sq mi). About a third of these patches are inside protected areas. Sumatran tigers prefer lowland and hill forests, where up to three tigers live in an area of 100 km (39 sq mi); they use non-forest habitats and human-dominated landscapes at the fringes of protected areas to

2387-405: Is the determination of the physical order of these bases in a molecule of DNA. However, there are many other bases that may be present in a molecule. In some viruses (specifically, bacteriophage ), cytosine may be replaced by hydroxy methyl or hydroxy methyl glucose cytosine. In mammalian DNA, variant bases with methyl groups or phosphosulfate may be found. Depending on the sequencing technique,

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2464-460: Is then synthesized through a process called PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction ), which amplifies the cDNA to produce multiple copies. 3) Sequencing : The amplified cDNA is then sequenced using a technique such as Sanger sequencing or Maxam-Gilbert sequencing . Challenges and Limitations Traditional RNA sequencing methods have several limitations. For example: They require the creation of

2541-480: The MRC Centre , Cambridge , UK and published a method for "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors" in 1977. Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard also developed sequencing methods, including one for "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation". In 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis. Advancements in sequencing were aided by

2618-537: The University of Ghent ( Ghent , Belgium ), in 1972 and 1976. Traditional RNA sequencing methods require the creation of a cDNA molecule which must be sequenced. Traditional RNA Sequencing Methods Traditional RNA sequencing methods involve several steps: 1) Reverse Transcription : The first step is to convert the RNA molecule into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase . 2) cDNA Synthesis : The cDNA molecule

2695-655: The ABI 370, in 1987 and by Dupont's Genesis 2000 which used a novel fluorescent labeling technique enabling all four dideoxynucleotides to be identified in a single lane. By 1990, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) had begun large-scale sequencing trials on Mycoplasma capricolum , Escherichia coli , Caenorhabditis elegans , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a cost of US$ 0.75 per base. Meanwhile, sequencing of human cDNA sequences called expressed sequence tags began in Craig Venter 's lab, an attempt to capture

2772-627: The NGS field have been attempted to address these challenges, most of which have been small-scale efforts arising from individual labs. Most recently, a large, organized, FDA-funded effort has culminated in the BioCompute standard. On 26 October 1990, Roger Tsien , Pepi Ross, Margaret Fahnestock and Allan J Johnston filed a patent describing stepwise ("base-by-base") sequencing with removable 3' blockers on DNA arrays (blots and single DNA molecules). In 1996, Pål Nyrén and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at

2849-659: The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm published their method of pyrosequencing . On 1 April 1997, Pascal Mayer and Laurent Farinelli submitted patents to the World Intellectual Property Organization describing DNA colony sequencing. The DNA sample preparation and random surface- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arraying methods described in this patent, coupled to Roger Tsien et al.'s "base-by-base" sequencing method,

2926-495: The Sanger methods had been made. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. Chemical treatment then generates breaks at a small proportion of one or two of the four nucleotide bases in each of four reactions (G, A+G, C, C+T). The concentration of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule. Thus

3003-415: The Sumatran tiger from mainland tiger populations is supported by multiple unique characters, including two diagnostic mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sites, ten mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and 11 out of 108 unique microsatellite alleles . The relatively high genetic variability and the phylogenetic distinctiveness of the Sumatran tiger indicates that the gene flow between island and mainland populations

3080-418: The coding fraction of the human genome . In 1995, Venter, Hamilton Smith , and colleagues at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) published the first complete genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae . The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marked the first published use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating

3157-406: The computational analysis of NGS data, often compiled at online platforms such as CSI NGS Portal, each with its own algorithm. Even the parameters within one software package can change the outcome of the analysis. In addition, the large quantities of data produced by DNA sequencing have also required development of new methods and programs for sequence analysis. Several efforts to develop standards in

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3234-464: The concurrent development of recombinant DNA technology, allowing DNA samples to be isolated from sources other than viruses. The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977. Medical Research Council scientists deciphered the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus in 1984, finding it contained 172,282 nucleotides. Completion of the sequence marked

3311-569: The development of new forensic techniques, such as DNA phenotyping , which allows investigators to predict an individual's physical characteristics based on their genetic data. In addition to its applications in forensic science, DNA sequencing has also been used in medical research and diagnosis. It has enabled scientists to identify genetic mutations and variations that are associated with certain diseases and disorders, allowing for more accurate diagnoses and targeted treatments. Moreover, DNA sequencing has also been used in conservation biology to study

3388-492: The domestic market. Conflicts with humans are another major threat to the Sumatran tiger. Poachers target tigers with wire snares, and they are also inadvertently caught in traps set by deer hunters and farmers attempting to control crop raids from wild boar. Tigers need large contiguous forest blocks to thrive. Between 1985 and 1999, forest loss within Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park averaged 2% per year. A total of 661 km (255 sq mi) of forest disappeared inside

3465-437: The earlier methods, including Sanger sequencing . In contrast to the first generation of sequencing, NGS technology is typically characterized by being highly scalable, allowing the entire genome to be sequenced at once. Usually, this is accomplished by fragmenting the genome into small pieces, randomly sampling for a fragment, and sequencing it using one of a variety of technologies, such as those described below. An entire genome

3542-478: The early 1970s by academic researchers using laborious methods based on two-dimensional chromatography . Following the development of fluorescence -based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer , DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster. DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual genes , larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or operons ), full chromosomes, or entire genomes of any organism. DNA sequencing

3619-489: The forest edge, and closer to forest centres. They prefer forest with dense understory cover and steep slope, and they strongly avoid forest areas with high human influence in the forms of encroachment and settlement. In acacia plantations, they tend to use areas closer to water and prefer areas with older plants, more leaf litter , and thicker subcanopy cover. Tiger records in oil palm plantations and rubber plantations are scarce. The availability of adequate vegetation cover at

3696-400: The genetic diversity of endangered species and develop strategies for their conservation. Furthermore, the use of DNA sequencing has also raised important ethical and legal considerations. For example, there are concerns about the privacy and security of genetic data, as well as the potential for misuse or discrimination based on genetic information. As a result, there are ongoing debates about

3773-559: The ground level serves as an environmental condition fundamentally needed by tigers regardless of the location. Without adequate understory cover, tigers are even more vulnerable to persecution by humans. Human disturbance-related variables negatively affect tiger occupancy and habitat use. Variables with strong impacts include settlement and encroachment within forest areas, logging , and the intensity of maintenance in acacia plantations. Camera trapping surveys conducted in southern Riau revealed an extremely low abundance of potential prey and

3850-462: The highest average price of US$ 116 per kg, followed by canines. There is evidence that tiger parts are smuggled out of Indonesia. In July 2005, over 140 kg (310 lb) of tiger bones and 24 skulls were confiscated in Taiwan in a shipment from Jakarta . In 2013–2014, Kerinci Seblat National Park experienced an upsurge in poaching, with the highest annual number of snare traps being removed for

3927-484: The last few decades to ultimately link a DNA print to what is under investigation. The DNA patterns in fingerprint, saliva, hair follicles, etc. uniquely separate each living organism from another. Testing DNA is a technique which can detect specific genomes in a DNA strand to produce a unique and individualized pattern. DNA sequencing may be used along with DNA profiling methods for forensic identification and paternity testing , as it has evolved significantly over

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4004-525: The management of wild populations. By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lampung Province, of which only 15 were intact enough to contain tigers. In the framework of the STP, a community-based conservation programme was initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the park to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human conflicts based on

4081-438: The model, DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides coiled around each other, linked together by hydrogen bonds and running in opposite directions. Each strand is composed of four complementary nucleotides – adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) – with an A on one strand always paired with T on the other, and C always paired with G. They proposed that such a structure allowed each strand to be used to reconstruct

4158-466: The most popular approach for generating viral genomes. During the 1997 avian influenza outbreak , viral sequencing determined that the influenza sub-type originated through reassortment between quail and poultry. This led to legislation in Hong Kong that prohibited selling live quail and poultry together at market. Viral sequencing can also be used to estimate when a viral outbreak began by using

4235-545: The nation requiring spatial plans that would be environmentally sustainable at national, provincial, and district levels. Between 2005 and 2015, about US$ 210 million have been invested into tiger law-enforcement activities that support forest ranger patrols, as well as the implementations of front-line law-enforcement activities by the Global Tiger Recovery Plan, which aims to double the number of wild tigers by 2020. In November 2016, Batu Nanggar Sanctuary

4312-431: The national park making the area of great interest to geologists. The park completely encircles the populated Kerinci Valley. The park is home to diverse flora and fauna. Over 4,000 plant species have been identified to date in the parking area, including the world's largest flower, Rafflesia arnoldii , and the plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence, the titan arum . The fauna includes Sumatran tigers , and

4389-496: The national park, as they adapt well to various kinds of habitats, both forested and open spaces. One camera trap image gave a rare photo of a golden cat mother moving a cub to another location with her mouth. Other highly endangered species include Sumatran dhole , Sumatran elephants , Sunda clouded leopard , Malayan tapir , and Malayan sun bear . In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature added

4466-414: The need for initial mapping efforts. By 2001, shotgun sequencing methods had been used to produce a draft sequence of the human genome. Several new methods for DNA sequencing were developed in the mid to late 1990s and were implemented in commercial DNA sequencers by 2000. Together these were called the "next-generation" or "second-generation" sequencing (NGS) methods, in order to distinguish them from

4543-438: The need for regulations and guidelines to ensure the responsible use of DNA sequencing technology. Overall, the development of DNA sequencing technology has revolutionized the field of forensic science and has far-reaching implications for our understanding of genetics, medicine, and conservation biology. The canonical structure of DNA has four bases: thymine (T), adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). DNA sequencing

4620-427: The other, an idea central to the passing on of hereditary information between generations. The foundation for sequencing proteins was first laid by the work of Frederick Sanger who by 1955 had completed the sequence of all the amino acids in insulin , a small protein secreted by the pancreas. This provided the first conclusive evidence that proteins were chemical entities with a specific molecular pattern rather than

4697-568: The park is recognised under the Global Tiger Initiative as one of the 12 most important protected areas in the world for tiger conservation. A recent study shows that the Kerinci Seblat National Park in central Sumatra has the highest population of tigers on the island, estimated to be 165-190 individuals. The park also was shown to have the highest tiger occupancy rate of the protected areas, with 83% of

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4774-587: The park showing signs of tigers. More tigers are in the Kerinci Seblat National Park than in all of Nepal , and more than in China , Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam combined. The national park is home to other kinds of big, medium, and small cats, clouded leopard / macan dahan ( Neofelis nebulosa ), marbled cat / kucing batu ( Pardofelis marmorata ), leopard cat / kucing hutan ( Prionailurus bengalensis ), and Asian golden cat / kucing emas ( Catopuma temminckii ). The Asian golden cats can be found everywhere in

4851-492: The park was estimated to number around 500 in the 1980s, but due to poaching, the Kerinci Seblat population is now considered extinct. The national park was declared in 1982, formed from numerous watershed protection forests or hutan lindung and small nature reserves, although its borders were only legally confirmed in the late 1990s. Together with Bukit Barisan Selatan and Gunung Leuser National Parks , it forms

4928-636: The park, and 318 km (123 sq mi) were lost in a 10-km buffer, eliminating forest outside the park. Lowland forest disappeared faster than montane forest , and forests on gentle slopes disappeared faster than forests on steep slopes. Most forest conversions resulted from agricultural development, leading to predictions that by 2010, 70% of the park will be in agriculture. Camera-trap data indicated avoidance of forest boundaries by tigers. Classification of forest into core and peripheral forest based on mammal distribution suggests that by 2010, core forest area for tigers will be fragmented and reduced to 20% of

5005-974: The past few decades to ultimately link a DNA print to what is under investigation. The DNA patterns in fingerprint, saliva, hair follicles, and other bodily fluids uniquely separate each living organism from another, making it an invaluable tool in the field of forensic science . The process of DNA testing involves detecting specific genomes in a DNA strand to produce a unique and individualized pattern, which can be used to identify individuals or determine their relationships. The advancements in DNA sequencing technology have made it possible to analyze and compare large amounts of genetic data quickly and accurately, allowing investigators to gather evidence and solve crimes more efficiently. This technology has been used in various applications, including forensic identification, paternity testing, and human identification in cases where traditional identification methods are unavailable or unreliable. The use of DNA sequencing has also led to

5082-473: The pegs with a greatest length of skull of 263 to 294 mm (10.4 to 11.6 in). The Sumatran tiger persists in small and fragmented populations across Sumatra, from sea level in the coastal lowland forest of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park on the southeastern tip of Lampung Province to 3,200 m (10,500 ft) in mountain forests of Gunung Leuser National Park in Aceh Province . It

5159-411: The present time, the presence of such damaged bases is not detected by most DNA sequencing methods, although PacBio has published on this. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869, but it remained under-studied for many decades because proteins, rather than DNA, were thought to hold the genetic blueprint to life. This situation changed after 1944 as

5236-672: The regulation of gene expression. The first method for determining DNA sequences involved a location-specific primer extension strategy established by Ray Wu at Cornell University in 1970. DNA polymerase catalysis and specific nucleotide labeling, both of which figure prominently in current sequencing schemes, were used to sequence the cohesive ends of lambda phage DNA. Between 1970 and 1973, Wu, R Padmanabhan and colleagues demonstrated that this method can be employed to determine any DNA sequence using synthetic location-specific primers. Frederick Sanger then adopted this primer-extension strategy to develop more rapid DNA sequencing methods at

5313-453: The remaining forest. Sumatra's largest tiger population in Kerinci Seblat National Park is threatened by a high rate of deforestation in its outer regions. Drivers are an unsustainable demand for natural resources created by a human population with the highest rate of growth in Indonesia, and a government initiative to increase tree-crop plantations and high-intensity commercial logging , which ultimately leads to forest fires. The majority of

5390-444: The sequence may be inferred. This method is mostly obsolete as of 2023. Kerinci Seblat National Park Kerinci Seblat National Park is the largest national park on the island of Sumatra , Indonesia . It has a total area of 13,791 km and spans four provinces: West Sumatra , Jambi , Bengkulu , and South Sumatra . It is located between 100°31'18"E - 102°44'01"E and 1°07'13"S - 3°26'14"S. The park area includes

5467-400: The sequence of amino acids in proteins, which in turn helped determine the function of a protein. He published this theory in 1958. RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2 , identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at

5544-698: The tiger population in Kerinci Seblat National Park in central Sumatra comprised 165–190 individuals, which is more than anywhere else on the island. The park has the highest tiger occupancy rate of Sumatra's protected areas, with 83% of the park showing signs of tigers. Sumatra's total tiger population was estimated at 618 ± 290 individuals in 2017. Sumatran tigers strongly prefer uncultivated forests and make little use of plantations of acacia and oil palm even if these are available. Within natural forest areas, they tend to use areas with higher elevation, lower annual rainfall, farther from

5621-573: The tigers caused the death of 9 humans and 25 further tigers were killed. In 1997, an estimated 53 tigers were killed by poachers and their parts sold throughout most of northern Sumatra. Numbers for all of Sumatra are likely to be higher. Farmers killed many of the tigers to prevent livestock losses. They sold them to gold and souvenir shops, and pharmacies. In 2006, wildlife markets were surveyed in 28 cities and nine seaports in seven Sumatran provinces; 33 of 326 retail outlets offered tiger parts like skins, canines, bones, and whiskers. Tiger bones fetched

5698-413: The tigers found in the park were relocated to its center where conservation efforts are focused, but issues in the lowland hill forests of the outskirts remain. While being a highly suitable tiger habitat, these areas are also heavily targeted by logging efforts, which substantially contributes to declines in local tiger numbers. The expansion of plantations is increasing greenhouse gas emissions , playing

5775-484: Was highly restricted. The Sumatran tiger was described based on two zoological specimens that differed in skull size and striping pattern from Bengal and Javan tiger specimens. It is darker in fur colour and has broader stripes than the Javan tiger. Stripes tend to dissolve into spots near their ends, and on the back, flanks and hind legs are lines of small, dark spots between the regular stripes. The frequency of stripes

5852-522: Was intensively used in the framework of the EU genome-sequencing programme, the complete DNA sequence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome II. Leroy E. Hood 's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology announced the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine in 1986. This was followed by Applied Biosystems ' marketing of the first fully automated sequencing machine,

5929-861: Was opened in North Padang Lawas Regency , North Sumatra for conservation of Sumatran wildlife. An interview survey among 600 consumers revealed that most were willing to pay consistently more for a "tiger-friendly" produced good if this product would be conducive to Sumatran tiger conservation. As of 2013, about 375 captive Sumatran tigers were listed in the global studbook and management plan, with 50 of them housed in 14 zoos in Australia and New Zealand . All of them were offspring of 15 founders. Fourteen cubs showed congenital vestibular system dysfunctions such as ataxia , strabismus , nystagmus , head tilting and falling that resolved when they were two years old. The cause for this disorder

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