Misplaced Pages

#548451

48-552: Summit Camp , also known as Summit Station , is a year-round staffed research station near the apex of the Greenland ice sheet . The station is located at 3,216 metres (10,551 ft) above sea level. The population of the station is typically five in wintertime and reaches a maximum of 38 in the summer. The station is operated by the United States National Science Foundation through

96-635: A low Earth orbit which means that relatively closer to the Earth's surface. This can be anywhere from 1000 km to just 160 km above the surface of the Earth. The ISS is a collaborative effort by multiple space agencies around the world. The countries involved in the funding of the stations includes Europe , Japan , Canada , Russia and the United States . The respective space agencies of these countries are ESA , JAXA , CSA , Roscosmos , NASA . The modularity and size of components of

144-662: A cost of $ 10 million and thence to Christchurch, New Zealand. It re-entered service and spent several more seasons doing antarctic work. The aircraft was retired to Davis-Monthan AFB sometime after 1998. Currently all LC-130 aircraft are operated by the New York Air National Guard and are based at the Air National Guard's facility at Schenectady County Airport . There are two versions. Seven aircraft are LC-130H-2 (Three of these were Navy LC-130R from VXE-6 converted to LC-130H-2). Three are

192-552: A group of human researchers and crew to inhabit over a span of anywhere from months and even a year. Space stations are intended to be permanently operating in space unlike other kinds of space craft such as satellites . However, it may not be permanently inhabited by human researchers who may come and go as they cycle through different explorations. Space stations are typically controlled by their own respective space agency and country. The design for space stations evolved over multiple decades. The engineering and design aspects of

240-647: A number of decades through scientific analysis and writing, with the first design aspects of early space stations being introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. Since then, the construction and launch of space stations have been both national and international, collaborative efforts which have allowed different design philosophies to form key space stations such as the International Space Station (ISS) . Similarly, stations in Antarctica are built to ensure that they are well insulated against

288-434: A result of two JATO bottles ejecting improperly and striking the plane's propeller. This aircraft's registration was 148321 .The second crash occurred when a second similar aircraft (159131) was destroyed, while delivering replacement parts for the first aircraft; this resulted in two fatalities and nine injuries. The repaired aircraft was dug out of the snow, had temporary repairs and then flown to McMurdo Station in 1987 at

336-442: A sense of gravity for the crew members. The theme of gravity being artificially produced through the rotation of the space station was first detailed by Wernher Von Braun in the 1950s which maintained a similar concept of a rotating wheel. The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the biggest space stations in the world and it is permanently inhabited. The first parts of the stations were launched in 1998. It operates in

384-437: A space station was first introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. His "Wohnrad" also known as "Living Wheel" consisted of a rotating wheel-shaped space station consisting of three parts: a habitat rotation wheel, an observatory , and a machine room. The Wohnrad's habitat wheel consisted of habitation units, laboratories and observatories which would measure 30 meters in diameter and whose centrifugal force would generate

432-600: Is a ski -equipped United States Air Force variant of the C-130 Hercules used in the Arctic and Antarctic . Ten are currently in service with the 109th Airlift Wing of the New York Air National Guard . The LC-130 started as a prototype model developed by modifying a C-130A with skis in 1956. After testing in 1957, 12 additional C-130A models were modified with skis and hydraulics under

480-743: Is governed by around 30 countries facilitated through the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) . Since 1959 when this treaty was enacted, 42 countries have become signatories to it and have established research stations in Antarctica . Research stations in Antarctica operate on a seasonal basis in accordance with its Summer and Winter. This is as temperatures have a large variation between the two seasons with temperature exceeding +10 °C in Summer and dropping to under −40 °C in Winter in

528-503: Is yet to be relocated here, though preparations are still underway. The climate is classified as ice cap , with no month having a mean temperature exceeding 0 °C (32 °F). Typical daily maximum temperatures at Summit Camp are around −35 °C (−31 °F) in winter (January) and −10 °C (14 °F) in summer (July). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about −45 °C (−49 °F) and only rarely exceed −20 °C (−4 °F). The highest temperature at Summit Station

SECTION 10

#1732780671549

576-531: The Gombe Research Station in Tanzania , where famous chimpanzee research was conducted by Jane Goodall . Biological field stations or ecological research stations are facilities where research can be conducted into different aspects of the environmental and biological life. It covers a wide range of field stations including: marine research stations, tropical research stations etc. During

624-640: The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration consisted of wooden huts and tents. It was not until post World War II when research stations began to be built on a wider and more commercial scale. These post war research stations were made with the aim to be quickly erected and it was often constructed by individuals with little construction experience and knowledge. Research stations during this time were made up of standard cool room panels and utilized expanded Bakelite insulation. This model later evolved to be elevated buildings held aloft by steel scaffolding . This

672-402: The 18th and early 19th century, field stations were not yet formally established, and European naturalists and biologists would conduct their research through imperial scientific explorations. This time period occurred within the time of imperialism and colonial expansion which began from the mid-18th century, which was where European countries, which undergoing industrialization , were in

720-465: The Big House (communications and galley), Mobile Science Facility, Temporary Atmospheric Watch Observatory, Berthing Module, a combined garage and generator building, and storage buildings. The surface elevation at Summit Station has increased at an average of 1.9 cm (0.75 in) per year over the period 2008–2018. Accumulation is the single largest factor in elevation change. Summit Station

768-500: The GISP2 drilling site, established a camp, and laid out the runway. Subsequent flights brought in additional materials and personnel needed to build the station. Two major structures were planned and built: The Big House, an insulated panel building (housing a galley, common space, and office), elevated to minimize snow drifts; and a geodesic drill dome to house the deep drill. Extensive under-snow trenches were also constructed to house

816-884: The LC-130 aircraft. Initially, VXE-6 was home based at the Naval Air Station Quonset Point , Rhode Island and later at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu , California. Operation of the aircraft was transferred in 1999 to the 109th Airlift Wing of the New York Air National Guard when Navy support of the Antarctic program was terminated. VXE-6 was decommissioned after 44 years of science and cargo support missions in support of "Operation Deep Freeze". There have been two crashes in Antarctica. The first crash occurred in 1971 at an ice runway 860 miles (1,380 km) from McMurdo Station as

864-592: The U.S. Navy to support the Navy's Antarctic expedition that was ongoing at the time. The Navy also bought one LC-130R model in 1968. The National Science Foundation bought the second set of aircraft as replacement aircraft. The Polar Program Division of the Foundation had assumed management of the Antarctic Program in the early 1970s. These aircraft were designated LC-130R and were delivered in two lots:

912-593: The abundant fauna of Sagami Bay that is it was situated across from. The increased interest in building biological field stations grew with the era known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration which was a period beginning in the late 19th century where European explorers were in competition to explore and establish scientific presence on the Antarctic continent. However, the formation of biological field stations became stagnant during international disruptions of World War I and World War II . After World War II,

960-434: The accumulation of snowdrift . Another discovery that engineers made was that the structural foundations of research stations can be made directly into the rock bed of station sites at sites which were sediment and rock dominant over ice. After this period of trial and error, in the early 2000s, there began a movement to create more consistent, commercialized structures which emphasized durability. A notable example of this

1008-523: The aircraft, that are installed and used when the LC-130 operates from rough, unprepared snow surfaces, sticky snow or when shorter takeoff runs are needed. Originally the expended rocket bottles were jettisonable, but due to several accidents which occurred when a bottle detached from the aircraft during takeoff, the mounting provisions were changed so that the bottles could not be released in the air. The Navy Antarctic Development Squadron Six (First designated VX-6 , then VXE-6 from 1969) originally operated

SECTION 20

#1732780671549

1056-400: The challenge of accumulating snowdrift, frost or maintaining effective insulation. While there were significant challenges to building research stations during this time, there were also some building innovations that developed from this period of architectural experimentation in the region. Engineers found that buildings could be constructed to be parallel to the direction of the wind to prevent

1104-404: The coastal parts of the continent. Most operations are carried out in the Summer where temperatures are higher. The majority of research stations in Antarctica are located in these coastal regions with a large number being clustered alongside the peninsula of the continent. These research stations are built to accommodate for the sub-zero climatic conditions of the region as well as considering

1152-489: The construction of interior hardware racks which were built to be replaceable. It also took into account the preferences of the crew members who largely indicated that the interior design of the station would be constructed with distinct floors, ceiling and walls. The ISS is set to be retired around the end of the 2020s. The only other occupied space station in low Earth orbit is the Chinese space station, Tiangong . Tiangong

1200-430: The core handling, processing, and storage facilities. Many smaller Weatherport hut buildings and tents were also erected as storage and shop areas, as well as sleeping quarters. These were erected and taken down each season. On July 1, 1993, the bedrock was reached. Originally only occupied in the summer, the station has been staffed year-round since 2003, with a winter population of four to five. The Greenland Telescope

1248-447: The designation of C-130D . In 1959 the first four factory equipped, ski-based Hercules were produced under the Navy designation of UV-1L. These C-130s are USAF C-130B models. Later in the program the designation was changed from UV-1L to C-130BL. This designation was again later changed to LC-130F when aircraft nomenclature was standardized for all services by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1962. These four aircraft were bought by

1296-450: The educational scope of tropical natural resources and 3) helping to shape policies that will impact these regions. It provides both undergraduate and graduate programs to students in the fields of field biology , ecology , global health, and conservation and allows students to perform hands-on work in both African and South American continents. There are also numerous other organizations and institutes, both public and private, around

1344-668: The first lot of three in 1974 and the remaining two in 1976. The primary mission of the LC-130 is supporting the scientific community in Antarctica by transporting cargo and personnel from the McMurdo Station to field stations and camps, including the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station . The aircraft are equipped with retractable skis that allow the aircraft to land on snow and ice as well as on conventional runways. The aircraft have provisions for using rocket-assisted-takeoff ( RATO ) rockets, four on each side of

1392-676: The ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean . Many nations also have research stations located in Antarctica ; Showa Station , Halley and Troll are examples. There are also various research stations doing field ecological research such as the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in the Ecuadorian Amazon , Comoé National Park Research Station in the Savannas of North-eastern Côte d'Ivoire or

1440-641: The importance of this redesign on shifting the approach to the construction of Antarctic research stations, "when the U.K. built Halley VI , many nations realized the importance of doing something special, and not just doing something." Similarly, the Australian Antarctic Building System (AANBUS) has claimed to set the standard for design in the Antarctic by utilizing braced steel framed structures, insulated panels and vapour barriers to overcome previous design and practicality issues. LC-130 Hercules The Lockheed LC-130

1488-559: The logistical-support contractor Battelle Arctic Research Operations (Battelle ARO). A permit from the Danish Polar Center ( Danish : Dansk Polarcenter ) under the auspices of the Government of Greenland ( Greenlandic : Kalaallit Nunaanni Inatsisartut ) is required to visit the station. The station is located approximately 360 km (220 mi) from the east coast of Greenland , 500 km (310 mi) from

Summit Camp - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-489: The number of biological research stations around the world increased significantly with 92 stations being established in the 1950s alone. It was during the post-war period that multiple multinational and regional organizations surrounding biological field stations were formed. The most prominent is the non-profit organization known as the Organization of Biological Field Stations was founded in 1963. This organization

1584-592: The panel from the inside. Another issue with this design was that limited the function and dimensions of the building. This made the buildings hard to access. From this period onwards (roughly the late 1960s onwards), multiple designs were trialed to resolve the issues of guy wires which obstructed mobility and to improve the quality of safety and services, as well as reducing cost. Some examples of design elements during this period included fiberglass paneled stations, aluminum window frames and timber panels. However, these designs were not very effective at overcoming

1632-495: The placement and construction of it building itself. Antarctic research stations need to be built in a manner to minimize issues such as insulation, freezing of concrete during the building process and the potential for the accumulation of drifting snow . The process of the construction of research stations on the continent evolved over time to address these issues. Early research bases in Antarctica used by prominent explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Roald Amundsen during

1680-554: The process of seeking to invade and conqueror territories around the world. Naturalists were often enlisted on imperial campaigns to "undiscovered" territories to assist in the cataloging and mapping of foreign specimens. For example, in 1813, Charles Darwin was appointed the naturalist on the Royal Navy ship, HMS Beagle , and his diary journals from that voyage contributed significantly to his later scientific theories on evolution and natural selection . Similarly, Joseph Banks

1728-675: The research station were dictated by the use of the space shuttle as the primary launch vehicle. The components also needed to be durable and maintainable. In the earlier years the development of the ISS in the 1990s, different countries brought different philosophies and approaches to the construction, design and transportation of research stations. Russian engineers emphasized automated use and remote control in their designs. The United States, Japanese and European nations were guided by four, consistent main principles: accessibility , maintainability , modularity and reconfigurability . This affected

1776-546: The sub-zero temperatures of the exterior landscape with many redevelopments being required over the years to overcome issues associated with snowdrifts , accessibility and rusting . Some research stations are located in the Arctic , such as the Northeast Science Station , McGill Arctic Research Station and Himadri Station . Some stations in the Arctic are staffed drifting ice stations , built on

1824-606: The summer months, the station is accessed via Kangerlussuaq Airport with LC-130 Hercules aircraft which land on a 4,572 by 60 m (15,000 by 197 ft) snow runway, which is prepared and regularly groomed for ski-equipped aircraft. Winter access is infrequent, using smaller, ski-equipped aircraft such as Twin Otter flown by Kenn Borek Air . 72°34′46.50″N 38°27′33.07″W  /  72.5795833°N 38.4591861°W  / 72.5795833; -38.4591861 Research station Space stations were also developed over

1872-550: The west coast (at Saattut , Uummannaq ), and 200 km (120 mi) north-northeast of the historical ice sheet station Eismitte . The closest town is Ittoqqortoormiit , 460 km (290 mi) east-southeast of the station. The station, however, is not part of the Sermersooq municipality but falls within the bounds of the Northeast Greenland National Park . Summit Station consists of

1920-514: The world that support the funding, approval and maintenance of biological research stations. Tropical and subtropical research stations have a high conservation return on investment with for instance in Africa deforestation being 22% less near field stations compared to matched sites at a distance Space stations are not stationary buildings unlike normal research stations on Earth, they are specially created mobile spacecraft that are built to allow

1968-532: Was 2.2 °C (36.0 °F), recorded on 13 July 2012 and on 28 July 2017; the lowest recorded temperature was −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F) on 22 December 1991, On 6 July 2017 the site recorded the lowest temperature in the northern hemisphere for the month of July at −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F). On August 14, 2021, it rained throughout the entire day at Summit Camp, marking the first time since record-keeping began (1989) that precipitation had fallen in liquid form at Greenland's glacial summit. During

Summit Camp - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-700: Was also an English naturalist who was appointed the botanist of imperial collaboration between the Royal Navy Society scientific expedition in 1768 on HMS Endeavour to the South Pacific which was heralded as the discovery of Australia or Terra Nullius as it was known at the time. In the mid – late 19th century, biological stations were formalized and began to be built around the world. In Europe, some early field stations (which are still in operation today) included Concarneau Marine Biological Station (Station de biologie marine de Concarneau) which

2064-561: Was done in an attempt to address the issue of accumulation of drifting snow so that stations would not be "snowed in". This did occur in 1968, when the Halley Research Station I operated by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) had to be shut down as it was covered in snow. However, this design did not take into consideration of water vapour moving through the panel insulation which led to rusting of

2112-423: Was formed with the goal of representing and unifying the work of research centers from North America , Central America and Canada . It currently has 180 member stations. Another biological non-profit is the Organization for Tropical Studies which was founded in 1963 and consists of approximately 50 institutions worldwide. Its three goals consist of 1) furthering scientific discovery and knowledge, 2) expanding

2160-596: Was founded in 1859 in Concarneau , France . Concarneau Marine Biological Station is a marine biology station which was founded by Victor Coste for the purposes of conducting research into coastal fishing by the request of Napoleon III . In Asia, an example of an early field station includes the Misaki Marine Biological Station was founded in Japan in 1886 with the purpose of investigating

2208-474: Was launched in 2021 and follows its predecessors Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 which were first launched in 2011 and 2016 respectively. This space station was the largest spacecraft built by China , weighing 22.5 tons or 49604.01 pounds. Antarctica has around 50 research stations and from around 1000 to 5000 people who reside in those stations around the year. The continent itself is a polar desert which consists of uninhabitable ice-filled environment. It

2256-559: Was originally established in April 1989 in support of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) deep ice coring effort. A ski-equipped C-130 from the New York Air National Guard performed an open snow landing near the site, bringing the put-in team consisting of Mark Twickler, Jay Klink, Michael Morrison, and two navigation specialists; Doug Roberts and Jim Normandeau who located the exact location chosen for

2304-505: Was the formation of the design of Halley VI in 2005, which involved a design competition to create the most effective and long-lasting research station suitable for its location on a floating ice shelf. The resulting design consists of an elevated station set on hydraulic stilts which allowed operators to physically move or relocate it out of snow drifts. Bert Buecking, an architect working on designs for India's National Center for Antarctic and Ocean Research's new research station emphasized

#548451