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68-532: Sumner Academy of Arts and Science is a magnet school in Kansas City, Kansas and is operated by the Kansas City USD 500 school district. Named for abolitionist Charles Sumner , it started in 1905 during a period of racial tension as a segregated school for black (" Negro ") students, which offered vocational training, but emphasized college-preparatory training. Located at 1610 N. 8th Street,

136-554: A US district court judge required the state of Missouri to fund the creation of magnet schools in the Kansas City Public Schools to reverse the white flight that had afflicted the school district since the 1960s. The district's annual budget more than tripled in the process. The expenditure per pupil and the student-teacher ratio were the best of any major school district in the nation. Many high schools were given college-level facilities. Still, test scores in

204-553: A "Great IDEAS" grant (funded/sponsored by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Fund) for the 2004–05 school year, which encourages teachers in SLC (Small Learning Communities) to work together to develop innovative programs and projects to improve student learning. In the summer of 2005 (July 20–24), Sumner High School, later Sumner Academy of Arts & Science, celebrated its 100th anniversary since students first walked through

272-471: A Board of Control to assess penalties against schools for violations. In 1927 the Board of Control employed the first full-time Executive Secretary. To date, six individuals have served as executive director. KSHSAA divides schools based upon enrollment of grades 9, 10, 11 and 12 for competition and state and regional championships. The largest 32 schools in the state are class 6A, the next largest 32 become 5A,

340-601: A child centered approach." Magnet schools have been the most successful of the ideas that originated from the Open Schools movement. It was expounded in 1971 by educator Nolan Estes, superintendent of Dallas Independent School District . The Magnet Schools Assistance Program was developed in the early 1980s as a way to encourage schools to address de facto racial segregation. Funds were given to school districts that implemented voluntary desegregation plans or court orders to reduce racial isolation. From 1985 to 1999,

408-500: A diverse learning environment. Within a few years, in locations such as Richmond, Virginia , additional magnet school programs for children with special talents were developed at facilities in locations that parents would have otherwise found undesirable. That effort to both attract voluntary enrollment and achieve the desired racial balance met with considerable success and helped improve the acceptance of farther distances, hardships with transportation for extracurricular activities, and

476-445: A lottery among applicants. Most magnet schools concentrate on a particular discipline or area of study, while others (such as International Baccalaureate schools) have a more general focus. Magnet programs may focus on academics ( mathematics , natural sciences , and engineering ; humanities ; social sciences ; fine or performing arts ) or may focus on technical/vocational/agricultural education . Access to free transportation

544-895: A one-year contract; the Coliseum has since been renovated and no longer hosts athletic events. The 2010 5A and 6A state wrestling tournaments were held at the Intrust Bank Arena . The 2011 6A and 5A state championships were moved to the Hartman Arena in Park City, Kansas , and have continued there since. Kansas held its first girls wrestling championships in 2020 at Salina. The next year, girls were split into two divisions, with Classes 5A and 6A at Park City and Classes 1A through 4A at Salina. In 2024, Park City and Salina each hosted one girls tournament and two boys tournaments over three days. Due to Kansas's cold climate in

612-475: A pattern later characterized as white flight , the hypersegregation of blacks and whites, as the latter moved to the suburbs . The first charter school, McCarver Elementary School, opened in Tacoma, Washington , in 1968. This second type of magnet can often take the form of "a school within a school," meaning that the school may have no competitive admissions for the majority of the school population, and even

680-566: A segregated high school in Kansas City, Kansas. On February 22, 1905, the Kansas Legislature passed such a bill, which was reluctantly signed by the governor. In 1905 Sumner high school opened, the first de jure segregated high school in the state of Kansas. Students moved from the old Kansas City High School and the old Central High School in Kansas City. The original school was named Manual Training High School and built at

748-643: A single "center," such as Skyline High School in Dallas . Other countries have similar types of schools, such as specialist schools in the United Kingdom . Most of these are academically selective. Other schools are built around elite-sporting programs or teach agricultural skills such as farming or animal husbandry. In 1965, then Vice President Hubert Humphrey came to John Bartram High School in Southwest Philadelphia to declare it

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816-434: A small plot on northwest corner of 8th and Oakland was purchased which now houses the current Sumner Academy. The current complex of buildings began in 1937. In 1978 Sumner High School was officially closed as Sumner High School. Students were reassigned as part of court-ordered desegregation mandating busing for African-American students to new schools, and giving all district students the option of whether or not to attend

884-547: A vote of 1A members for the 2020-21 school year. Football is evaluated biannually based only upon enrollment for grades 9, 10, and 11, with classifications for the next two seasons announced in October of an odd-numbered year. Schools with 100 or fewer students in grades 9-11 have the option to play Eight-man football instead of the traditional 11-man game. In 11-man football, there are five classes (6A, 5A, 4A, 3A, 2-1A), with 32 schools in 6A and 5A, 64 schools in 4A and 3A, and

952-617: Is 79 percent. Sumner Academy of Arts & Science is 1 of 6 high schools in the Kansas City. The Sabres and Lady Sabres compete in the 5A classification, according to the KSHAA (Kansas State High School Activities Association). In November 2008, the Sumner Academy football team made it to the Kansas State playoffs for the first time in a decade. In 2010, Sumner Academy recorded its best record in school history at 9–2, as it made

1020-549: Is a key component in facilitating racial diversity in magnet schools. According to a survey distributed at the Magnet Schools of America's (MSA) 2008 annual meeting, in magnet schools with free transportation services, non-white students comprise almost 33% of the student body, which is higher than the 23% found in magnet schools without such services. Moreover, 11.9% of magnet schools that do not provide transportation are largely one-race, while only 6.4% of magnet schools with

1088-600: Is at Dodge City and the 1A-Division II tournament is at Barton Community College in Great Bend . State championships for baseball and softball are held at the same time as the track championship, usually at community colleges or large recreational fields, although some championships have been held at Lawrence–Dumont Stadium in Wichita, home of the National Baseball Congress tournament and

1156-537: Is its participation in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Program which is based on a 5.0 scale. Sumner began offering students the opportunity to participate in the IB program in 1987. The academy offers 20 different IB classes and over one-third of the faculty have received extensive IB training. Although only juniors and seniors are eligible to take IB classes, the effect of the IB program permeates

1224-495: Is the Kansas State track and field championships, which are held the weekend before Memorial Day at Cessna Stadium on the campus of Wichita State University . The meet, which features athletes from schools in all six classes, is one of the nation's largest high school meet, with more than 3,000 athletes participating. The state track meet hosted its 124th competition in 2024. Current KSHSAA Executive Director Bill Faflick, formerly athletic director for Wichita Public Schools, holds

1292-544: The American Association of Independent Professional Baseball 's Wichita Wingnuts , as well as Hoglund Ballpark at KU in Lawrence. The 2011 Class 6A tournament was hosted by KU, and the 5A tournament was hosted by Wichita State at Eck Stadium . State championships for wrestling are held in late February every year. Up until 2005, classes 6, 5, and 4A held separate but concurrently running tournaments at

1360-475: The Art Deco style in vogue at the time for federally sponsored public works. The most striking element is the central streamlined entrance tower, which provides visual focus while housing the heating units, air intake chambers and associated filters. The exterior consists of an articulated pattern of two tones of fire-clay brick accented by limestone trim. The growing impact of European modernism can be seen in

1428-562: The elementary , middle , and high school levels. In the United States, where education is decentralized , some magnet schools are established by school districts and draw only from the district, while others are set up by state governments and may draw from multiple districts . Other magnet programs are within comprehensive schools , as is the case with several "schools within a school". In large urban areas, several magnet schools with different specializations may be combined into

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1496-500: The 16 biggest 5A schools to jump to 6A. The idea is opposed by schools in the state's three major metropolitan areas (Kansas City, Topeka and Wichita), since the vast majority of 5A and 6A schools are in those areas. Of the 36 Class 6A schools in 2023-24, 16 were located in Johnson County , the state's most populous county with approximately 21 percent of Kansas's population. There are currently 40 leagues that are accepted by

1564-673: The 2007 and 2008 4A girls bowling state championships. In 2008, Sarah Ottens won the 2008 5A girls bowling individual state champion. In 2009, Christian Smith was recognized as the 5A state boys individual bowling champion. Sumner Academy won the 2003 Class 5A Scholars Bowl state championship. Sumner High School won the 1969 4A Kansas State High School Activities Association boys basketball championship. Sumner Academy has won four Kansas State High School Activities Association boys basketball championships, which were in 1998, 2000, 2010, and 2011. The Sumner Academy Competitive Speech team (Forensics) has won 12 KSHSAA state championships. They won

1632-406: The 2018–19 school year, Classes 6A, 5A and 4A consist of 36 schools each. Classes 3A and 2A continue to have 64 schools each, while the remaining schools will be in 1A. The two-division format which currently exists in 1A for basketball, scholars bowl and volleyball, and in 4A for baseball, basketball, softball and volleyball, were eliminated; however, the two-division structure in 1A was reinstated by

1700-731: The 4A Speech state championships in 1998, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 5A Speech state championships in 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2023. The Sumner Forensics team also added a KSHSAA 4A Debate championship in 2015 and placed 2nd in the KS Class 5A State Debate Championship tournament in 2024. The Sumner High School boys track & field team won the 4A outdoor team Kansas State High School State Championships in 1975, 1976, and 1977 and indoor in 1969 and 1970. The Sumner Academy boys track & field team won back to back KSHSAA 4A team championships in 1998 & 1999. By 1937 Sumner had outgrown its previous facilities at Ninth and Washington and

1768-589: The 6-man championship is at Dodge City . Kansas is one of the few states, especially in the Midwest , that holds state football championship games at different sites. State championships in Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin are held at a single central location. Missouri holds its title games at the same site on two separate weekends. The state basketball championships are held

1836-726: The Kansas Coliseum in Wichita, Kansas , while 3-2-1A held their tournament at Gross Memorial Coliseum in Hays . After that year, KSHSAA began looking for alternative sites for the classes to hold their tournaments for a number of reasons, including remodeling which was to begin on the Coliseum in the following years. In 2006, 4A left 5A and 6A and held its own tournament at the Bicentennial Center in Salina, Kansas , while

1904-413: The Kansas State playoffs for the second consecutive time and won the Kansas City, Kansas League Championship for the first time in 20 years. In 2009, Sumner Academy won back to back KCK League Championship titles, appeared in the Kansas State playoffs, and finished with a record of 6–4. In February 2008, Sumner Academy senior wrestlers Jerry Cox and Malcolm Sharp placed at state. In 2009, the wrestling team

1972-424: The Sumner Academy curriculum at all grade levels. Ninth and tenth graders often take pre-IB courses with the anticipation of enrolling in future IB work. Students have the opportunity to take International Baccalaureate coursework and exams. The IB participation rate at Sumner Academy of Arts & Science is 97 percent. The student body makeup is 41 percent male and 59 percent female, and the total minority enrollment

2040-425: The United States, and although there is some overlap, their origins and missions remain largely distinct. The first type of magnet school is the fully competitive admissions magnet school. These schools use competitive admissions, usually rely on a standardized assessment score, and are structured to serve and support populations that are 100% gifted and/or talented students. Schools in this group generally rank among

2108-447: The application text itself. Kansas State High School Activities Association The Kansas State High School Activities Association ( KSHSAA ) is the organization which oversees interscholastic competition in the U.S. state of Kansas at the high-school level. It oversees both athletic and non-athletic competition, and sponsors championships in several sports and activities. The Kansas State High School Activities Association

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2176-485: The campus complex since this original elegant building was erected: In 2010, a new wing was added to include all new technology. The addition was built over the west parking lot, and replaced the old temporary classroom units. The rooms are spacious, with carpeted floors, and can hold up to 40 student desks. The west wing also has new lockers and bathrooms and is equipped with some of the very latest in classroom technology. Magnet school There are magnet schools at

2244-556: The corner of 9th and Washington Boulevard. After objections to that name from the black community, the name of Sumner was chosen instead to honor Charles Sumner (1811–1884), a member of the United States Senate from 1851 to 1874. Charles Sumner had been very strong abolitionist and a leader of the Radical Republicans who had fought for the rights of the black people during Reconstruction . In 1932,

2312-404: The current architecturally significant complex began with its Art Deco core in 1937, but has been repeatedly expanded. The segregated Sumner High School closed in 1978, converting at that time to its present high-challenge magnet program. Sumner's origins can be traced to a death in a racially charged environment. On April 12, 1904, Roy Martin, a white student at Kansas City, Kansas High School

2380-400: The discrepancy between the classification numbers is quite large. For the 2008–09 school year, the largest Class 4A school had more than 2.5 times the number of students as the smallest school in the classification. It has been suggested by many Kansas High School supporters (most specifically in basketball) that 5A and 6A should combine to form one 64 team classification. Other plans call for

2448-620: The doors at 9th and Washington Boulevard. Sumner Academy maintains high behavioral and academic standards for its students. Students must receive a letter of acceptance before enrolling at Sumner Academy and once enrolled are required to maintain GPA of 2.5 or higher to continue to attend. The school was selected as a Blue Ribbon School in 1984 and 2003. The Blue Ribbon Award recognizes public and private schools which perform at high levels or have made significant academic improvements. One factor responsible for Sumner Academy's rigorous academic standing

2516-461: The first magnet school in the country. Bartram's curriculum was concentrated in the commercial field, offering commercial and business training to students from all over Philadelphia. In the United States, the term "magnet school" refers to public schools with enrichment programs that are designed to attract and serve certain targeted subgroups of potential students and their families. There are two major categories of public magnet school structures in

2584-507: The high schools by white students and white citizens. Many whites agitated for segregated schools. For some time, white students attended classes at Kansas City Kansas High School in the morning, while black students attended in the afternoon. In this desperate situation, some African American and white citizens eventually decided to petition the Kansas legislature to change the law prohibiting segregated high schools, requesting an allowance for

2652-486: The magnet program itself may not have fully competitive admissions. This is consistent with the equity-based objectives of such programs. With the magnets designed to increase equity, at first school districts tried using involuntary plans which involved court-ordered attendance, the busing of children far from their homes, and building closer schools to achieve the required balance. Later, voluntary school integration plans were developed. One approach that educators within

2720-517: The magnet schools did not rise; the black-white gap did not diminish; and there was less, not greater, integration. Finally, on September 20, 2011, The Missouri Board of Education voted unanimously to withdraw the district's educational accreditation status from January 1, 2012. Districts started embracing the magnet school models in the hope that their geographically open admissions would end racial segregation in "good" schools and decrease de facto segregation of schools in poorer areas. To encourage

2788-538: The massing of the structure; David H. Sachs and George Ehrlich particularly cite the influence of Willem Marinus Dudok , a Dutch architect best known for the Hilversum City Hall (Raadhuis, 1931). In turn, Dudok had borrowed extensively from Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School , particularly in terms of brickwork and the massing of geometric forms. There have been a number of expansions to

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2856-428: The new school. It was reopened as 'Sumner Academy of Arts and Sciences', a magnet school for highly motivated and academically talented students. In 2003, Sumner won a prestigious national award – Sumner Academy received the U.S. Dept of Education's NCLB – Blue Ribbon Schools Award for its scores on the Kansas state assessments, making it just one of four schools in Kansas to earn the distinction. In 2004, Sumner received

2924-572: The next 64 become 4A, 3A, and 2A respectively and the remaining schools become class 1A. These classes are re-evaluated every year for all activities except football, with new classifications announced in September after the start of the school year. Ninth grade students were not counted toward the annual classification totals from 1967 to 1968 through 2010–11. In 2013, the 64 schools in class 4A voted to split into two divisions for volleyball, baseball, basketball, softball, and football. Starting with

2992-420: The number of magnet schools has risen dramatically. Over 232 school districts housed magnet school programs in the early 1990s. By the end of the decade, nearly 1,400 magnet schools were operating across the country. Traditionally, these magnet schools are found in neighborhoods with large minority populations. They advertise their unique educational curricula in order to attract white students who do not live in

3060-571: The older term " specialized school " instead of "magnet school" to refer to them ). Another type of "magnet school" or "magnet program" emerged in the United States in the 1970s as one means of remedying racial segregation in public schools, and they were written into law in Section 5301 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Authorization. Demographic trends following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court decision revealed

3128-465: The other classes stayed at their respective sites. In the 2007–08 season, each of the 4 classes competed in 4 separate facilities, as the Coliseum was not available. 3-2-1A and 4A remained in Hays and Salina respectively, while 6A moved to Charles Koch Arena at Wichita State University and 5A moved to Hutchinson High School . The 2009 6A and 5A championships returned to the Kansas Coliseum, but only for

3196-564: The playoffs. In 2002, the top two teams in each 11-man district began to qualify for the playoffs; district runners-up were added to the playoff brackets for 8-man in 2004. In 2016, districts were abolished in Classes 5A and 6A. In those classifications, teams now schedule the first eight games on their own, with the ninth week acting as the first week of the playoffs. Teams are seeded onto the bracket based upon overall record and divided into two groups of 16 based upon geography. Beginning in 2018

3264-818: The position of Meet Director and has been widely praised for his direction of the meet. All state football championship games are held the Saturday after Thanksgiving , ensuring the football season ends before December 1. The games are held at various sites across the state, with current sites including Fort Hays State University in Hays , Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg , and Hutchinson Community College in Hutchinson , as well as high school stadiums in Salina and Topeka . The eight-man championships have been held at Fischer Field in Newton since 2006, while

3332-488: The provision of transportation are characterized as one-race schools. Such services are integral in ensuring that potential out-of-neighborhood students have access to these schools of choice. Ultimately, the presence of free transportation contributes to more integrated magnet environments. Across the country, magnet school application forms assume that its readers are proficient in reading and writing in English, understand

3400-479: The public school system came up with was open schools. During the Open Schools movement of the 1970s, several ideas designed to influence public education were put into practice, including Schools without Walls, Schools within a School, Multicultural Schools, Continuation Schools, Learning Centers, Fundamental Schools, and Magnet Schools. "These schools were characterized by parent, student, and teacher choice, autonomy in learning and pace, non-competitive evaluation, and

3468-477: The racial integration aspects, such as Capital Prep Magnet School, a high school in Hartford, Connecticut . Capital Prep, a year-round school where more than 80% of its students are black and Latino, boasts a near-0% dropout rate; 100% of its 2009 senior class was sent to a four-year college. According to the school's principal, the goal is to prepare all of its students for college. Since coming into fruition,

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3536-552: The remaining 11-man schools competing in 1A. This expanded the number of 1A schools from 28 in 2020 and 2021 to 42 in 2022 and 2023. Additionally, the KSHSAA began to sponsor 6-man football in 2022 for schools with 55 students or fewer in grades 9-11 at the time of reclassification. The KSHSAA did not sponsor state championship playoffs for football until 1969. District play was introduced to determine playoff participants in 1981. From 1981 through 2001, only district champions advanced to

3604-408: The remaining schools (43 for 2010 and 2011; 41 for 2012 and 2013) in 2-1A. In eight-man football, there are two divisions of roughly equal size, with 105 schools scheduled to compete in 8-man for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, decreasing to 104 for 2012 and 2013 due to consolidation in many rural towns. Beginning in 2018, Classes 6A, 5A and 4A will have 32 schools in each classification for football, with

3672-665: The same format was adopted in Class 4A. Schools form leagues to compete against one another, and participation in a particular league is voluntary. Most schools in a league are located within a close geographic range. The most notable example is in Wichita , where the nine high schools within the city limits form the Greater Wichita Athletic League (GWAL, more commonly known as the City League). However, due to sparse population in western Kansas, schools in

3740-432: The same league are often separated by distances of more than 100 miles, and in a few cases, schools are almost 200 miles apart. In some sports and activities where not all small schools may field a team, classifications are combined for purposes of state championships. For example, in policy debate, there are state championships for 6A, 5A, 4A, and 3-2-1A combined. Basketball: Football: The association's largest event

3808-505: The school's curriculum, and recognize what kinds of resources are offered to students at that respective school. In diverse urban contexts especially, these assumptions privilege some families over others. Parents who seek out magnet schools tend to be Asian, educated, middle-class, and English-fluent. Thus, in order to break down the racial disparities these schools were intended to dismantle, magnet school programs have to be intentional in not only their outreach efforts, but also how they create

3876-457: The school. KSHSAA classifies its activities into athletic and non-athletic events. KSHSAA has been criticized for its 6A-1A format. Similar sized states, including neighboring Missouri do not have as many classifications, but have more total schools. This over-classification has been deemed a "watered down effect". Many rural schools argue the current classification structure favors schools in larger cities, especially in Classes 5A and 4A, where

3944-483: The second week of March, with girls and boys competition taking place at the same time. In 2011, the 6A tournament moved to Charles Koch Arena on the campus of Wichita State University , with Emporia taking over the Class 1A-Division I tournament. The 1A-Division II tournament remained at Hays. Emporia currently hosts the Class 5A tournament, with 6A,. 4A, 3A and 2A remaining at Wichita, Salina, Hutchinson and Manhattan, respectively. The 1A-Division I state tournament

4012-479: The separation of siblings. Even as districts such as Richmond were released from desegregation court orders, the parental selection of magnet school programs has continued to create more racially diverse schools than would have otherwise been possible. With a wide range of magnet schools available, a suitable program could be found for more children than only the "bright" ones for whom the earliest efforts were directed. Some 21st-century magnet schools have de-emphasized

4080-469: The surrounding area. In this way, the schools act as a "magnet" pulling out-of-neighborhood students that would otherwise go to a school in their traditional attendance zone. Some magnet schools have a competitive entrance process, requiring an entrance examination , interview , or audition . Other magnet schools either select all students who apply, or use a lottery system among students who apply, while others combine elements of competitive entrance and

4148-662: The top 100 public high schools in the United States. Examples of this type of school and program include the Maine School of Science and Mathematics , Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Virginia, The School Without Walls in the District of Columbia, and nine schools that all use competitive admissions and are overseen by the New York City Department of Education (which still uses

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4216-426: The two-division format in 4A eliminated. Classes 3A and 2A will have 48 schools each, and Class 1A will have the remaining 11-man football playing schools (31 in 2018 and 2019). 8-man Division I will be limited to 48 schools, with the remainder in 8-man Division II. Football classifications were revamped again in 2022. Classes 6A, 5A and 4A remained unchanged, but 3A and 2A were reduced from 48 schools each to 40, with

4284-569: The voluntary desegregation, districts started developing magnet schools to draw students to specialized schools all across their districts. Each magnet school would have a specialized curriculum that would draw students based on their interests. One of the goals of magnet schools is to eliminate, reduce, and prevent minority group isolation while providing the students with a stronger knowledge of academic subjects and vocational skills. Magnet schools still continue to be models for school improvement plans and provide students with opportunities to succeed in

4352-413: The winter, the championships for golf , tennis , and soccer are split. Girls compete in golf and tennis in the fall and soccer in the spring, while boys compete in soccer in the fall and golf and tennis in the spring. Boys' golf teams may compete in grass green (traditional) or sand green competition. Girls who attend schools without golf, tennis, and soccer teams are allowed to play on the boys' teams at

4420-420: Was formed in 1937 and incorporated in 1956. As early as 1910, Kansas schools organized the statewide Debate League and Athletic Association governed by high school principals. The Athletic Association started as a small voluntary group of fewer than 50 schools and grew to more than 500 schools by the 1920s. Out of necessity, the member schools adopted eligibility and participation rules and established authority for

4488-478: Was recognized as league champions. In 2014, the wrestling team was recognized as league champions. In 2014, Sumner Academy senior wrestler Donte Boose won 4A 126lb state championship. In 2015, Sumner Academy junior wrestler Emmanuel Browne won 4A 120lb state championship. Next year in February 2016, senior wrestler Emmanuel Browne won back to back 4A 126lb state championships. The Lady Sabres bowling team won both

4556-415: Was shot and killed at Kerr Park. An African American named Louis Gregory was accused and arrested. The night of his arrest, a lynch mob gathered, and a group of African American citizens prevented the mob from breaking into the jail to take Gregory from custody. Gregory was subsequently convicted of first degree murder. The morning after the shooting, all African American students were blocked from entering

4624-547: Was using every inch of available space for classes. That year the federal Works Progress Administration deemed Sumner eligible for a New Deal grant to construct a new building, eventually providing $ 378,000 for building and equipment. The school board selected Joseph W. Radotinsky of Kansas City to be the architect, and in 1938 issued $ 751,000 in bonds. The building was built 1938–1939 and dedicated in January 1940, with classes beginning January 2. Radotinsky's design features

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