30-409: Sunfish or sun-fish may refer to: Fish [ edit ] Centrarchidae , or sunfishes, a family of freshwater fish Lepomis , the genus of true sunfish Molidae , the family of ocean sunfishes Mola (fish) , or sunfish Ocean sunfish , Mola mola Basking shark , Cetorhinus maximus , common names include sun-fish Opah ,
60-545: A family of saltwater fish family Lampridae commonly known as sunfish Arts and entertainment [ edit ] The Sunfish , 2014 Danish film Klumpfisken Sunfish (musical) , 2013 Places [ edit ] See also: Sunfish Lake (disambiguation) Sunfish, Kentucky , U.S. Sunfish Pond , in Worthington State Forest, New Jersey, U.S. Sunfish Township, Pike County, Ohio , U.S. Ships [ edit ] Sunfish (sailboat) ,
90-666: A partitioned mixed-model Bayesian analysis of a seven gene dataset of mitochondrial and nuclear gene DNA sequences by Near et al. (2005), expanded with fossil species. Subgenera in bold follow Bailey (1938): L. humilis [REDACTED] L. macrochirus [REDACTED] L. gulosus [REDACTED] L. kansasensis L. serratus L. symmetricus L. cyanellus [REDACTED] L. auritus [REDACTED] L. marginatus L. peltastes * L. megalotis [REDACTED] L. gibbosus [REDACTED] L. microlophus [REDACTED] L. punctatus L. miniatus L. sp. A *** L. peltastes
120-557: A sailing dinghy HMS Sunfish , the name of several ships of the Royal Navy USS ; Sunfish , the name of several ships of the United States Navy See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Sunfish All pages with titles containing Sunfish Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
150-415: A single nest. Larger males usually attract more mates and also take better care of their offspring. Male parental care includes nest building, nest guarding, guarding of eggs and fry, and nest fanning (aerating eggs). Males unsuccessful at courtship may exhibit a cheater strategy where they sneak fertilizations of female's eggs by various behavioral methods. This is commonly seen with smaller males in
180-707: Is a genus of North American freshwater fish from the family Centrarchidae in the order Perciformes ( perch -like fish). The generic name Lepomis derives from the Greek λεπίς ("scale") and πῶμα ("cover", "plug", " operculum "). The genus' most recognizable species is perhaps the bluegill . Some Lepomis species can grow to a maximum overall length of 41 cm (16 in), though most average around 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in). Many species are sought by anglers as popular panfishes , and large numbers are bred and stocked in lakes , rivers , ponds and wetlands . They are widely distributed throughout
210-606: Is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors. As in other ectotherms , many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment. All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species. In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes. The optimal temperature range of most species in
240-556: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Centrarchidae See text Centrarchidae , better known as sunfishes , is a family of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the order Centrarchiformes , native only to North America . There are eight universally included genera within the centrarchid family: Lepomis (true sunfishes), Micropterus (black basses), Pomoxis ( crappies ), Enneacanthus (banded sunfishes), Centrarchus ( type genus , consisting solely of
270-570: Is mostly due to the high popularity of the family (especially from the genera Micropterus ) as freshwater game fish that are frequently stocked for recreational fishing all around Europe. Across the globe, invasive and introduced centrarchids pose a great threat to native species in the areas they invade. There are multiple confirmed instances of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) severely altering and reducing native fish populations in Italy, South Africa, Japan, and Madagascar and even causing
300-486: The Middle Miocene disruption that resulted in increased aridity on the plains of North America and a transition from savannah to grasslands, although the relevance of these environmental changes to the evolution of Lepomis is unclear. No fossils unambiguously assigned to genus Lepomis are currently known from the putative stem-lineage that must have existed between 25 and 15 million years ago, spanning most of
330-399: The early Miocene . Currently, four extinct species of Lepomis are known from the fossil record: There are at least two as yet undescribed fossil species of Lepomis that reach back to the middle Miocene : Two other more recent fossil species appear to be closely allied to Lepomis gulosus , and indeed their earliest occurrence may be close to the divergence of the lineage leading to
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#1732800953378360-437: The flier C. macropterus ), Archoplites ( Sacramento perch ), Ambloplites (rock basses), and Acantharchus ( mud sunfish ). A genetic study in 2012 suggests that the highly distinct pygmy sunfishes of the genus Elassoma are also centrarchids. The centrarchid family comprises 38 identified species , 34 of which are extant . It includes many popular game fishes familiar to North American anglers , such as
390-620: The freshwater lakes and river tributaries of the United States and Canada , and several species have been translocated and flourished around the world, even becoming pests . Aquarium trade in some Lepomis species is prohibited in Germany for this reason. Lepomis species, among others, are sometimes referred to as bream , but the term is also used to refer explicitly to the unrelated European cypriniform fish of genus Abramis . Phylogeny of all Lepomis species based on
420-716: The largemouth bass , rock bass , bluegill , pumpkinseed , green sunfish and crappies . Most sunfish are highly valued panfish for sport fishing , and have been introduced in many areas outside their native ranges , sometimes becoming invasive species . While edible, they are not commercially marketed as food fish . Family members are distinguished by having a laterally compressed body shape, 6 to 9 anal spines, and 2 dorsal fins (spinous first dorsal and rayed second dorsal) which are fused. The number of dorsal spines varies from 6 to 13. All species in Micropterus and Lepomis have 3 anal spines, which distinguishes them from
450-497: The edge of the sunfish range varies widely within the family. Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) have no cold acclimation ability as seen through the strict maintenance of the northern boundary of the species range. Other species like smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) and green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ) have exhibited signs of minor cold-water adaptation and have even experienced slight range expansions into colder habitats. If air temperatures continue to rise in
480-499: The family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the Sacramento perch can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures. Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the water column and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ) prefer habitats near
510-404: The family is 28 °C(82 °F) to 32 °C(90 °F), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range. Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event. The lethal temperature range varies widely in
540-507: The family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1 °C(33 °F) or as high as 41 °C(106 °F). Centrarchids generally spawn in the spring, and juveniles emerge in the late spring to early summer. The transition from winter to spring conditions (i.e. melting of ice-cover, increase in day length, and increased food availability) is the main cue for centrarchids to begin preparing for reproduction. All species within Centrarchidae, except for those in
570-584: The genera Lepomis are defined by a deep or more round body shape, smaller mouths, and obtaining food through suction feeding . Species in the genera Micropterus are defined by a more streamlined body shape, larger mouths, and consuming prey primarily by ram feeding methods. Centrarchids prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, medium to low flow streams and rivers, and swamps. They also prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators. While few species in
600-562: The genus Lepomis diverged from the black bass in genus Micropterus , its sister taxon, about 25 million years ago. The deepest split among currently living species of Lepomis is dated to ~15 million years ago and separates genus Lepomis into two clades : clade I that leads to the modern bluegill, orange-spotted, green, and warmouth sunfish, and a clade II that includes the modern long-ear, red-breasted, pumpkinseed, redear, and red-spotted sunfish (see section 'Phylogeny' above). The timing of this speciation event roughly corresponds with
630-626: The genus Lepomis . The native range of Centrarchidae is confined within North America, covering most of the United States and stopping in southern Canada. The northern edge of the native range is heavily bound by temperature due to reduced foraging ability and growth in cold weather and subsequent starvation in winter months. As a result, centrarchid distributions and range in any place they are found will be restricted by cold temperatures. The ability to adapt to cold temperatures at
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#1732800953378660-428: The genus Micropterus, develop breeding coloration in both males and females (although less defined in females) during the breeding season. The process of courtship and reproduction is nearly identical for all species in the family, which is a major reason for the high levels of hybridization within Centrarchidae. With that said, there are some mechanisms in place to prevent hybridization, such as intricate morphology of
690-484: The local extinction of any species of the family Cyprinodontidae within the waterbodies they have invaded in Mexico. The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from latest Eocene to early Oligocene deposits from Montana and South Dakota , belonging to several as yet undescribed species and the two extinct genera † Plioplarchus and † Boreocentrarchus . Both Plioplarchus and Boreocentrarchus are classified in
720-714: The next 50 to 100 years as predicted, warmwater species like centrarchids will likely experience range expansions northward and see an overall increase in occupiable habitat. This range expansion can have grave consequences for other freshwater fishes however, as many centrarchids are dominant top predators which can severely alter the community structure of non-native ecosystems and drive the extinction of other native predators. While centrarchids are native to only North America, they can be found worldwide due to introductions on multiple continents, including Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia. At least 18 species of Centrarchidae are North American exports. Its multi-continental spread
750-470: The operculum in Lepomis, which assists in recognition of conspecific mates. To initiate reproduction, males dig a deep circular depression in the substrate with their caudal fins to create a nest, which they will aggressively defend from intruding males. Males and females then undergo a courtship dancing ritual before the female deposits her eggs into the male's nest. Multiple females may deposit eggs in
780-454: The other genera in the family. The pseudobranch is small and concealed. Body size varies widely within the family with the black-banded sunfish at just 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, while the largemouth bass is reported to reach almost 1 m (3.3 ft) in extreme cases. Many of the species within Centrarchidae can be separated into two main groups based on the two most common genera ( Micropterus and Lepomis ). Species in
810-407: The shoreline and shallower areas. Suction feeders within the family (i.e. Lepomis ) generally feed off the bottom of their habitat, while ram feeders (i.e. Micropterus ) generally feed in more open areas known as the limnetic zone . Centrarchids diet consists of macro-invertebrates (e.g. insects, snails and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat. In freshwater systems, water temperature
840-1362: The subfamily Centrarchinae, because these species possess more than three anal fin spines. Recent genetic evidence suggests the following taxonomy of the centrarchid genera and species: Acantharchus pomotis [REDACTED] Centrarchus macropterus [REDACTED] Enneacanthus chaetodon Enneacanthus gloriosus Enneacanthus obesus Pomoxis annularis [REDACTED] Pomoxis nigromaculatus [REDACTED] Archoplites interruptus Ambloplites ariommus Ambloplites rupestris [REDACTED] Ambloplites cavifrons Ambloplites constellatus Micropterus dolomieu [REDACTED] Micropterus punctulatus Micropterus cataractae Micropterus coosae Micropterus notius [REDACTED] Micropterus treculi Micropterus salmoides [REDACTED] Micropterus floridanus Lepomis humilis [REDACTED] Lepomis macrochirus [REDACTED] Lepomis gulosus [REDACTED] Lepomis symmetricus Lepomis cyanellus [REDACTED] Lepomis auritus [REDACTED] Lepomis marginatus Lepomis peltastes Lepomis megalotis [REDACTED] Lepomis gibbosus [REDACTED] Lepomis microlophus [REDACTED] Lepomis punctatus Lepomis Lepomis or true sunfish
870-434: The title Sunfish . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunfish&oldid=1222938561 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Fish common name disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
900-475: Was not originally included in the analysis by Near et al. (2005) and is included here based on commonly accepted sister relationship to L. megalotis . See section 'Evolutionary History' below for explanation. Phylogenetic position in clade II uncertain. See section 'Fossil record' for clarification. Phylogenetic reconstructions using a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences calibrated with fossils to estimate ages of divergences suggests that
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