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156-476: Sunrise Movement is an American 501(c)(4) political action organization that advocates political action on climate change . When launched in 2017, the movement's goal was to elect proponents of renewable energy in the 2018 midterm elections , first in the Democratic primaries and then in the general election held on November 6, 2018. Since the midterm elections, the movement has been working towards shifting

312-557: A Noam Chomsky interview in April 2021, Chomsky was asked what in over 60 years of speaking he was most proud of. Mentioning the Sunrise Movement specifically, he replied: "The most gratifying thing is the work of the Sunrise Movement and many others who are carrying things forward in the face of severe difficulties, unflinching and moving forward on crucial challenges—that's gratifying." The Sunrise Movement Education Fund, which

468-576: A corresponding fellow of the British Academy . In the late 1970s and 1980s, Chomsky's linguistic publications expanded and clarified his earlier work, addressing his critics and updating his grammatical theory. His political talks often generated considerable controversy, particularly when he criticized the Israeli government and military. In the early 1970s Chomsky began collaborating with Edward S. Herman , who had also published critiques of

624-462: A federal court decision in 2018. The origins of 501(c)(4) organizations date back to the Revenue Act of 1913 , which created a new group of tax-exempt organizations dedicated to social welfare in a precursor to what is now Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(4). The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 introduced a new requirement on 501(c)(4) organizations. Within 60 days of

780-693: A full professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics. He was appointed plenary speaker at the Ninth International Congress of Linguists , held in 1962 in Cambridge, Massachusetts , which established him as the de facto spokesperson of American linguistics. Between 1963 and 1965 he consulted on a military-sponsored project to teach computers to understand natural English commands from military generals. Chomsky continued to publish his linguistic ideas throughout

936-482: A mechanical translation project and half teaching a course on linguistics and philosophy. He described MIT as open to experimentation where he was free to pursue his idiosyncratic interests. MIT promoted him to the position of associate professor in 1957, and over the next year he was also a visiting professor at Columbia University . The Chomskys had their first child, Aviva , that same year. He also published his first book on linguistics, Syntactic Structures ,

1092-499: A "climate cabinet" that would work towards Sunrise's goals such as the Green New Deal , and pushing for Biden to establish the "Office of Climate Mobilization". The national organization of the Sunrise Movement functions as the guiding force of the movement. Sunrise National sets campaigns, priorities, and makes their own endorsements. The National organization has 4 main divisions: The national organization recently created

1248-632: A 'Movement Leaders Portal' to centralize information. Sunrise members across the country can log in to this portal to access movement documents, strategy, and an events calendar. The Sunrise Movement is organized into decentralized "hubs" that operate in cities and towns across the United States. While the National organization is the main public-facing front of the organization, there are over 400 hubs spread over all 50 states that conduct their own actions, endorsements, and more. Hubs typically follow

1404-524: A 501(c)(5) organization, that expressly advocates for the election or defeat of a particular political candidate and spends more than $ 250 during a calendar year must disclose the name of each person who contributed more than $ 200 during the calendar year to the Federal Election Commission . The Federal Election Commission is required to enforce this provision based on a federal court decision in 2018. A 501(c)(6) organization

1560-419: A 501(c)(6) organization to raise and distribute over $ 250 million during the 2012 election campaigns without disclosing its donors. The group's existence was not publicly known until nearly a year after the election. A business's membership dues paid to a 501(c)(6) organization are generally an ordinary and necessary business expense. The membership dues are tax-deductible in full unless a substantial part of

1716-413: A Green New Deal at AU. The campaign was launched during a rally on the first day of voting for the spring 2023 student government elections. The movement gathered over 500 signatures to get a GND for AU on the ballot for a campus-wide referendum. The referendum received 83% of students voting in favor of the question. Candidates for Student Body President and Vice President of American University incorporated

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1872-500: A catalyst for connecting what in Hjelmslev 's and Jesperson 's time was the beginnings of structural linguistics , which has become cognitive linguistics . Transformational grammar was the dominant research paradigm through the mid-1970s. The derivative government and binding theory replaced it and remained influential through the early 1990s, when linguists turned to a "minimalist" approach to grammar. This research focused on

2028-414: A club of individuals, and no individual may derive profit from the organization's net earnings. Examples include college alumni associations ; college fraternities or college sororities operating chapter houses for students; country clubs ; amateur sport clubs ; supper clubs that provide a meeting place, library, and dining room for members; hobby clubs ; and garden clubs . A substantial amount of

2184-610: A group spokesperson said they got their inspiration from the Sunrise Movement and the work that Ocasio-Cortez has done in the US. Group members have met with Zack Exley , co-founder of the progressive group Justice Democrats , to learn from the experiences that he and Ocasio-Cortez have had in working for the Green New Deal campaign in the US. In the summer of 2020, the Sunrise Movement has started to do Wide Awake actions, in which movement members show up at politicians' houses early in

2340-412: A human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning , if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. Chomsky referred to this difference in capacity as the language acquisition device , and suggested that linguists needed to determine both what that device

2496-572: A key role in crafting and pushing approval for subsequent climate bills." After taking control of the House of Representatives in the 2018 midterm elections, Democrats disagreed about the best way to address climate change with legislation. Sunrise planned a sit-in in Pelosi's office and asked Representative-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez to help them publicize the event, which she instead decided to join herself. The sit-in demands were that all members of

2652-413: A language. Chomsky is commonly credited with inventing transformational-generative grammar, but his original contribution was considered modest when he first published his theory. In his 1955 dissertation and his 1957 textbook Syntactic Structures , he presented recent developments in the analysis formulated by Zellig Harris , who was Chomsky's PhD supervisor, and by Charles F. Hockett . Their method

2808-474: A leader in combating the climate crisis both in its operations and in the students and research it produces. Like the Green New Deal policy, it also targets economic inequality and centers social justice values. The Sunrise Movement at the University of Florida, in conjunction with the student club Climate Action Gator and non-profit Youth Action Fund, worked towards a similar effort to that of AU. The effort

2964-640: A peacekeeping force; Chomsky was critical of this, believing it was designed to secure Australian access to East Timor's oil and gas reserves under the Timor Gap Treaty . Chomsky was widely interviewed after the September 11 attacks in 2001 as the American public attempted to make sense of the attacks. He argued that the ensuing War on Terror was not a new development but a continuation of U.S. foreign policy and concomitant rhetoric since at least

3120-714: A pivotal role in the decline of linguistic behaviorism , and was particularly critical of the work of B. F. Skinner . An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , which he saw as an act of American imperialism , in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his anti-war essay " The Responsibility of Intellectuals ". Becoming associated with the New Left , he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon 's list of political opponents . While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in

3276-757: A primary benefactor of this organization type, dating to the 19th century. According to the Internal Revenue Service, a 501(c)(5) organization has a duty of providing service to its members first. The organization's benefits may not inure to a specific member, but the rules for inurement vary among the three different types of organizations under this segment. A 501(c)(5) organization can make unlimited corporate, individual, or union contributions. A labor organization may pay benefits to its members because paying benefits improves all members' shared working conditions. An agricultural organization can provide financial assistance to its members in order to improve

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3432-417: A public charity's activities can go to lobbying, charities may register for a 501(h) election allowing them to lawfully conduct lobbying activities as long as their financial expenditure does not exceed a specified amount. 501(c)(3) organizations risk loss of tax exempt status if any of these rules are violated. A 501(c)(3) organization is allowed to conduct some or all of its charitable activities outside

3588-576: A public dissident. This essay and other political articles were collected and published in 1969 as part of Chomsky's first political book, American Power and the New Mandarins . He followed this with further political books, including At War with Asia (1970), The Backroom Boys (1973), For Reasons of State (1973), and Peace in the Middle East? (1974), published by Pantheon Books . These publications led to Chomsky's association with

3744-530: A significant figure in linguistics with his landmark work Syntactic Structures , which played a major role in remodeling the study of language. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a National Science Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study . He created or co-created the universal grammar theory, the generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy , and the minimalist program . Chomsky also played

3900-446: A specific type of business is also not typically qualifying, as that would usually be more of a commercial enterprise. For example, the service of managing health insurance plans for its member businesses is often a commercial enterprise if it is not substantially related to improving the business conditions for specific lines of businesses. An association that promotes the common interests of certain hobbyists would not qualify because

4056-463: A substantial number of these activities, then only the amount of dues or contributions that can be attributed to other activities may be deductible as a business expense. The organization must provide a notice to its members containing a reasonable estimate of the amount related to lobbying and political campaign expenditures, or else it is subject to a proxy tax on its lobbying and political campaign expenditures. It must also state that contributions to

4212-402: A system that relates meaning and sound using the minimum possible faculties, Chomsky dispenses with concepts such as "deep structure" and "surface structure" and instead emphasizes the plasticity of the brain's neural circuits, with which come an infinite number of concepts, or " logical forms ". When exposed to linguistic data, a hearer-speaker's brain proceeds to associate sound and meaning, and

4368-437: A very small and finite subset of the allowable syntactic variants within their first language, they somehow acquire the highly organized and systematic ability to understand and produce an infinite number of sentences , including ones that have never before been uttered, in that language. To explain this, Chomsky proposed that the primary linguistic data must be supplemented by an innate linguistic capacity . Furthermore, while

4524-590: A whole, however, the organization will generally qualify if it also performs other services for its members. Much like 501(c)(4) and 501(c)(5) organizations, 501(c)(6) organizations may also perform some political activities. 501(c)(6) organizations are allowed to attempt to influence legislation that is related to the common business interests of its members. A 501(c)(6) organization may receive unlimited contributions from corporations, individuals, and labor unions. The names and addresses of contributors are not required to be made available for public inspection, with

4680-427: A work that radically opposed the dominant Harris– Bloomfield trend in the field. Responses to Chomsky's ideas ranged from indifference to hostility, and his work proved divisive and caused "significant upheaval" in the discipline. The linguist John Lyons later asserted that Syntactic Structures "revolutionized the scientific study of language". From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a National Science Foundation fellow at

4836-486: Is "unworkable" and has no chance of passing the Republican-controlled Senate. However, she allowed that she might vote for it as a symbolic gesture. The Sunrise Movement shared a video of the interaction, shortened so that it "focused on clips of the most tense moments" via social media and on its website. The shortened version has been viewed more than three million times. Sunrise also later posted

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4992-484: Is a broad theory used to model, encode, and deduce a native speaker's linguistic capabilities. These models, or " formal grammars ", show the abstract structures of a specific language as they may relate to structures in other languages. Chomsky developed transformational grammar in the mid-1950s, whereupon it became the dominant syntactic theory in linguistics for two decades. "Transformations" refers to syntactic relationships within language, e.g., being able to infer that

5148-576: Is a business league, a chamber of commerce like the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , a real estate board, a board of trade, a professional football league or an organization like the Edison Electric Institute and the Security Industry Association , that are not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings goes to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. A business league may qualify if it

5304-646: Is a social welfare organization, such as a civic organization or a neighborhood association . An organization is considered by the IRS to be operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare if it is primarily engaged in promoting the common good and general welfare of the people of the community. Net earnings must be exclusively used for charitable, educational, or recreational purposes. According to The Washington Post , 501(c)(4) organizations: ...are allowed to participate in politics, so long as politics do not become their primary focus. What that means in practice

5460-476: Is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics , political activism , and social criticism . Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science . He is a laureate professor of linguistics at the University of Arizona and an institute professor emeritus at

5616-442: Is an association of persons having a common business interest, whose purpose is to promote the common business interest and whose activities improve business conditions rather than actually conduct the business itself. Members of the organization must be of the same trade, business, occupation, or profession in order to qualify. A local chamber of commerce or board of trade could qualify for similar reasons except that they may promote

5772-426: Is and what constraints it imposes on the range of possible human languages. The universal features that result from these constraints would constitute "universal grammar". Multiple researchers have challenged universal grammar on the grounds of the evolutionary infeasibility of its genetic basis for language, the lack of crosslinguistic surface universals, and the unproven link between innate/universal structures and

5928-692: Is derived from the work of the Danish structural linguist Louis Hjelmslev , who introduced algorithmic grammar to general linguistics. Based on this rule-based notation of grammars, Chomsky grouped logically possible phrase-structure grammar types into a series of four nested subsets and increasingly complex types, together known as the Chomsky hierarchy . This classification remains relevant to formal language theory and theoretical computer science , especially programming language theory , compiler construction, and automata theory . Chomsky's Syntactic Structures became, beyond generative linguistics as such,

6084-402: Is not required to send the notification if the organization was formed on or before July 8, 2016, and it either applied for a determination letter using Form 1024 or filed a Form 990 between December 19, 2015, and July 8, 2016. As of January 2018, the application for recognition of exemption as a 501(c)(4) organization is a new form, Form 1024-A, rather than Form 1024. Between 2010 and 2017,

6240-612: Is organized and operated exclusively for those purposes. There are also supporting organizations—often referred to in shorthand form as "Friends of" organizations. 26 U.S.C.   § 170 , provides a deduction, for federal income tax purposes, for some donors who make charitable contributions to most types of 501(c)(3) organizations, among others. The IRS explains that to be tax-exempt, "an organization must be organized and operated exclusively for exempt purposes ... and none of its earnings may inure to any private shareholder or individual." Private inurement means that

6396-419: Is partially inborn, implying that children need only learn certain language-specific features of their native languages . He bases his argument on observations about human language acquisition and describes a " poverty of the stimulus ": an enormous gap between the linguistic stimuli to which children are exposed and the rich linguistic competence they attain. For example, although children are exposed to only

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6552-575: Is related to its purpose. A 501(c)(4) organization may directly or indirectly support or oppose a candidate for public office as long as such activities are not a substantial amount of its activities. A 501(c)(4) organization that lobbies must register with the Clerk of the House if it lobbies members of the House or their staff. Likewise, a 501(c)(4) organization must register with the Secretary of

6708-402: Is related to the common union interests of its members. 501(c)(5) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from corporations, individuals, and labor unions. The names and addresses of contributors are not required to be made available for public inspection. All other information, including the amount of contributions, the description of noncash contributions, and any other information,

6864-418: Is required to be made available for public inspection unless it clearly identifies the contributor. A union membership dues paid to a 501(c)(5) organization are generally an ordinary and necessary business expense. The membership dues are tax-deductible in full unless a substantial part of the 501(c)(5) organization's activities consists of political activity, in which case a tax deduction is allowed only for

7020-524: Is that they must spend less than 50 percent of their money on politics. So long as they don't run afoul of that threshold, the groups can influence elections, which they typically do through advertising. 501(c)(4)s are similar to 501(c)(5)s and 501(c)(6)s in that the organizations may inform the public on controversial subjects and attempt to influence legislation relevant to its program. Unlike 501(c)(3) organizations, they may also participate in political campaigns and elections, as long as their primary activity

7176-563: Is the Sunrise Movement's 501(c)(3) nonprofit, was recommended as a top climate change charity by Giving Green , a nonprofit charity assessment organization, in November 2020. Giving Green removed its recommendation in November 2021 because the Sunrise Movement Education Fund has more funding than it used to and because of uncertainty on the Sunrise Movement's future plans, saying, "post-2020, Sunrise did not play

7332-591: Is the promotion of social welfare and related to the organization's purpose. The income tax exemption for 501(c)(4) organizations applies to most of their operations, but income spent on political activities—generally the advocacy of a particular candidate in an election—is taxable. An "action" organization generally qualifies as a 501(c)(4) organization. An "action" organization is one whose activities substantially include, or are exclusively, direct or grassroots lobbying related to advocacy for or against legislation or proposing, supporting, or opposing legislation that

7488-492: Is widely recognized as having helped to spark the cognitive revolution in the human sciences , contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind. Chomsky remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy , contemporary capitalism , U.S. involvement and Israel's role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict , and mass media . Chomsky and his ideas are highly influential in

7644-419: The 2014 Scottish independence referendum , Chomsky supported Scottish independence. Chomsky retired from MIT in 2002, but continued to conduct research and seminars on campus as an emeritus . That same year he visited Turkey to attend the trial of a publisher who had been accused of treason for printing one of Chomsky's books; Chomsky insisted on being a co-defendant and amid international media attention,

7800-592: The Cambodian genocide and the Bosnian genocide also generated controversy. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq and supporting the Occupy movement . An anti-Zionist , Chomsky considers Israel's treatment of Palestinians to be worse than South African–style apartheid , and criticizes U.S. support for Israel. Chomsky

7956-545: The Committee on the Climate Crisis , appointing Representative Kathy Castor as chair. In February 2019, several San Francisco Bay Area children along with their adult sponsors met with Senator Dianne Feinstein to urge her to vote to support Green New Deal legislation. Feinstein told the children that she is working on an alternative bill, and that she could not support the proposed legislation which she believes

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8112-595: The Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey . Chomsky's provocative critique of B. F. Skinner , who viewed language as learned behavior, and its challenge to the dominant behaviorist paradigm thrust Chomsky into the limelight. Chomsky argued that behaviorism underplayed the role of human creativity in learning language and overplayed the role of external conditions in influencing verbal behavior. He proceeded to found MIT's graduate program in linguistics with Halle. In 1961, Chomsky received tenure and became

8268-556: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Among the most cited living authors, Chomsky has written more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, and politics. In addition to his work in linguistics, since the 1960s Chomsky has been an influential voice on the American left as a consistent critic of U.S. foreign policy , contemporary capitalism , and corporate influence on political institutions and

8424-553: The Nicaraguan Contra War —in which the U.S. supported the contra militia against the Sandinista government—Chomsky traveled to Managua to meet with workers' organizations and refugees of the conflict, giving public lectures on politics and linguistics. Many of these lectures were published in 1987 as On Power and Ideology: The Managua Lectures . In 1983 he published The Fateful Triangle , which argued that

8580-644: The Overton window on climate policy to center the environmental program known as the Green New Deal . Together with Justice Democrats and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez , the group organized a sit-in in the office of Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi , which brought Sunrise its first significant press coverage. Sunrise organized a similar event in February 2019, bringing a group of young people to confront Senator Dianne Feinstein in her office. Since

8736-722: The Russian Empire in 1913 to escape conscription and worked in Baltimore sweatshops and Hebrew elementary schools before attending university. After moving to Philadelphia, William became principal of the Congregation Mikveh Israel religious school and joined the Gratz College faculty. He placed great emphasis on educating people so that they would be "well integrated, free and independent in their thinking, concerned about improving and enhancing

8892-743: The Security Courts dropped the charge on the first day. During that trip Chomsky visited Kurdish areas of Turkey and spoke out in favor of the Kurds' human rights. A supporter of the World Social Forum , he attended its conferences in Brazil in both 2002 and 2003, also attending the Forum event in India. Chomsky supported the 2011 Occupy movement , speaking at encampments and publishing on

9048-653: The University of Arizona in 2017 and was later hired as a part-time professor in the linguistics department there, his duties including teaching and public seminars. His salary was covered by philanthropic donations. After a stroke in June 2023, Chomsky moved to Brazil full-time; this was not publicly reported until June 2024. What started as purely linguistic research ... has led, through involvement in political causes and an identification with an older philosophic tradition, to no less than an attempt to formulate an overall theory of man. The roots of this are manifest in

9204-550: The University of California, Berkeley , in 1966. These lectures were published as Language and Mind in 1968. In the late 1960s, a high-profile intellectual rift later known as the linguistic wars developed between Chomsky and some of his colleagues and doctoral students—including Paul Postal , John Ross , George Lakoff , and James D. McCawley —who contended that Chomsky's syntax-based, interpretivist linguistics did not properly account for semantic context ( general semantics ). A post hoc assessment of this period concluded that

9360-569: The University of Cambridge , Columbia University ( Woodbridge Lectures ), and Stanford University . His appearance in a 1971 debate with French continental philosopher Michel Foucault positioned Chomsky as a symbolic figurehead of analytic philosophy . He continued to publish extensively on linguistics, producing Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar (1972), an enlarged edition of Language and Mind (1972), and Reflections on Language (1975). In 1974 Chomsky became

9516-460: The University of Chicago and Yale University . He had not been registered as a student at Pennsylvania for four years, but in 1955 he submitted a thesis setting out his ideas on transformational grammar ; he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree for it, and it was privately distributed among specialists on microfilm before being published in 1975 as part of The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory . Harvard professor George Armitage Miller

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9672-613: The anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements. Since 2017, he has been Agnese Nelms Haury Chair in the Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice at the University of Arizona . Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928, in the East Oak Lane neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. His parents, William Chomsky and Elsie Simonofsky, were Jewish immigrants. William had fled

9828-457: The fossil fuel industry and to elect proponents of renewable energy. Half of the group's first 20 endorsements won their elections. Deb Haaland , Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez , Rashida Tlaib , and Ilhan Omar won election to the House of Representatives—and six other endorsed candidates won election to state House or Senate seats in Florida, New York, and Pennsylvania. Since the 2018 elections,

9984-600: The linguistics wars . In collaboration with Edward S. Herman , Chomsky later articulated the propaganda model of media criticism in Manufacturing Consent , and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor . His defense of unconditional freedom of speech , including that of Holocaust denial , generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the 1980s. Chomsky's commentary on

10140-403: The principles and parameters framework, which explained children's ability to learn any language by filling open parameters (a set of universal grammar principles) that adapt as the child encounters linguistic data. The minimalist program, initiated by Chomsky, asks which minimal principles and parameters theory fits most elegantly, naturally, and simply. In an attempt to simplify language into

10296-439: The 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act or the 1914 Federal Trade Commission Act . IRC 501(c)(6) amendment was enacted in 1966 to ensure that a professional football league's exemption would not be jeopardized because it administered a players' pension fund. Additionally, a professional sports league's exemption is not to be jeopardized because its primary source of revenue is the sale of television broadcasting rights to its games because

10452-615: The 1980s, Chomsky's students had become prominent linguists who, in turn, expanded and revised his linguistic theories. In the 1990s, Chomsky embraced political activism to a greater degree than before. Retaining his commitment to the cause of East Timorese independence, in 1995 he visited Australia to talk on the issue at the behest of the East Timorese Relief Association and the National Council for East Timorese Resistance. The lectures he gave on

10608-436: The 2012 election season. Every organization, including a 501(c)(4) organization, that expressly advocates for the election or defeat of a particular political candidate and spends more than $ 250 during a calendar year must disclose the name of each person who contributed more than $ 200 during the calendar year to the Federal Election Commission . The Federal Election Commission is required to enforce this provision based on

10764-457: The 501(c)(6) organization's activities consists of political activity, in which case a tax deduction is allowed only for the portion of membership dues that are for other activities. Every organization, including a 501(c)(6) organization, that expressly advocates for the election or defeat of a particular political candidate and spends more than $ 250 during a calendar year must disclose the name of each person who contributed more than $ 200 during

10920-595: The 501(c)(7) organization's activities must be related to social and recreational activities for its members. No more than 35 percent of its gross receipts may derive from non-members, and no more than 15 percent of its gross receipts is permitted to come from use of its facilities or services by the general public. An organization that exceeds these limits may lose its 501(c)(7) status. Noam Chomsky Active Defunct Publications Works Avram Noam Chomsky ( / n oʊ m ˈ tʃ ɒ m s k i / nohm CHOM -skee ; born December 7, 1928)

11076-477: The 990 form. 501(c)(3) tax-exemptions apply to entities that are organized and operated exclusively for religious , charitable , scientific , literary , or educational purposes; or for testing for public safety, to foster national or international amateur sports competition, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals . The 501(c)(3) exemption also applies for any unincorporated community chest , fund, cooperating association , or foundation that

11232-481: The American New Left movement, though he thought little of prominent New Left intellectuals Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm and preferred the company of activists to that of intellectuals. Chomsky remained largely ignored by the mainstream press throughout this period. Chomsky also became involved in left-wing activism. Chomsky refused to pay half his taxes, publicly supported students who refused

11388-637: The American University Green New Deal into their official platforms. Senators in the Undergraduate Senate have come out in large support of the deal. The Green New Deal for AU (GND4AU) is a vision for a sustainable and thriving campus for American University. The GND4AU applies the Green New Deal framework to the American University campus and community. It would position American University to be

11544-554: The Democratic leadership in the House would refuse donations from the fossil fuel industry, and that Pelosi work to build consensus in the House over Green New Deal legislation to be passed when Democrats regain control of government. The latter would be accomplished by a "Committee on a Green New Deal". The sit-in took place on November 13. Over 250 protesters showed up to occupy Pelosi's office, with 51 being arrested by Capitol Police . Representative Rashida Tlaib voiced support for

11700-457: The Form 990-EZ or Form 990-PF) must be available for public inspection and photocopying at the offices of the exempt organization, through a written request and payment for photocopies by mail from the exempt organization, or through a direct Form 4506-A "Request for Public Inspection or Copy or Political Organization IRS Form" request to the IRS of for the past three tax years. Form 4506-A also allows

11856-1025: The IRS Publication 557, in the Organization Reference Chart section, the following is an exact list of 501(c) organization types (29 in total) and their corresponding descriptions. Under Section 511, a 501(c) organization is subject to tax on its " unrelated business income ", whether or not the organization actually makes a profit, but not including selling donated merchandise or other business or trade carried on by volunteers, or certain bingo games. Disposal of donated goods valued over $ 2,500, or acceptance of goods worth over $ 5,000 may also trigger special filing and record-keeping requirements. Tax exemption does not excuse an organization from maintaining proper records and filing any required annual or special-purpose tax returns , e.g., 26 U.S.C.   § 6033 and 26 U.S.C.   § 6050L . Prior to 2008, an annual return

12012-423: The Internal Revenue Service does not consider hobbies to be activities conducted as businesses. An organization whose primary activity is advertising the products or services of its members does not qualify because the organization is performing a service for its members rather than promoting common interests. If an organization's primary activity is advertising the products or services of its members' industry as

12168-516: The Jewish leftists who frequented his New York City newspaper stand to debate current affairs. Chomsky himself often visited left-wing and anarchist bookstores when visiting his uncle in the city, voraciously reading political literature. He became absorbed in the story of the 1939 fall of Barcelona and suppression of the Spanish anarchosyndicalist movement, writing his first article on the topic at

12324-749: The Reagan era. He gave the D.T. Lakdawala Memorial Lecture in New Delhi in 2001, and in 2003 visited Cuba at the invitation of the Latin American Association of Social Scientists. Chomsky's 2003 Hegemony or Survival articulated what he called the United States' "imperial grand strategy " and critiqued the Iraq War and other aspects of the War on Terror. Chomsky toured internationally with greater regularity during this period. During

12480-560: The Senate if it lobbies members of the Senate or their staff. In addition, the 501(c)(4) organization must either inform its members the amount it spends on lobbying or pay a proxy tax to the Internal Revenue Service. Lobbying expenses and political expenses are not deductible as business expenses. The use of 501(c)(4), 501(c)(5), and 501(c)(6) organizations has been affected by the 2007 case FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. , in which

12636-671: The Student Senate on February 21. Proponents of the effort claimed the effort was the first by a major public university. Across the five volumes, there was over 30 establishing details clauses and nearly 25 specific demands. The resolutions demands will be brought to the university's board of trustees for further enactment. Members of Sunrise have created "movement houses", which are shared living spaces where activists work and live together. These houses have appeared in Philadelphia, Washington, DC, Michigan, and more cities across

12792-526: The Sunrise Movement defined one of its major goals as pressuring the Democratic National Committee (DNC) to hold a single-issue presidential debate on climate change. The DNC currently bars candidates from participating in outside debates (defined as multiple candidates on stage interacting with each other) but has no policy regarding participation in outside forums and town halls. On June 26, 2019, Sunrise Movement activists slept on

12948-489: The Sunrise Movement has focused on the climate change proposals collectively known as the Green New Deal , whose core principles have been described as "decarbonization, jobs, and justice". Its proposals include a transition to renewable energy, expanded public transportation, and an economic plan to drive job growth. Several publications have reported that the Green New Deal opposes nuclear power and carbon capture as well as some other technologies. However, Senator Ed Markey,

13104-455: The Sunrise Movement held their Road to a Green New Deal Tour. The tour was intended to garner support for the Green New Deal resolution, introduced in Congress by Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Ed Markey in February 2019. The tour spanned 8 cities and over 200 town halls, featuring local politicians, activists, and leading figures in the climate movement speaking about

13260-564: The Supreme Court struck down the part of the McCain-Feingold Act that prohibited 501(c)(4)s, 501(c)(5)s, and 501(c)(6)s from broadcasting electioneering communications. The Act defined an electioneering communication as a communication that mentions a candidate's name 60 days before a primary or 30 days before a general election. Contributions to 501(c)(4) organizations are not tax-deductible as charitable donations unless

13416-529: The U.S. had continually used the Israeli–Palestinian conflict for its own ends. In 1988, Chomsky visited the Palestinian territories to witness the impact of Israeli occupation. Chomsky and Herman's Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988) outlines their propaganda model for understanding mainstream media. Even in countries without official censorship, they argued,

13572-790: The U.S. war in Vietnam. Together they wrote Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda , a book that criticized U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia and the mainstream media's failure to cover it. Warner Modular published it in 1973, but its parent company disapproved of the book's contents and ordered all copies destroyed. While mainstream publishing options proved elusive, Chomsky found support from Michael Albert 's South End Press , an activist-oriented publishing company. In 1979, South End published Chomsky and Herman's revised Counter-Revolutionary Violence as

13728-404: The United States. Donors' contributions to a 501(c)(3) organization are tax-deductible only if the contribution is for the use of the 501(c)(3) organization, and that the 501(c)(3) organization is not merely serving as an agent or conduit of a foreign charitable organization. Additional procedures are required of 501(c)(3) organizations that are private foundations . A 501(c)(4) organization

13884-452: The Vietnam War. There has since been a wide-ranging debate about what effects Chomsky's employment at MIT had on his political and linguistic ideas. Chomsky's anti-war activism led to his arrest on multiple occasions and he was on President Richard Nixon's master list of political opponents . Chomsky was aware of the potential repercussions of his civil disobedience, and his wife began studying for her own doctorate in linguistics to support

14040-514: The age of 10. That he came to identify with anarchism first rather than another leftist movement, he described as a "lucky accident". Chomsky was firmly anti-Bolshevik by his early teens. In 1945, at the age of 16, Chomsky began a general program of study at the University of Pennsylvania , where he explored philosophy, logic, and languages and developed a primary interest in learning Arabic . Living at home, he funded his undergraduate degree by teaching Hebrew. Frustrated with his experiences at

14196-555: The broadcasting of games increases public awareness of the sport. In 2013, Senator Tom Coburn introduced legislation to disallow a tax exemption for the National Football League , the Professional Golfers' Association of America , and other professional sports organizations. Coburn estimated the tax exemption cost $ 100 million, but he said he could not get other members of Congress to support

14352-603: The calendar year to the Federal Election Commission . The Federal Election Commission is required to enforce this provision based on a federal court decision in 2018. The predecessor of IRC 501(c)(6) was enacted as part of the Revenue Act of 1913 likely due to a U.S. Chamber of Commerce request for an exemption for nonprofit "civic" and "commercial" organizations, which resulted in IRC 501(c)(4) for nonprofit "civic" organizations and IRC 501(c)(6) for nonprofit "commercially-oriented" organizations. The Revenue Act of 1928 amended

14508-580: The campaigns set by the National team, such as the Wide Awake actions conducted over the summer of 2020, but also have the authority to decide their own structure and actions. This falls in line with Sunrise Principle 7: We Take Initiative, which states that any group of 3 can take action in the name of Sunrise. In the past, hub actions have included participating in climate strikes , making their own endorsements, and staging direct actions. The Sunrise Movement at American University launched an initiative for

14664-726: The chapter stated, while calling on the rally coalition to remove the Jewish groups with the implicit notion of DC chapter support afterwards. The national movement initially released a mix of support for the DC movement's agency to make decisions and general disapproval of numerous prejudices; after being widely castigated, the national leadership subsequently denounced the D.C. chapter's decision as "unacceptable and antisemitic" because it singled out Jewish groups without mentioning other participating groups with similar views on Zionism and Israel. The DC chapter half-apologized, stating their anti-Zionist beliefs were correct but they expressed them badly. In

14820-582: The co-sponsor of the Green New Deal resolution in the United States Senate, stated that the resolution's language is technology-agnostic and does not exclude nuclear power or carbon capture. In March 2019, a group of activists in the UK called on the Labour Party to commit to taking radical steps to decarbonize the UK economy within a decade. Calling their movement "Labour for a Green New Deal",

14976-408: The common economic interests of all the commercial enterprises in a given trade or community. In order to qualify for a tax-exemption under section 501(c)(6), the organization must specify that it seeks to promote and improve business condition for a specific type of business. Improving business conditions for all types of businesses is not generally qualifying. Similarly, providing a service for

15132-725: The conditions of those engaged in agricultural pursuits generally. Members can benefit in incidental ways from the organization's exempt activities as long as the benefits are available to all persons. The first exemption for labor organizations from corporate income tax was enacted as part of the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 . The Revenue Act of 1913 excluded "labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations" from income tax liability. Much like 501(c)(4) and 501(c)(6) organizations, 501(c)(5) organizations may also perform some political activities. 501(c)(5) organizations are allowed to attempt to influence legislation that

15288-430: The conservative-dominated political science department. When student activists campaigned to stop weapons and counterinsurgency research at MIT, Chomsky was sympathetic but felt that the research should remain under MIT's oversight and limited to systems of deterrence and defense. Chomsky has acknowledged that his MIT lab's funding at this time came from the military. He later said he considered resigning from MIT during

15444-401: The country. The Movement opposes closing down existing nuclear power plants. 501(c)(4) For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals . According to

15600-640: The couple moved to the Allston area of Boston and remained there until 1965, when they relocated to the suburb of Lexington . The couple took a Harvard travel grant to Europe in 1953. He enjoyed living in Hashomer Hatzair 's HaZore'a kibbutz while in Israel, but was appalled by his interactions with Jewish nationalism, anti-Arab racism and, within the kibbutz's leftist community, Stalinism . On visits to New York City, Chomsky continued to frequent

15756-506: The crimes of their own states". Chomsky had long publicly criticized Nazism , and totalitarianism more generally, but his commitment to freedom of speech led him to defend the right of French historian Robert Faurisson to advocate a position widely characterized as Holocaust denial . Without Chomsky's knowledge, his plea for Faurisson's freedom of speech was published as the preface to the latter's 1980 book Mémoire en défense contre ceux qui m'accusent de falsifier l'histoire . Chomsky

15912-679: The decade, including in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar (1966), and Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought (1966). Along with Halle, he also edited the Studies in Language series of books for Harper and Row . As he began to accrue significant academic recognition and honors for his work, Chomsky lectured at

16068-548: The draft , and was arrested while participating in an anti-war teach-in outside the Pentagon. During this time, Chomsky co-founded the anti-war collective RESIST with Mitchell Goodman , Denise Levertov , William Sloane Coffin , and Dwight Macdonald . Although he questioned the objectives of the 1968 student protests , Chomsky regularly gave lectures to student activist groups and, with his colleague Louis Kampf, ran undergraduate courses on politics at MIT independently of

16224-417: The ease of understanding what he writes and says—is his work on sociopolitical analysis; political, social, and economic history; and critical assessment of current political circumstance. In Chomsky's view, although those in power might—and do—try to obscure their intentions and to defend their actions in ways that make them acceptable to citizens, it is easy for anyone who is willing to be critical and consider

16380-421: The exception of a 501(c)(6) organization that makes independent expenditures . All other information, including the amount of contributions, the description of non-cash contributions, and any other information, is required to be made available for public inspection unless it clearly identifies the contributor. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is a large political spender, and Freedom Partners used its status as

16536-410: The exclusively religious activities of any religious order; and religious organizations; and most organizations whose annual gross receipts are less than $ 5,000. Failure to file such timely returns and to make other specific information available to the public also is prohibited. Between 2010 and 2017 the IRS revoked the nonprofit status of more than 760,000 nonprofit organizations for failing to file

16692-629: The facts to discern what they are up to. —James McGilvray, 2014 Chomsky is a prominent political dissident. His political views have changed little since his childhood, when he was influenced by the emphasis on political activism that was ingrained in Jewish working-class tradition. He usually identifies as an anarcho-syndicalist or a libertarian socialist . He views these positions not as precise political theories but as ideals that he thinks best meet human needs: liberty, community, and freedom of association. Unlike some other socialists, such as Marxists, Chomsky believes that politics lies outside

16848-686: The family in the event of Chomsky's imprisonment or joblessness. Chomsky's scientific reputation insulated him from administrative action based on his beliefs. In 1970 he visited southeast Asia to lecture at Vietnam's Hanoi University of Science and Technology and toured war refugee camps in Laos . In 1973 he helped lead a committee commemorating the 50th anniversary of the War Resisters League . Chomsky's work in linguistics continued to gain international recognition as he received multiple honorary doctorates . He delivered public lectures at

17004-827: The importance of a Green New Deal and how to achieve it. The Road to a Green New Deal Tour kicked off in Boston with the lineup of speakers including Senator Ed Markey, Representative Ayanna Pressley , Sunrise co-founder Varshini Prakash, Reverend Mariama White-Hammond , and more leaders from the community speaking at the Strand Theater in Dorchester . It concluded in Washington, D.C. , at Howard University . Speakers included Senator Bernie Sanders , Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, journalist Naomi Klein , and Justice Democrats co-founder Alex Rojas. In early 2019,

17160-595: The incorporation of the US Climate Plan in January 2014. Sara Blazevic and Varshini Prakash started the Sunrise Movement on the East Coast in 2015. Blazevic, Prakash, and other early leaders trained at Momentum, an organization that teaches community organizing. The Sunrise Movement launched as a 501(c)(4) in 2017. During the 2018 midterms, they worked to oust candidates who would not refuse funding from

17316-451: The interactions between organisms and their environments. Accordingly, Chomsky argues that language is a unique evolutionary development of the human species and distinguished from modes of communication used by any other animal species. Chomsky argues that his nativist , internalist view of language is consistent with the philosophical school of " rationalism " and contrasts with the anti-nativist, externalist view of language consistent with

17472-551: The kind of normal skepticism and willingness to apply one's analytical skills that almost all people have and that they can exercise. —Chomsky on the Vietnam War Chomsky joined protests against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War in 1962, speaking on the subject at small gatherings in churches and homes. His 1967 critique of U.S. involvement, " The Responsibility of Intellectuals ", among other contributions to The New York Review of Books , debuted Chomsky as

17628-555: The language. Chomsky revised this thesis for his MA , which he received from the University of Pennsylvania in 1951; it was subsequently published as a book. He also developed his interest in philosophy while at university, in particular under the tutelage of Nelson Goodman . From 1951 to 1955, Chomsky was a member of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University , where he undertook research on what became his doctoral dissertation. Having been encouraged by Goodman to apply, Chomsky

17784-505: The leftist journal Politics , which furthered his interest in anarchism, and the council communist periodical Living Marxism , though he rejected the Marxist orthodoxy of its editor, Paul Mattick . Chomsky befriended two linguists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)— Morris Halle and Roman Jakobson —the latter of whom secured him an assistant professor position there in 1955. At MIT, Chomsky spent half his time on

17940-460: The legislation. A 501(c)(7) organization is a social or recreational club that is organized for pleasure, recreation, and other nonprofitable purposes. Members must share interests and have a common goal directed toward pleasure and recreation, and the organization must provide opportunities for personal contact among members. The organization's facilities and services must be open to its members and their guests only. The organization must be

18096-408: The linguistic theory ... The discovery of cognitive structures common to the human race but only to humans (species specific), leads quite easily to thinking of unalienable human attributes. — Edward Marcotte on the significance of Chomsky's linguistic theory The basis of Chomsky's linguistic theory lies in biolinguistics , the linguistic school that holds that the principles underpinning

18252-553: The longer, unedited video on Facebook , resulting in controversy over whether the short version emphasized scenes intended to make Feinstein appear less sympathetic to the viewer. Senator Feinstein characterized the discussion as "spirited", while the executive director of the Sunrise movement said that Feinstein's treatment of the students was evidence that the Democratic Party required "fundamental change". In April 2019,

18408-629: The media. Born to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia , Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City . He studied at the University of Pennsylvania . During his postgraduate work in the Harvard Society of Fellows , Chomsky developed the theory of transformational grammar for which he earned his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, and in 1957 emerged as

18564-511: The morning, chanting and making noise to wake them up. Among controversies, the Washington, D.C. , chapter of the movement has been accused of antisemitism after canceling a planned appearance at a rally for democratic rights over the simultaneous appearance and participation of several prominent Jewish organizations who they claim support Israeli Zionism: "Given our commitment to racial justice, self-governance, and indigenous sovereignty, we oppose Zionism and any state that enforces its ideology,"

18720-412: The morning. The movement was inspired by the 1860 Wide Awakes , and is in protest of issues including police brutality and climate change . Politicians who have been "woken up" during these demonstrations include Mitch McConnell , Ted Cruz , Larry Hogan , Bill Barr , and Betsy DeVos . In late 2020, the Sunrise Movement began their Climate Mandate campaign by putting pressure on Joe Biden to pick

18876-527: The movement, which he called a reaction to a 30-year class war . The 2015 documentary Requiem for the American Dream summarizes his views on capitalism and economic inequality through a "75-minute teach-in ". In 2015 Chomsky and his wife purchased a residence in São Paulo , Brazil , and began splitting their time between Brazil and the U.S. Chomsky taught a short-term politics course at

19032-503: The news is censored through five filters that greatly influence both what and how news is presented. The book received a 1992 film adaptation . In 1989, Chomsky published Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, in which he suggests that a worthwhile democracy requires that its citizens undertake intellectual self-defense against the media and elite intellectual culture that seeks to control them. By

19188-511: The number of 501(c)(4) organizations dropped from almost 140,000 to fewer than 82,000. In 2017 revocations of 501(c)(4) groups comprised 58% which usually is only 15% of the total nonprofits which have their tax status revoked by the IRS for their failure to file Form 990. A 501(c)(5) organization is a labor organization, an agricultural organization, or a horticultural organization. Labor unions, county fairs, and flower societies are examples of these types of groups. Labor union organizations were

19344-483: The occupation, and meetings with refugees in Lisbon . Marxist academic Steven Lukes most prominently publicly accused Chomsky of betraying his anarchist ideals and acting as an apologist for Cambodian leader Pol Pot . Herman said that the controversy "imposed a serious personal cost" on Chomsky, who considered the personal criticism less important than the evidence that "mainstream intelligentsia suppressed or justified

19500-751: The office of the Yiddish anarchist journal Fraye Arbeter Shtime and became enamored with the ideas of Rudolf Rocker , a contributor whose work introduced Chomsky to the link between anarchism and classical liberalism . Chomsky also read other political thinkers: the anarchists Mikhail Bakunin and Diego Abad de Santillán , democratic socialists George Orwell , Bertrand Russell , and Dwight Macdonald , and works by Marxists Karl Liebknecht , Karl Korsch , and Rosa Luxemburg . His politics were reaffirmed by Orwell's depiction of Barcelona 's functioning anarchist society in Homage to Catalonia (1938). Chomsky read

19656-418: The opposing programs ultimately were complementary, each informing the other. [I]t does not require very far-reaching, specialized knowledge to perceive that the United States was invading South Vietnam. And, in fact, to take apart the system of illusions and deception which functions to prevent understanding of contemporary reality [is] not a task that requires extraordinary skill or understanding. It requires

19812-720: The organization are not deductible as charitable contributions during fundraising. A 501(c)(4) organization is not required to disclose their donors publicly, with the exception of organizations that make independent expenditures as of 2018. The former complete lack of disclosure led to extensive use of the 501(c)(4) provisions for organizations that are actively involved in lobbying , and has become controversial. Criticized as " dark money ", spending from these organizations on political advertisements has exceeded spending from Super PACs . Spending by organizations that do not disclose their donors increased from less than $ 5.2   million in 2006 to well over $ 300   million during

19968-400: The organization is either a volunteer fire department or a veterans organization. Dues or contributions to 501(c)(4) organizations may be deductible as a business expense under IRC 162, although amounts paid for intervention or participation in any political campaign, direct lobbying, grass roots lobbying, and contact with certain federal officials are not deductible. If a 501(c)(4) engages in

20124-409: The organization's assets must not unduly benefit a person. Organizations described in section 501(c)(3) are prohibited from conducting political campaign activities to intervene in elections to public office. On the other hand, public charities (but not private foundations) may conduct a limited amount of lobbying to influence legislation. Although the law states that "No substantial part..." of

20280-414: The organization's formation, a 501(c)(4) organization is required to file Form 8976 with the Internal Revenue Service as notification that it is operating as a section 501(c)(4) organization. The Internal Revenue Service will acknowledge receipt of the notification, but the acknowledgment is not a determination that the organization qualifies for section 501(c)(4) tax-exempt status. A 501(c)(4) organization

20436-403: The philosophical school of " empiricism ", which contends that all knowledge, including language, comes from external stimuli. Historians have disputed Chomsky's claim about rationalism on the basis that his theory of innate grammar excludes propositional knowledge and instead focuses on innate learning capacities or structures. Since the 1960s, Chomsky has maintained that syntactic knowledge

20592-416: The plan to create a select committee for the Green New Deal, as opposed to simply resurrecting the old committee. On December 10, they staged a second sit-in at the offices of Nancy Pelosi and Jim McGovern . Over 1000 protesters showed up. By December 19, 40 members of Congress had signed on to support the creation of the committee. Instead, Speaker Pelosi and Majority Leader Steny Hoyer decided to recreate

20748-418: The portion of membership dues that are for other activities. Because associations involved in fishing and seafood harvesting were having difficulties qualifying for reduced postal rates, in 1976 Congress established Internal Revenue Code Section 501(5) to define "agriculture" as the art or science of cultivating land, harvesting crops or aquatic resources, or raising livestock. Every organization, including

20904-550: The protest over social media. Speaker Pelosi responded by welcoming the protest over Twitter , offering to reinstate the Committee on the Climate Crisis and noting that the already-promised infrastructure bill could address many of the Sunrise Movement's concerns. One major goal has been to create a select committee on the Green New Deal , a plan opposed by some in the Democratic House leadership. The Sunrise Movement continued to campaign for House members to sign onto

21060-508: The public inspection or photocopying access to Form 1023 "Application for Recognition of Exemption" or Form 1024, Form 8871 "Political Organization Notice of Section 527 Status", and Form 8872 "Political Organization Report of Contribution and Expenditures". Internet access to many organizations' 990 and some other forms are available through GuideStar . Certain organizations are exempt from filing Form 990, such as churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and conventions or associations of churches;

21216-530: The remit of science, but he still roots his ideas about an ideal society in empirical data and empirically justified theories. In Chomsky's view, the truth about political realities is systematically distorted or suppressed by an elite corporatocracy , which uses corporate media, advertising, and think tanks to promote its own propaganda. His work seeks to reveal such manipulations and the truth they obscure. Chomsky believes this web of falsehood can be broken by "common sense", critical thinking, and understanding

21372-500: The roles of self-interest and self-deception, and that intellectuals abdicate their moral responsibility to tell the truth about the world in fear of losing prestige and funding. He argues that, as such an intellectual, it is his duty to use his social privilege , resources, and training to aid popular democracy movements in their struggles. Although he has participated in direct action demonstrations—joining protests, being arrested, organizing groups—Chomsky's primary political outlet

21528-420: The rules of grammar we observe are in fact only the consequences, or side effects, of the way language works. Thus, while much of Chomsky's prior research focused on the rules of language, he now focuses on the mechanisms the brain uses to generate these rules and regulate speech. The second major area to which Chomsky has contributed—and surely the best known in terms of the number of people in his audience and

21684-487: The session, a resolution was passed to allow multiple candidates to appear on a stage together at a climate change town hall or forum. However, in the breakout session on August 24, the resolution was voted down 222–137, with the DNC chair voting no. In the summer of 2020, the Sunrise Movement began performing Wide Awake demonstrations, in which a group of protestors would gather outside a politician's house and make noise early in

21840-552: The sit-in, the movement has been attracting media attention with their direct actions, such as the Wide Awake series of actions in the summer of 2020. In the summer of 2013, Evan Weber, Matthew Lichtash, and environmentalist Michael K. Dorsey used a $ 30,000 grant and free office space provided by the Sierra Club and the Wesleyan University Green Fund to draft a plan for climate action. This led to

21996-460: The statute to include real estate boards. In 1966, professional football leagues were added to the described organizations. The Revenue Act of 1913 related to professional football leagues had both antitrust and tax provisions: The antitrust provision was enacted to permit the merger of the National and American Football Leagues to go forward without fear of an antitrust challenge under either

22152-562: The steps of the DNC office in Washington, D.C., to protest the lack of focus of the Democratic primary debates on the climate crisis , and to call for a focused debate on climate change. On July 25, CNN and MSNBC announced they would be hosting a climate change Town Hall and Forum, respectively. On August 22, the DNC Resolutions Committee voted 8–17 against hosting a DNC presidential climate change debate. During

22308-403: The structure of language are biologically preset in the human mind and hence genetically inherited. He argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of sociocultural differences. In adopting this position Chomsky rejects the radical behaviorist psychology of B. F. Skinner , who viewed speech, thought, and all behavior as a completely learned product of

22464-546: The structures of specific languages. Michael Tomasello has challenged Chomsky's theory of innate syntactic knowledge as based on theory and not behavioral observation. The empirical basis of poverty of the stimulus arguments has been challenged by Geoffrey Pullum and others, leading to back-and-forth debate in the language acquisition literature. Recent work has also suggested that some recurrent neural network architectures can learn hierarchical structure without an explicit constraint. Transformational-generative grammar

22620-577: The subject between two sentences is the same person. Chomsky's theory posits that language consists of both deep structures and surface structures : Outward-facing surface structures relate phonetic rules into sound, while inward-facing deep structures relate words and conceptual meaning. Transformational-generative grammar uses mathematical notation to express the rules that govern the connection between meaning and sound (deep and surface structures, respectively). By this theory, linguistic principles can mathematically generate potential sentence structures in

22776-510: The subject were published as Powers and Prospects in 1996. As a result of the international publicity Chomsky generated, his biographer Wolfgang Sperlich opined that he did more to aid the cause of East Timorese independence than anyone but the investigative journalist John Pilger . After East Timor attained independence from Indonesia in 1999, the Australian-led International Force for East Timor arrived as

22932-666: The two-volume The Political Economy of Human Rights , which compares U.S. media reactions to the Cambodian genocide and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor . It argues that because Indonesia was a U.S. ally, U.S. media ignored the East Timorese situation while focusing on events in Cambodia, a U.S. enemy. Chomsky's response included two testimonials before the United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization , successful encouragement for American media to cover

23088-521: The university, he considered dropping out and moving to a kibbutz in Mandatory Palestine , but his intellectual curiosity was reawakened through conversations with the linguist Zellig Harris , whom he first met in a political circle in 1947. Harris introduced Chomsky to the field of theoretical linguistics and convinced him to major in the subject. Chomsky's BA honors thesis, "Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew", applied Harris's methods to

23244-434: The world, and eager to participate in making life more meaningful and worthwhile for all", a mission that shaped and was subsequently adopted by his son. Elsie, who also taught at Mikveh Israel, shared her leftist politics and care for social issues with her sons. Noam's only sibling, David Eli Chomsky (1934–2021), was born five years later, and worked as a cardiologist in Philadelphia. The brothers were close, though David

23400-486: Was attracted to Harvard in part because the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine was based there. Both Quine and a visiting philosopher, J. L. Austin of the University of Oxford , strongly influenced Chomsky. In 1952, Chomsky published his first academic article in The Journal of Symbolic Logic . Highly critical of the established behaviorist currents in linguistics, in 1954, he presented his ideas at lectures at

23556-415: Was impressed by Chomsky's thesis and collaborated with him on several technical papers in mathematical linguistics . Chomsky's doctorate exempted him from compulsory military service , which was otherwise due to begin in 1955. In 1947, Chomsky began a romantic relationship with Carol Doris Schatz , whom he had known since early childhood. They married in 1949. After Chomsky was made a Fellow at Harvard,

23712-549: Was led chiefly by Student Government Senator Meagan Lamey, a member of the Change Party representing Yulee Area , and Florida youth organizer Cameron Driggers. Lamey and Driggers co-authored a five-volume resolution calling for adoption of the Climate Action Plan 2.0, greater transparency, divestment from fossil fuels, a pledge for clean research, and a call for a just transition. It was adopted unanimously by

23868-622: Was more easygoing while Noam could be very competitive. They were raised Jewish, being taught Hebrew and regularly involved with discussing the political theories of Zionism ; the family was particularly influenced by the Left Zionist writings of Ahad Ha'am . He faced antisemitism as a child, particularly from Philadelphia's Irish and German communities. Chomsky attended the independent, Deweyite Oak Lane Country Day School and Philadelphia's Central High School , where he excelled academically and joined various clubs and societies, but

24024-858: Was not generally required from an exempt organization accruing less than $ 25,000 in gross income yearly. Since 2008, most organizations whose annual gross receipts are less than $ 50,000 must file an annual information return known as Form 990-N . Form 990-N must be submitted electronically using an authorized IRS e-file provider. Form 990, Form 990-EZ, and Form 990-PF may be filed either by mail or electronically through an authorized e-file provider. Failure to file required returns such as Form 990 (Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax) may result in fines of up to $ 250,000 per year. Exempt or political organizations, excluding churches or similar religious entities, must make their returns, reports, notices, and exempt applications available for public inspection. The organization's Form 990 (or similar such public record as

24180-505: Was troubled by the school's hierarchical and domineering teaching methods. He also attended Hebrew High School at Gratz College, where his father taught. Chomsky has described his parents as "normal Roosevelt Democrats " with center-left politics , but relatives involved in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union exposed him to socialism and far-left politics . He was substantially influenced by his uncle and

24336-658: Was widely condemned for defending Faurisson, and France's mainstream press accused Chomsky of being a Holocaust denier himself, refusing to publish his rebuttals to their accusations. Critiquing Chomsky's position, sociologist Werner Cohn later published an analysis of the affair titled Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers . The Faurisson affair had a lasting, damaging effect on Chomsky's career, especially in France. In 1985, during

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