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S-VHS ( スーパー・ヴィエイチエス ) , the common initialism for Super VHS , is an improved version of the VHS (VHS standing for video home system) standard for consumer-level video recording . Victor Company of Japan introduced S-VHS in Japan in April 1987, with their JVC -branded HR-S7000 VCR , and in certain overseas markets soon afterward. By the end of 1987, the first S-VHS VCR models from other competitors included the Hitachi VT-2700A, Mitsubishi HS-423UR, Panasonic PV-S4764, RCA VPT-695HF, and Toshiba SV-950. It has been standardized as IEC 60774-3 and IEC 60774-4.

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92-562: Like VHS, the S-VHS format uses a color under A modulation scheme. S-VHS improves luminance (luma) resolution by increasing luminance bandwidth . Increased bandwidth is possible because of the increased luminance carrier from 3.4  megahertz (MHz) to 5.4 MHz. The luminance modulator bandwidth also is increased: in contrast to standard VHS's frequencies of 3.8 MHz (synch tip) to 4.8 MHz (peak white), S-VHS uses 5.4 MHz synch tip and 7.0 MHz peak white. Increased luminance bandwidth produces

184-441: A constellation diagram , showing the amplitude of the I signal at the x-axis, and the amplitude of the Q signal at the y-axis, for each symbol. PSK and ASK, and sometimes also FSK, are often generated and detected using the principle of QAM. The I and Q signals can be combined into a complex-valued signal I + jQ (where j is the imaginary unit ). The resulting so called equivalent lowpass signal or equivalent baseband signal

276-488: A digital signal consisting of a sequence of binary digits (bits), a bitstream , on the carrier, by means of mapping bits to elements from a discrete alphabet to be transmitted. This alphabet can consist of a set of real or complex numbers , or sequences, like oscillations of different frequencies, so-called frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation. A more complicated digital modulation method that employs multiple carriers, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM),

368-415: A pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital audio track (stereo 48 kHz), onto S-VHS tape along with normal video and Hi-Fi stereo and mono analog audio. This is performed by using a high carrier frequency of 3 MHz for the digital audio with O-QDPSK (Offset Quadrature Differential Phase Shift Keying) modulation and PCM encoding which is then recorded onto the same helical tracks as the video. This frequency

460-508: A "format war" for the next generation of video simply did not materialize. Sony discontinued the ED-Beta product line in the U.S. market after less than two years, handing S-VHS a victory by default, if it can even be called that. (VHS decks continued to outsell S-VHS decks until the end of the VCR product life cycle.) There is anecdotal evidence that some TV stations purchased ED-Beta equipment as

552-522: A 'ghosting' effect, but it does not always eliminate it due to various factors. A more permanent method is to remove pin 19 (Video Out) from the SCART plug that is put into the TV, preventing a signal from being broadcast by the TV into the cable, so it cannot cross-talk with the incoming signal. Two pins provide switching signals. Pin 8, the switch signal pin, carries a DC voltage from the source that indicates

644-404: A 60% improvement in luminance picture detail—a horizontal resolution of 420 vertical lines per picture height, versus VHS's 240 lines. The often quoted horizontal resolution of "over 400" means S-VHS captures greater picture detail than even NTSC analog cable and broadcast TV, which is limited to about 330 television lines (TVL). In practice, when time-shifting TV programs on S-VHS equipment,

736-460: A DVD player to the TV set and stream the Dolby and DTS to the surround of the TV set . However, this protocol was rarely used, as it was limited only to a certain manufacturer, and the connections were different from a manufacturer to another, and in some cases, it was only commanded by the pin 8. In this case, it was unusable with RCA to SCART adapters. Also, if a Compatible TV with such connection and

828-626: A Japanese version of the SCART connector, which is referred to as the Japanese RGB-21 connector, EIAJ TTC-003, or simply JP-21. This version of SCART uses similar signals and the same connector, but it has a different pinout. In Japan and Korea, it is commonly called RGB-21 while it is more generally called JP-21 in the English-speaking world. JP-21 was standardised in January 1983 with the norm TTC-0003 published by EIAJ , which

920-461: A Pay TV decoder and a dish positioner/polariser to a single Decoder socket on the receiver. CENELEC EN 50157-1 introduced AV.link as a standardised protocol to carry advanced control information between devices. It is a single-wire serial data bus and allows carrying remote control information and to negotiate analogue signal types (e.g. RGB). AV.link is also known as nexTViewLink or trade names such as SmartLink, Q-Link or EasyLink. It appears as

1012-517: A SCART set-top box does not have to process and send back a complete new video signal, which would require full decoding and re-encoding of the color information, a signal-degrading and costly process, especially given the presence of different standards in Europe. The box can instead ask the TV to stop displaying the normal signal and display a signal it generates internally for selected image areas, with pixel -level granularity. This can also be driven by

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1104-426: A VHS VCR without SQPB (sound is usually reproduced correctly, but the picture quality will be poor). JVC introduced an S-VHS ET (Super-VHS Expansion Technology) system on its S-VHS consumer decks, allowing the use of normal VHS tapes for S-VHS recording, by slightly modifying the S-VHS recording specs, while still retaining compatibility, so that S-VHS ET tapes could be played with non-ET S-VHS VCRs. In S-VHS ET mode,

1196-513: A challenging topic in telecommunication systems and computer engineering. Such systems have many civil and military applications. Moreover, blind recognition of modulation type is an important problem in commercial systems, especially in software-defined radio . Usually in such systems, there are some extra information for system configuration, but considering blind approaches in intelligent receivers, we can reduce information overload and increase transmission performance. Obviously, with no knowledge of

1288-490: A compatible DVD with such connection, but from different manufacturers were interconnected, the surround might not work, and only the stereo sound from the DVD player was available to the TV, because some manufacturers did not use SPDIF, but an own protocol. Also, this connection might be also lost, if the connection of the DVD with the TV was made indirectly (through a VCR in daisy chaining mode, for example), however, some VCR allowed

1380-402: A composite sync, which is SCART-compatible. Besides simple connection of external devices to SCART TVs, RGB SCART is used in the retrogaming scene for connecting vintage games consoles (including ones internally modified for RGB or 60 Hz RGB where necessary) to: The SAM Coupé microcomputer also uses a SCART connector for its output, however it is a non-standard pinout. There is also

1472-488: A composite video signal through a German-originated DIN-style connector , an American-originated RCA connector , an SO239 connector or a BNC connector . The SCART connector first appeared on TVs in 1977. It became compulsory on new TVs sold in France from January 1980, and since 1987 in eastern Europe, such as Poland. The actual French legal decree was adopted on 7 February 1980 and revoked on 3 July 2015. The standard

1564-534: A cosine waveform) and a quadrature phase signal (or Q, with an example being a sine wave) are amplitude modulated with a finite number of amplitudes and then summed. It can be seen as a two-channel system, each channel using ASK. The resulting signal is equivalent to a combination of PSK and ASK. In all of the above methods, each of these phases, frequencies or amplitudes are assigned a unique pattern of binary bits . Usually, each phase, frequency or amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. This number of bits comprises

1656-406: A different television channel , are transported through a single cable to customers. Since each carrier occupies a different frequency, the channels do not interfere with each other. At the destination end, the carrier signal is demodulated to extract the information bearing modulation signal. A modulator is a device or circuit that performs modulation. A demodulator (sometimes detector )

1748-489: A feature called S-VHS quasi-playback or Super Quasi-Play Back , abbreviated to SQPB. SQPB lets basic VHS players view (but not record) S-VHS recordings, though reduced to the lesser VHS quality. This feature is useful for viewing S-VHS camcorder recordings that use either the full-size S-VHS videotape cassette or the smaller S-VHS-C videotape cassette. Later model S-VHS VCRs offered a recording option called S-VHS ET , which allowed SVHS VCRs to record on VHS tape. S-VHS ET

1840-418: A large antenna is not practical. In radio communication , the modulated carrier is transmitted through space as a radio wave to a radio receiver . Another purpose of modulation is to transmit multiple channels of information through a single communication medium , using frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). For example, in cable television (which uses FDM), many carrier signals, each modulated with

1932-654: A low-cost alternative to professional Betacam equipment, prompting speculation that Sony's management took steps to prevent its consumer (ED-Beta) division from cannibalizing the sales of its more lucrative professional video division. Nevertheless, by the time of ED-Beta's introduction, VHS had already won a decisive victory, and no amount of competition on behalf of ED-Beta could regain the home video market. In 1991, Alesis introduced ADAT , an eight-track digital audio recording system that used S-VHS cassettes. An ADAT machine recorded eight tracks of uncompressed audio material in 16-bit (later 20-bit) resolution. The recording time

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2024-627: A message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i.e. 2000 bits per second. According to one definition of digital signal , the modulated signal is a digital signal. According to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion . Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission , synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission . The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying : In QAM, an in-phase signal (or I, with one example being

2116-429: A narrowband analog signal over an analog baseband channel as a two-level signal by modulating a pulse wave . Some pulse modulation schemes also allow the narrowband analog signal to be transferred as a digital signal (i.e., as a quantized discrete-time signal ) with a fixed bit rate, which can be transferred over an underlying digital transmission system, for example, some line code . These are not modulation schemes in

2208-597: A proper class. Another recent approach is based on feature extraction. Digital baseband modulation changes the characteristics of a baseband signal, i.e., one without a carrier at a higher frequency. This can be used as equivalent signal to be later frequency-converted to a carrier frequency, or for direct communication in baseband. The latter methods both involve relatively simple line codes , as often used in local buses, and complicated baseband signalling schemes such as used in DSL . Pulse modulation schemes aim at transferring

2300-512: A recorder. Closing a loop on either the "up" or "down" chain-path may not have useful effects and may create instability. As audio and (composite) video use the same pins on "down" and "up" connectors (and require a crosslinked cable), it is also possible to connect two devices directly to each other without paying attention to the type of the socket. However, this no longer works when S-Video signals are used. As straight links (RGB red and blue up) were re-purposed to carry chrominance information,

2392-427: A sequence of binary digits, a bitstream from a computer. This carrier wave usually has a much higher frequency than the message signal does. This is because it is impractical to transmit signals with low frequencies. Generally, to receive a radio wave one needs a radio antenna with length that is one-fourth of wavelength. For low frequency radio waves, wavelength is on the scale of kilometers and building such

2484-410: A standard format as a result. Some sources assume that the TV is always capable of widescreen functionality and hence never perform the adaptations. Some sources will not even issue the widescreen signal or maintain it at the same level all the time. Other sources might offer the option of truncating the sides, but not of letterboxing, which requires significantly more processing. Notably, the circuitry of

2576-506: A teaching tool for students, as the tapes cost less and offered more recording time than Betacam SP tapes, and yet students could still be trained on professional-level equipment. In the US a number of local access TV stations, and in Canada local cable channels used S-VHS in the 1990s to record and playback local programs, such as city councils and Christmas parades. For most of these stations, while

2668-418: A virtually unlimited number of devices to a single SCART socket on the TV. While audio and video signals can travel both "up" to the TV and "down" to devices farther away from the TV, this is not true for RGB (and non-standard YP B P R ) signals, which can only travel towards the TV. "Down" and "up" are conventional. Logically, the TV is the last device of the "up" chain-path (stream) and the first device in

2760-425: Is synchronous modulation . The most common digital modulation techniques are: MSK and GMSK are particular cases of continuous phase modulation. Indeed, MSK is a particular case of the sub-family of CPM known as continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) which is defined by a rectangular frequency pulse (i.e. a linearly increasing phase pulse) of one-symbol-time duration (total response signaling). OFDM

2852-529: Is "impressed" on the carrier. Examples are amplitude modulation (AM) in which the amplitude (strength) of the carrier wave is varied by the modulation signal, and frequency modulation (FM) in which the frequency of the carrier wave is varied by the modulation signal. These were the earliest types of modulation , and are used to transmit an audio signal representing sound in AM and FM radio broadcasting . More recent systems use digital modulation , which impresses

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2944-472: Is CENELEC document number EN 50049–1. SCART is sometimes referred to as the IEC 933-1 standard. Before SCART was introduced, TVs did not offer a standardised way of inputting signals other than RF antenna connectors, and these differed between countries. Assuming other connectors even existed, devices made by various companies could have different and incompatible standards. For example, a domestic VCR could output

3036-417: Is a circuit that performs demodulation , the inverse of modulation. A modem (from mod ulator– dem odulator), used in bidirectional communication, can perform both operations. The lower frequency band occupied by the modulation signal is called the baseband , while the higher frequency band occupied by the modulated carrier is called the passband . In analog modulation , an analog modulation signal

3128-444: Is a complex-valued representation of the real-valued modulated physical signal (the so-called passband signal or RF signal ). These are the general steps used by the modulator to transmit data: At the receiver side, the demodulator typically performs: As is common to all digital communication systems, the design of both the modulator and demodulator must be done simultaneously. Digital modulation schemes are possible because

3220-474: Is a further modification of the VHS standards that permitted near S-VHS quality recordings on more common and less expensive basic VHS tapes. S-VHS ET recordings can be viewed on most SQPB-equipped VHS VCRs and S-VHS VCRs. To get the most benefit from S-VHS, a direct video connection to the monitor or TV is required, ideally via an S-Video connector and/or S-Video enabled SCART . In order to take advantage of

3312-436: Is above those used for VHS Hi-Fi (1.7 MHz for the left channel, 1.8 MHz for the right channel) but below the luminance signal frequency for regular VHS of 3.4 MHz. The digital audio stream has a bit rate of 2.6 Mbps. O-QDPSK is based on QDPSK (Quadrature Differential Phase Shift Keying), also known as DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), and is very similar to it, except O-QDPSK signals are free from zero crossing ;

3404-425: Is based on the idea of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), but the multiplexed streams are all parts of a single original stream. The bit stream is split into several parallel data streams, each transferred over its own sub-carrier using some conventional digital modulation scheme. The modulated sub-carriers are summed to form an OFDM signal. This dividing and recombining help with handling channel impairments. OFDM

3496-407: Is considered as a modulation technique rather than a multiplex technique since it transfers one bit stream over one communication channel using one sequence of so-called OFDM symbols. OFDM can be extended to multi-user channel access method in the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and multi-carrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) schemes, allowing several users to share

3588-467: Is induced or crosstalked onto an incoming video signal due to inadequate or non-existent screening; the result is ghostly images or shimmering superimposed on the incoming signal. To non-destructively verify if a SCART cable uses coaxial cables, unscrew the strain relief at the SCART connector and fold open the plastic shell. Using higher-quality cables such as those with ribbon cords that have properly shielded coaxial cables inside might help in reducing

3680-570: Is no switching signal to indicate S-Video. Some TVs can auto-detect the presence of the S-Video signal but more commonly the S-Video input needs to be manually selected. The same for the rare component YPbPr, which is in many cases implemented over a composite or RGB SCART. The use of the data pins was not standardised in the original SCART specification, resulting in the use of several different protocols, both proprietary protocols and semi-proprietary protocols based on standards such as D²B . Some of

3772-421: Is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform , called the carrier signal , with a separate signal called the modulation signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. For example, the modulation signal might be an audio signal representing sound from a microphone , a video signal representing moving images from a video camera , or a digital signal representing

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3864-469: Is used in WiFi networks, digital radio stations and digital cable television transmission. In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal. Common analog modulation techniques include: In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete signal. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion and

3956-403: The 3 / 4 inch (19 mm) U-Matics that they had been using were being phased out, but the digital video was still years away, S-VHS was used to record from the composite setups that were still in place for U-Matic production. Some television stations used the S-VHS format, both for acquisition and subsequent studio editing, but the network studios largely avoided S-VHS, as descendants of

4048-552: The Consumer Electronics Control channel in HDMI. The data pins, 10, 12, 14, were used by some manufacturers for Dolby Pro Logic , surround and multichannel on their TV sets (some high end models with built in Dolby decoders, and external surround speakers, both CRT, LCD and plasma sets, and only in Europe - and European versions of Japanese TV Sets and DVD players -, and mainly on S/PDIF), in order to connect

4140-466: The camcorder role, the smaller form S- VHS-C enjoyed limited success among home video users, competing with Hi8 . Full-size S-VHS was more popular in the amateur video industry, as it allowed for at least second-generation copies at reasonable quality, which was necessary for editing. JVC, Panasonic , Sony and Mitsubishi sold industrial S-VHS decks for amateur and semi-professional production use. A number of colleges and universities used S-VHS as

4232-411: The symbol that is represented by the particular phase, frequency or amplitude. If the alphabet consists of M = 2 N {\displaystyle M=2^{N}} alternative symbols, each symbol represents a message consisting of N bits. If the symbol rate (also known as the baud rate ) is f S {\displaystyle f_{S}} symbols/second (or baud ),

4324-405: The "down" chain path. Physically, the TV is under the device which sits on its top, hence the name "set-top box" for the device. Moreover, some sockets' relative position may enforce the belief that the TV is physically the last in the down direction. Logically, the TV is on top and ends the "up" chain-path, translating the electrical info into an image and sound. From the same logical point of view

4416-890: The Nintendo GameCube and Xbox automatically switch to the proper mode, the PlayStation 2 must be told via a selection in the system menu whether it is to use YP B P R or RGB video. RGB is only available on PAL region GameCube and Wii consoles, while S-Video is only available on NTSC consoles. Some older consoles such as the Master System , Mega Drive/Genesis , and Super Nintendo Entertainment System output RGB, and many older home computers ( Amstrad CPC , later ZX Spectrum models, MSX , Amiga , Atari ST , BBC Micro and Acorn Archimedes , etc.) output RGB with composite sync suitable for SCART use, via DIN plugs. Standard-resolution arcade monitors use RGB signals with

4508-520: The QAM modulation principle are used to drive switching amplifiers with these FM and other waveforms, and sometimes QAM demodulators are used to receive the signals put out by these switching amplifiers. Automatic digital modulation recognition in intelligent communication systems is one of the most important issues in software-defined radio and cognitive radio . According to incremental expanse of intelligent receivers, automatic modulation recognition becomes

4600-513: The S-Video pinouts are different for "down" and "up" SCART connectors. Further, they are often not fully implemented. Paying attention to the type of socket is essential when handling component RGB/YP B P R /S-video. Damage can be caused to devices incorrectly connected as follows: Damaging pins 7, 11 or 15 may result in yellow, purple or blue/green images, due to the missing blue, green or red components respectively. When using S-video, damaging pin 7 or 15 may result in black-white images due to

4692-426: The SCART connector will be held at approximately half mains voltage if it is plugged into a powered TV with the other end unplugged. If the cable is then plugged into an earthed device with a metal case, inadvertent contact with the SCART cable shield while the earthed device is touched with the other hand can cause a painful electric shock. For this reason the device end of the cable should always be plugged in first and

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4784-418: The TV end plugged in last. Quality differences exist in SCART cables. While a proper SCART cable uses miniature coaxial cables for the video signals, cheap SCART cables often use plain wires for all signals, resulting in a loss of image quality and greatly reducing the maximum cable length. A common problem on a cheap SCART cable is that a TV outputs a composite video signal from its internal tuner and this

4876-413: The TV to power off, which it will do if it had been powered on by the VCR's request and if it remained in video mode. Only some TVs will do this—most only implement automatic switching to and from the SCART input. The same signal can be used by a satellite receiver or set-top box to signal a VCR that it is supposed to start and stop recording ("pin 8 recording"). This configuration usually requires that

4968-535: The United States, as an EIA interface ) is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio-visual (AV) equipment. The name SCART comes from Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs , "Radio and Television Receiver Manufacturers' Association", the French organisation that created the connector in the mid-1970s. The related European standard EN 50049

5060-407: The VCR be farther from the TV than the source, so the signal usually travels "down". SCART also supports automatic widescreen switching . This is an extension of the functionality of pin 8, which previously only indicated to the TV that an external signal should be displayed. Ideally, a widescreen source should offer three operating modes in order to deal with widescreen signals: In the first case,

5152-442: The appropriate AV channel when the SCART attached device is switched on. SCART was also used for high definition signals such as 720p , 1080i, 1080p with YPbPr connection by some manufacturers, but this usage is scarce due to the advent of HDMI . In Europe, SCART was the most common method of connecting AV equipment and was a standard connector for such devices; it was far less common elsewhere. The official standard for SCART

5244-464: The cable connects to an input signal at the other end. The complete list of wires that are swapped are: pins 1 and 2, pins 3 and 6, pins 17 and 18, pins 19 and 20. The original SCART specification provided for different cable (cordset) types denoted by a key color, but color-coding is rarely used and cables often use different, non-standard configurations. Maximum SCART cable length is estimated to be about 10 to 15 metres without amplification. Due to

5336-958: The conventional sense since they are not channel coding schemes, but should be considered as source coding schemes, and in some cases analog-to-digital conversion techniques. SCART Status & Aspect Ratio up Blanking signal up RGB-selection voltage up output / input denotes symmetrical links up / down denotes links to/from the TV set ^ a rarely supported. ^ b non-standard extension. ^ c from STB to VCR when used for unattended recording; 12V forces tv-set to AV-channel ^ d protocol not standardised, e.g. D²B . SCART (also known as Péritel or Péritélévision , especially in France, 21-pin EuroSCART in marketing by Sharp in Asia, Euroconector in Spain, EuroAV or EXT , or EIA Multiport in

5428-442: The corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet ). A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example, tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may, however, communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing

5520-407: The data rate is N f S {\displaystyle Nf_{S}} bit/second. For example, with an alphabet consisting of 16 alternative symbols, each symbol represents 4 bits. Thus, the data rate is four times the baud rate. In the case of PSK, ASK or QAM, where the carrier frequency of the modulated signal is constant, the modulation alphabet is often conveniently represented on

5612-439: The digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or 1000 baud . Since each tone (i.e., symbol) represents

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5704-523: The early widescreen MAC standard decoders (e.g. the Visiopass ) could not letterbox. The limitations apply mostly to satellite TVs, while DVD players can always at least letterbox and often zoom . The cables for connecting equipment together have a male plug at each end. Some of the wires such as ground, data, switching and RGB connect to the identical pin number at each end. Others such as audio and video are swapped so that an output signal at one end of

5796-416: The enhanced capabilities of the S-VHS system, i.e., for the best recordings and playback, an S-VHS VCR requires S-VHS video tape cassettes. These have a different oxide media formulation for higher magnetic coercivity. S-VHS video cassettes are sensed and identified by the video cassette recorder via a specific internal profile within a hole in the underside of the S-VHS video cassette body. Videophiles were

5888-476: The first to theorize that since the only distinguishing feature of an S-VHS tape is a small 3 mm hole on the underside of the video cassette, it should be possible to use more common and inexpensive VHS tapes by duplicating that hole. However, S-VHS cassettes contain a higher grade and coercivity of tape stock to effectively record the higher video bandwidth offered by S-VHS. S-VHS tapes can be used with VHS VCRs, but an S-VHS recording will not play back properly on

5980-411: The improvement over VHS is noticeable. Yet, the trained eye can easily spot the difference between live television and an S-VHS recording of it. This is because S-VHS does not improve other key aspects of the video signal, particularly the chrominance (chroma) signal. In VHS, the chroma carrier is both severely bandlimited and noisy , a limitation that S-VHS does not address. Lack of color resolution

6072-447: The info stream, wherever it originates, may need processing such as decrypting (decoding, descrambling) or adding captioning/subtitles. In this case the info stream is sent logically "down" to dedicated function devices. From the last processing device the info stream is sent logically "up" to the TV, through all the chain-path. Another case is when the info stream is sent "down" and not expected to be sent back "up", for example when sent to

6164-491: The mainstream consumer camcorder market, MiniDV , DVD, and— eventually— solid-state memory-based camcorders replaced S-VHS-C camcorders. Digital camcorders generally outperform S-VHS-C units in most technical aspects: audio/video quality, recording time, lossless duplication, and form factor. The videotapes themselves are available, mostly by mail order or online, but are vanishingly rare in retail channels, and substantially more expensive than high-quality standard VHS media. In

6256-418: The menu or via switches on the back of the device. The GameCube , Wii , Neo-Geo , Dreamcast , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox and Xbox 360 can output RGB , component video , S-Video, or composite video. These consoles come with the standard composite video connector, but the manufacturers and third parties sell connectors for component video hookup and for RGB SCART hookup. Where

6348-453: The missing chroma component ("down" and "up" respectively). Similarly, damaging pins 7 and 15 (P B and P R ) while leaving pin 11 (Y) undamaged may result in black-white images when using YP B P R . Damaging more than one of these pins may result in combined effects. SCART enables a device to command the TV to very quickly switch between signals, in order to create overlays in the image. In order to implement captioning or subtitles ,

6440-770: The more expensive Betacam format had already become a de facto industry standard . Shortly after the announcement of S-VHS, Sony responded with an announcement of Extended Definition Betamax (ED-Beta). S-VHS was JVC's next-generation video format designed to dominate the competing Super Betamax format (which already offered better-than-VHS quality). Not to be outdone, Sony developed ED-Beta as their next-generation competitor to S-VHS. In terms of video performance, ED-Beta offered even greater luminance bandwidth than S-VHS – 500 television lines (TVL) of horizontal resolution per picture height, versus S-VHS's or Laserdisc's 420 TVL; putting ED-Beta nearly on par with professional digital video formats (520 TVL). However, chroma performance

6532-466: The most creative usages appeared in analogue satellite receivers. The function of decoding hybrid, time-compressed analogue-digital MAC transmissions into RGB and analogue audio was akin to making a digital receiver out of an analogue one. The D²B pins (10 and 12) were used for communicating with satellite dish positioners and for driving magnetic polarisers , before these became incorporated into LNBs . The daisy-chaining features were used to connect both

6624-699: The pass-through of these signals. Some DVD player manufacturers on some models offered SPDIF only on SCART, and an adapter in order to extract the digital audio signal to send it to a home cinema. To the present day this connection remains rare, as HDMI, S/PDIF, and TOSLINK can provide multichannel audio, also some TV sets with Surround built in may have an Optical or S/PDIF INPUT, beside Output . Nearly all modern DVD players and set-top boxes with SCART sockets can output RGB signal, which offers superior picture quality to composite signal. However, many devices do not have RGB output turned on by default, instead defaulting to composite video: RGB often has to be set up manually in

6716-432: The recorded Teletext data information as if the video were a television transmission being received at that moment. S-VHS video cassette recorders (VCRs) and cassette tapes are nearly identical in appearance and operation, and backward compatible with VHS. VHS VCRs cannot play back S-VHS recordings at all but can record onto an S-VHS tape in the basic VHS format. Newer VHS VCRs, depending upon their specification, offered

6808-710: The recording circuit is altered with: Despite its designation as the logical successor to VHS, S-VHS did not come close to replacing VHS. Likewise, S-VHS rentals and movie sales did very poorly. A few pre-recorded movies were released to S-VHS, but poor market acceptance prompted studios to transition their high-end product from S-VHS to Laserdisc , and then onto DVD . As of 2007, consumer S-VHS VCRs were still available, but difficult to find in retail outlets. The largest VCR manufacturers, such as Matsushita and Mitsubishi , gradually moved to DVD recorders , and hard-disk based digital video recorders (DVRs). Combination DVD/VCR units rarely offered S-VHS format standard, only VHS. In

6900-401: The relatively high signal voltages used in SCART, "hot plugging" (connecting or disconnecting devices while they are on) is not recommended. Although there is no risk of personal injury, there is the possibility of damaging electronics within the devices if the connector is inserted improperly. Also, since many TVs are Class II (double-insulated) rather than earthed, the large exposed shield on

6992-541: The same physical medium by giving different sub-carriers or spreading codes to different users. Of the two kinds of RF power amplifier , switching amplifiers ( Class D amplifiers ) cost less and use less battery power than linear amplifiers of the same output power. However, they only work with relatively constant-amplitude-modulation signals such as angle modulation (FSK or PSK) and CDMA , but not with QAM and OFDM. Nevertheless, even though switching amplifiers are completely unsuitable for normal QAM constellations, often

7084-605: The signals from the TV to the set-top decoder and send the processed result back to the TV. When a scrambled show is recorded, the VCR will drive the set-top box from its own tuner and send the unscrambled signals to the TV for viewing or simple recording control. Alternatively, the VCR could use the signals from the TV, in which case it would be inadvisable to change channels on the TV during the recording. The "down" socket can also be used to connect other devices, such as DVD players or game consoles. As long as all devices have at least one "down" and "up" socket, this allows for connecting

7176-593: The signals never cross the 0 voltage point. Instead they are above and below the 0 voltage point. This type of digital audio requires a bandwidth of 500 KHz. It is also possible for this audio channel to have a carrier frequency of 2 MHz. The bandwidth of S-VHS allows PAL recordings to contain Teletext data along with the normal video signal, which then can be displayed as an overlay of the conventional TV picture (though not on standard VHS machines). A suitably Teletext-equipped receiver/decoder (TV, PC card, etc.) displays

7268-508: The time and watch for returned signals, to display and reproduce them. This allows "transparent" set-top boxes, without any tuner, which just "hook" and pre-process the TV signals. This feature is used for analogue pay TV like Canal Plus and was used for decoding teletext . A VCR will often have two SCART sockets, to connect it to the TV ("up", "primary" or "1"), and for video input from a set-top box or other device ("down", "secondary" or "2"). When idle or powered off, VCRs will usually forward

7360-496: The transmitted data and many unknown parameters at the receiver, such as the signal power, carrier frequency and phase offsets, timing information, etc., blind identification of the modulation is made fairly difficult. This becomes even more challenging in real-world scenarios with multipath fading, frequency-selective and time-varying channels. There are two main approaches to automatic modulation recognition. The first approach uses likelihood-based methods to assign an input signal to

7452-549: The transmitter-receiver pair has prior knowledge of how data is encoded and represented in the communications system. In all digital communication systems, both the modulator at the transmitter and the demodulator at the receiver are structured so that they perform inverse operations. Asynchronous methods do not require a receiver reference clock signal that is phase synchronized with the sender carrier signal . In this case, modulation symbols (rather than bits, characters, or data packets) are asynchronously transferred. The opposite

7544-454: The type of video present. Pin 16, the blanking signal pin, carries a signal from the source that indicates that the signal is either RGB or composite. The original specification defined pin 16 as a high frequency (up to 3 MHz) signal that blanked the composite video. The RGB inputs were always active and the signal 'punches holes' in the composite video. This could be used to overlay subtitles from an external Teletext decoder. There

7636-456: The use of a "transparent" color in a teletext page. SCART allows a connected device to bring it in and out of standby mode or to switch it to the AV channel. A VCR or other playback device will optimally power on when a cassette is inserted, power on the TV (or switch it to video mode) and then start playing immediately if the cassette write protection tab is absent. When turned off, the VCR will ask

7728-507: The wheel, both S-VHS and ED-Beta re-used the AFM schemes of their predecessors without change. Professional S-VHS decks did offer digital PCM audio, a feature not matched by ED-Beta decks. In PAL markets, depth multiplexed audio was used for both formats. In the U.S. market, the mainstream consumer market had largely ignored the release of S-VHS. With the Betamax market already in sharp decline,

7820-403: The widescreen pin allows to indicate the current signal format, which allows widescreen TVs to adjust the image width, and widescreen-capable standard TVs to compress the scan lines of the image vertically to a letterbox shape portion of the picture tube. In the second case, the widescreen SCART signal is never active and the signal source performs the adaptations itself so that the image has always

7912-483: Was a deficiency shared by S-VHS's contemporaries, such as Hi8 and ED-Beta – all of which were limited to 0.4 megahertz or 30 TVL resolution. In audio recording , S-VHS retains VHS's conventional linear ( baseband ) and high fidelity (Hi-Fi) – Audio Frequency Modulation (AFM) soundtracks. Some professional S-VHS decks, and high end domestic S-VHS VCRs such as the Victor HR-Z1 can additionally record

8004-411: Was extended at the end of the 1980s to support the new S-Video signals. A TV can be awakened from standby mode, and it can automatically switch to appropriate AV channel, when the device attached to it through a SCART connector is turned on. SCART is bi-directional regarding standard composite video and analogue audio. A TV will typically send the antenna audio and video signals to the SCART sockets all

8096-494: Was far less spectacular, as neither S-VHS nor ED-Beta exceeded 0.4 megahertz or ~30 TVL maximum, whereas NTSC broadcast has a chroma resolution of ~120 TVL, and DVD has a chroma resolution of ~240 TVL. S-VHS was used in some TV stations for inexpensive "on the spot" camcorder capture of breaking news, however, it was not suitable for multi-generational (studio) use. In terms of audio performance, both VHS and Beta offered analog Hi-Fi stereos of outstanding quality. Rather than reinvent

8188-716: Was one-third of the cassette's nominal playing time, e.g., a 120-minute S-VHS cassette held 40 minutes of eight-track audio. Studer produced the V-Eight (manufactured and sold by Alesis as the M20) and the V-Twenty-Four digital multitrack recorders. These used S-VHS cassettes for 8-track and 24-track digital audio recording, at a significantly lower cost than their DASH reel-to-reel digital recorders. The videotape transports were made for Studer by Matsushita. Modulation In electronics and telecommunications , modulation

8280-452: Was refined and published in 1978 by CENELEC , calling it péritelevision , but it is commonly called by the abbreviation péritel in French. The signals carried by SCART include both composite and RGB (with composite synchronisation) video , stereo audio input/output and digital signalling. SCART is also capable of carrying S-Video signals, using the red pins for chroma. A TV can be woken from standby mode and automatically switch to

8372-626: Was subject to several amendments and at least 2 major revisions, approved by CENELEC on 13 November 1988 (EN 50049-1:1989) and 1 July 1997 (EN 50049-1:1997). The SCART system was intended to simplify connecting AV equipment (including TVs, VCRs , DVD players and games consoles ). To achieve this it gathered all of the analogue signal connections into a single cable with a unique connector, which normally made incorrect connections nearly impossible. The signals carried by SCART include both composite and RGB (with composite synchronisation) video, stereo audio input/output and digital signalling. The standard

8464-568: Was superseded in March 1993 by the norm CPR-1201 to include S-Video. CPR-1201 was withdrawn in March 2003 to be replaced by the equivalent norm CPR-1205, representing Japan's transition from analogue to digital, and thus antiquating analogue connectors. It was adopted in Japan for the connector's ability to support RGB output format (no compression nor deterioration of original video signals) but, contrary to SCART in Europe, it never saw widespread use on

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