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65-824: Similar to VCDs , SVCDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, and are authored (or "burned") using the CD-ROM XA format. The first track is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1, and contains metadata about the disc. The other tracks are in Mode 2, Form 2, and contain audio and video multiplexed in a MPEG program stream (MPEG-PS) container. This allows roughly 800 megabytes of data to be stored on one 80 minute CD (versus 700 megabytes when using Mode 1). One CD can hold up to 35 minutes of full quality SVCD-format video and audio. Because of its 480x480 resolution, SVCD picture quality

130-410: A DVD or Blu-ray disc anyway. Interlaced video is supported for SVCD video. 23.976 frames per second video is supported by use of interlacing and 3:2 pulldown . The combined audio and video bit rates should not exceed 2.7 Mbps . This data rate was chosen, in part, to ensure compatibility with slower and less expensive "2 × speed" CD drives. As with most compact disc-based video formats, SVCD audio

195-694: A VCD is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1, and stores metadata and menu information inside an ISO 9660 filesystem . This track may also contain other non-essential files, and is shown by operating systems when loading the disc. This track can be absent from a VCD, which would still work but would not allow it to be properly displayed in computers. The rest of the tracks are usually in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 2 and contain video and audio multiplexed in an MPEG program stream (MPEG-PS) container, but CD audio tracks are also allowed. Using Mode 2 Form 2 allows roughly 800 megabytes of VCD data to be stored on one 80 minute CD (versus 700 megabytes when using CD-ROM Mode 1). This

260-466: A different GOP, in particular even before the I frame, which makes I frame non-IDR (not a keyframe). A GOP that contains any such outward-referencing frame is known as an "open GOP". The opposite is a self-contained GOP, known as a "closed GOP". In coding order GOP can begin with a B-frame, but it cannot end with one. Open GOP starts with a B-frame and it is a little more efficient because starting with an I-frame means that an extra P-frame must be added to

325-469: A domestic format that could deliver comparable quality without the restrictions of DVD. It was also hoped that SVCD's development would help to drive down the cost of consumer DVD players and DVD licensing fees in China . Three independent efforts attempted to solve these problems: CVD, SVCD, and HQ-VCD. China Video Disc (CVD), developed by C-Cube Microsystems (a major producer of chips for Video CD players),

390-460: A late 1990s Chinese government -sponsored effort to create a next-generation CD-based video standard. The primary motivating factor was the need for an alternative to the DVD format that would not be restricted by technology royalties . The Chinese government was concerned that the DVD format was too tightly controlled by foreign companies, and that a significant opportunity existed for the development of

455-516: A low-cost alternative to DVD. As of 2004, the worldwide popularity of VCD was increasing. Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to VHS video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be of lower quality than VHS video, for example exhibiting VCD block artifacts (rather than the analog noise seen in VHS sources), but does not deteriorate further with each use. Producing video CDs involves stripping out high- and low-frequency sounds from

520-426: A new GOP in a compressed video stream means that the decoder doesn't need any previous frames in order to decode the next ones, and allows fast seeking through the video. A GOP can contain the following picture types: An I frame indicates the beginning of a GOP. Afterwards, several P and B frames follow. In older designs, the allowed ordering and referencing structure is relatively constrained. The I frames contain

585-487: A pure instrumental version for karaoke singing. Prior to this, karaoke music was carried on LaserDiscs . VCD's growth had slowed in areas that could afford DVD-Video , which offered most of the same advantages, as well as better picture quality (higher resolution with fewer digital compression artifacts) due to its larger storage capacity. However, VCD had simultaneously seen significant growth in emerging economies like India , Indonesia , South America , and Africa as

650-487: A resolution of 704x480 (480i, analog NTSC compatible) or 704x576 (576i, analog PAL/SECAM compatible). Play back of SVCD titles is impaired when played on most DVD players, causing dropped frames, choppy video playback or skipping of sound. This is due to the chosen two-thirds video ratio in the SVCD format specifications, which doesn't align well with the other more common video formats VCD and DVD . Most DVD players support

715-468: Is overburned to include up to 100 minutes of video. However, some CD-ROM drives and players have problems reading these CDs, mostly because the groove spacing is outside specifications and the player's laser servo is unable to track it. DVI ( Digital Video Interactive ) is a compression technique that stored 72 minutes of video on a CD-ROM . In 1998, Intel acquired the technology from RCA 's Sarnoff Research Labs. DVI never caught on. Super Video CD

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780-506: Is a free, open-source media player software which supports VCD on Windows , MacOS , Linux and BSD . Windows Media Player prior to version 9 does not support playing VCD directly. Windows Vista added native support of VCD along with DVD-Video and can launch the preferred application upon insertion. The disc format is also supported natively by Media Player Classic , VLC Media Player and MPlayer . QuickTime Player also does not support playing VCD directly, though it can play

845-597: Is a format intended to be the successor of VCD, offering better quality of image and sound. The format uses MPEG-2 video at 480x480 or 480x576 and supports multiple bitrate and channel options for encoding audio. Video CDs were unable to gain acceptance as a mainstream format in North America , chiefly because the established VHS format was less expensive, offered comparable video quality, and could be recorded over. The advent of recordable CDs , inexpensive recorders, and compatible DVD players spurred VCD acceptance in

910-536: Is a recognized DVD resolution, CVD video (but not audio) is fully compatible with the DVD-Video standard, and avoids the "foldover" (or aliasing ) problems encountered when playing SVCDs on DVD players. The lower resolution also allows the bitrate to be reduced while keeping compression artifacts to a minimum. CVD also supports all of the additional features (selectable subtitles, multiple audio tracks, and so on) which are supported by SVCD. XSVCD (eXtended Super VCD)

975-464: Is achieved by sacrificing the error correction redundancy present in Mode 1. It was considered that small errors in the video and audio stream pass largely unnoticed. This, combined with the net bitrate of VCD video and audio, means that almost exactly 80 minutes of VCD content can be stored on an 80-minute CD, 74 minutes of VCD content on a 74-minute CD, and so on. This was done in part to ensure compatibility with existing CD drive technology, specifically

1040-418: Is an XVCD variant that requires the use of a proprietary quantization matrix , created by Karl Wagner and made available for non-commercial use. In addition to standard VCD resolutions, KVCD allows for non-standard resolutions like 528×480/576, though hardware support for KVCDs authored with these resolutions is limited. DVCD or Double VCD is a method to accommodate longer videos on a CD. A non-standard CD

1105-538: Is effectively synonymous with Super VCD. A Super VCD player must be able to play a variety of formats, including SVCD, CVD, VCD 2.0, VCD 1.1 and CD audio discs. On July 15, 2000, the IEC certified SVCD an international standard CD format, as IEC 62107. Philips added an SVCD logo to its canon of official Compact Disc logos. SVCD titles were available commercially in China, Hong Kong , and several other Asian countries (except

1170-522: Is incompatible with the DVD-Video standard due to a difference in sampling frequency; DVDs require 48 kHz, whereas VCDs use 44.1 kHz. By compressing both the video and audio streams, a VCD is able to hold 74 minutes of picture and sound information, the same duration as a standard 74 minute audio CD. The MPEG-1 compression used records mostly the differences between successive video frames, rather than write out each frame individually. Similarly,

1235-579: Is incompatible with the DVD-Video standard due to the difference in frequency; DVDs require 48 kHz, whereas SVCDs use 44.1 kHz. SVCDs may have two separate stereo, or four mono audio tracks (for commentary or additional languages). Audio may have up to 6 channels (in a 5.1 arrangement) using the MPEG Multichannel surround sound format, although space constraints and inconsistent hardware support make it impractical, and very uncommon. Variable bit rate encoding, while not supported by

1300-536: Is limited to Dolby Surround matrixed within the stereo tracks, while DVDs are capable of six channels of discrete surround sound via Dolby Digital AC-3. Early devices supporting Video CD playback include the Philips CD-i systems and the Amiga CD-32 (albeit via an optional decoder card). Disc playback is also available both natively and as an option on some CD- and DVD-based video game consoles, including

1365-490: Is more than double that of VCD. On the downside, this increase in picture resolution sacrifices video length capacity by over 50%. Because of this, titles released on SVCD had to come on twice the number of discs. Unlike other CD-based formats, such as China Video Disc and Video CD , Super Video CD video is incompatible with both the DVD-Video and Blu-ray standards due to a conflict in resolution. However, many DVD and Blu-ray players will play back SVCD resolution video from

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1430-402: Is the approach used by ffmpeg . Examples: The GOP structure does not need to stay fixed throughout encoding. Varying N to insert an I-frame on scene change is a well-known technique. Newer techniques also vary M based on the amount of motion in the video. With H.264 and later designs which allow highly flexible reference structures, a B frame in one GOP is able to reference a frame in

1495-549: Is the name generally given to any format that stores MPEG-2 video on a compact disc in mode 2/XA, at SVCD resolution, but does not strictly meet the SVCD standard. To reduce the data rate without significantly reducing quality, the size of the GOP can be increased, the maximum data rate can be exceeded, and a different MPEG-2 quantization matrix can be used. These changes can be advantageous for those who want to either maximize video quality, or use fewer discs. RSVCD (RoBa SVCD) uses

1560-545: The VHS and Betamax systems in the regions until DVD-Video finally became affordable in the first decade of the 21st century. The format is a standard digital data format for storing video on a compact disc . VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players and widely playable in most DVD players , personal computers and some video game consoles . However, they are less playable in most Blu-ray Disc players, vehicle audio with DVD/Blu-ray support and video game consoles such as

1625-469: The original PlayStation (only on the SCPH-5903 model). Early software supporting Video CD playback include XingMPEG . Early PC hardware supporting Video CD playback include proprietary VCD decoder card . Later, because the introduction of Pentium II processor which supports MMX extension, and later graphics cards had included video decoding function, the use of VCD decoder card declined. VLC

1690-737: The .DAT files (stored under \MPEGAV for video and audio data) reliably, and plugins were available. Direct access playback support is available within Windows XP MCE , Windows Vista and newer (including Windows 10 ), classic Mac OS , BSD , macOS , and Linux among others, either directly or with updates and compatible software. Most DVD players are compatible with VCDs, and VCD-only players are available throughout Asia, and online through many shopping sites. Some older Blu-ray and HD-DVD players also retained support, as do CBHD players as well. However, most Blu-ray players, most vehicle audio with DVD/Blu-ray support, Xbox family, and

1755-494: The 480p format doesn't fit well over a 720p output. The aliasing artifacts that result from this bad fit are usually buried in noise from other sources, such as camera, quantization, and MPEG artifacts . China Video Disc (CVD) is a CD-based video format which was created during the development of the SVCD standard and is almost identical to SVCD. The primary technical difference is a lower (horizontal) video resolution of 352×480 (NTSC) or 352×576 (PAL/SECAM). Because 352×480/576

1820-564: The Chinese government to force a compromise between the competing standards in order to maintain compatibility. The SVCD and CVD standards were combined into one composite standard known as Chaoji Video CD ("Chaoji" in Pinyin or 超级 in written Chinese, meaning "super") in November 1998, which was adopted by the Chinese government as the "official" next-generation video disc standard. Chaoji VCD

1885-531: The MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard, is part of the SVCD specification. However, variable bit rate audio is not consistently supported by standalone players, and thus the format is rarely used. The SVCD standard supports several other features, including interactive menus, hyperlinks , karaoke lyric highlighting, four selectable overlay graphic subtitle streams, chapters, playlists, and DVD-quality still images/slide shows, along with audio, with

1950-542: The Next button would cause playback from the beginning of chapter 2. However, preview material is sometimes stored in a separate chapter, followed by a single chapter for the film. VCDs are often bilingual. Because they feature stereo audio, disc players have an option to play only the left or right audio channel. On some films, they feature English on the left audio channel and Cantonese on the right; more commonly Hong Kong VCDs will feature Mandarin on one channel and Cantonese on

2015-664: The Philippines). In the Western world, the format is more commonly used to store home videos or movies copied from DVD and Laserdisc . Video CD Video CD (abbreviated as VCD , and also known as Compact Disc Digital Video ) is a home video format and the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm (4.7 in) optical discs . The format was widely adopted in Southeast Asia , South Asia , East Asia , Central Asia and West Asia , superseding

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2080-548: The Philippines. Legal Video CDs can often be found in established video stores and major book outlets in most Asian countries. They are typically packaged in jewel cases like commercial CDs, though higher-profile films may be released in keep cases , differentiated by the VCD logo. In Asia, the use of VCDs as carriers for karaoke music is very common. One channel would feature a mono track with music and singing, another channel

2145-586: The Robshot-Bach (RoBa) method for encoding MPEG-2 video using CCE in creating SVCD-compliant discs. RSVCD was popularized on the Doom9 forum. MVCD (Mole VCD) is a XSVCD variant that can be created using the MVCD templates included with TMPGEnc . MVCD can encode either MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 video to VCD, SVCD, or DVD standard resolution. Many players accept MVCD encoded discs. Super Video CD was developed as part of

2210-516: The Sony PlayStation ( 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 ) cannot play VCDs; this is because while they have backwards playback compatibility with the DVD standard, these player can not read VCD data because the player software does not have support for MPEG-1 video and audio, the player software lacks ability to read MPEG-1 stream in DAT files alongside MPEG-1 stream in standard MPEG, AVI , and Matroska files, or

2275-531: The Sony PlayStation and Xbox due to lack of backward compatibility for the older MPEG-1 format, inability to read MPEG-1 in .dat files alongside MPEG-1 in standard MPEG-1, AVI, and Matroska files, or inability to read CD-ROM XA discs. Some Laserdisc players that were released in the late 90s support VCD as well as the Sony PS1 model SCPH-5903 marketed in Southeast Asia. The Video CD standard

2340-493: The US in the late 1990s and early 2000s. However, DVD burners and DVD-Video recorders were available by that time, and equipment and media costs for making DVD-Video fell rapidly. DVD-Video, with its longer run time and much higher quality, quickly overshadowed VCD in areas that could afford it. In addition many early DVD players could not read recordable (CD-R) media, and this limited the compatibility of home-made VCDs. The VCD format

2405-563: The VCD format had no means of preventing unauthorized (and perfect) copies from being made. However, as of 2013 VCDs are still being released in several countries in Asia, but now with copy-protection. The development of more sophisticated, higher capacity optical disc formats yielded the DVD format, released only a few years later with a copy protection mechanism. DVD players use lasers that are of shorter wavelength than those used on CDs, allowing

2470-762: The VCDs, such as Intercontinental Video Ltd. of Hong Kong, Sunny Video in Malaysia, Vision Interprima Pictures in Indonesia, CVD International and Pacific Marketing and Entertainment Group in Thailand, Excel Home Entertainment in India, Berjaya-HVN and InnoForm Media in both Malaysia and Singapore, Scorpio East Entertainment in Singapore, as well as Viva Video , Magnavision Home Video, and C-Interactive Digital Entertainment in

2535-582: The advent of White Book VCD, Philips started releasing movies in the Green Book CD-i format, calling the subformat CD-i Digital Video (CD-i DV). While these used a similar format (MPEG-1), due to minor differences between the standards these discs are not compatible with VCD players. Philips' CD-i players with the Full Motion Video MPEG-1 decoder cartridge would play both formats. Approximately 30 CD-i DV titles were released before

2600-401: The audio frequency range is limited to those sounds most clearly heard by the human ear. The VCD standard also features the option of DVD-quality still images/slide shows with audio, at resolutions of 704×480 ( 480i , analog NTSC compatible) or 704×576 ( 576i , analog PAL/SECAM compatible). Version 2.0 also adds the playback control (PBC), featuring a simple menu like DVD-Video. Shortly before

2665-415: The audio was digital). Therefore, CD-V distribution was limited to featuring music videos , and it was soon discontinued by 1991. By the early 1990s engineers were able to digitize and compress video signals, greatly improving storage efficiency. Because this new format could hold 74/80 minutes of audio and video on a 650/700MB disc, releasing movies on compact discs finally became a reality. Extra capacity

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2730-421: The company switched to the current VCD format for publishing movies in 1994. XVCD (eXtended Video CD) is the name generally given to any format that stores MPEG-1 video on a compact disc in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 2, but does not strictly follow the VCD standard in terms of the encoding of the video or audio. A normal VCD is encoded to MPEG-1 at a constant bit rate (CBR), so all scenes are required to use exactly

2795-480: The data rate without significantly reducing quality, the size of the GOP can be increased, a different MPEG-1 quantization matrix can be used, the maximum data rate can be exceeded, and the bit rate of the MP2 audio can be reduced or even be swapped out completely for MP3 audio. These changes can be advantageous for those who want to either maximize video quality, or use fewer discs. KVCD (K Video Compression Dynamics)

2860-502: The difference to the more expensive VHS HiFi stereo recorders was minuscule). Philips later teamed up with Sony to develop a new type of disc, the compact disc or CD. Introduced in 1982 in Japan (1983 in the U.S. and Europe ), the CD is about 120 mm (4.7 in) in diameter, and is single-sided. The format was initially designed to store digitized sound and proved to be a success in

2925-628: The earliest "1x" speed CD drives. Video specifications Although many DVD video players support playback of VCDs, VCD video is only compatible with the DVD-Video standard if encoded at 29.97 frames per second or 25 frames per second. The 352×240 and 352×288 (or SIF ) resolutions, when compared to the CCIR 601 specifications (defining the appropriate parameters for digital encoding of NTSC and PAL/SECAM TV signals), are reduced by half in all aspects: height, width, frame-rate, and chrominance. Audio specifications As with most CD-based formats, VCD audio

2990-513: The full image and do not require any additional information to reconstruct them. Typically, encoders use GOP structures that cause each I frame to be a "clean random access point," such that decoding can start cleanly on an I frame and any errors within the GOP structure are corrected after processing a correct I frame. In the newer designs found in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC , encoders have much more flexibility about referencing structures. They can use

3055-524: The maximum video capacity of one disc, a viewer had to change the disc upon reaching halfway (unless the discs were played on a VCD changer that could hold multiple discs and play them automatically in succession), whereas a single VHS tape could hold 3.5 hours of continuous video. When playing a DVD , the viewer is taken to a main menu which gives them options (watch the feature film, view "deleted scenes", play some special applications, etc.). VCDs are usually straightforward; playing them often goes directly to

3120-399: The music industry. A few years later, Philips decided to give CDs the ability to produce video, utilizing the same technology as its LaserDisc counterpart. This led to the creation of CD Video (CD-V) in 1987. However, the disc's small size significantly impeded the ability to store analog video; thus only 5 minutes of picture information could fit on the disc's surface (despite the fact that

3185-446: The newer designs is the use of a hierarchy of B frames. Hierarchical B frames can provide very good compression efficiency and can also limit the propagation of errors, since the hierarchy can ensure that the number of pictures affected by any data corruption problem is strictly limited. Generally, the more I frames the video stream has, the more editable it is. However, having more I frames substantially increases bit rate needed to code

3250-558: The original Video CD specification) was a relatively late entry. The Chinese Ministry of Information and the Video CD Consortium agreed to join forces, incorporating the features of HQ-VCD under a unified SVCD format. But by the time the SVCD specification was ready in July 1998, CVD had already been adopted by major manufacturers and had quickly established a significant installed base of about 600,000 players. This prompted

3315-468: The other. This is similar to selecting a language track on a DVD, except it is limited to 2 languages, due to there being only two audio channels (left and right). The audio track effectively becomes monaural. VCD's most noticeable disadvantage compared to DVD is image quality, due both to the more aggressive compression necessary to fit video into such a small capacity as well as to the compression method used. Additionally, VCD movie surround sound capability

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3380-400: The player lacks ability to read CD-ROM XA discs. Group of pictures In video coding , a group of pictures , or GOP structure , specifies the order in which intra- and inter-frames are arranged. The GOP is a collection of successive pictures within a coded video stream. Each coded video stream consists of successive GOPs, from which the visible frames are generated. Encountering

3445-481: The recorded pits to be smaller, so that more information can be stored. The DVD was so successful that it eventually pushed VHS out of the video market once suitable recorders became widely available. Nevertheless, VCDs made considerable inroads into developing nations, where they are still in use today due to their cheaper manufacturing and retail costs. Video CDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, and are authored using tracks in CD-ROM XA mode. The first track of

3510-424: The same data rate, regardless of complexity. However, video on an XVCD is typically encoded at a variable bit rate (VBR), so complex scenes can use a much higher data rate for a short time, while simpler scenes will use lower data rates. Some XVCDs use lower bitrates in order to fit longer videos onto the disc, while others use higher bitrates to improve quality. MPEG-2 may be used instead of MPEG-1. To further reduce

3575-468: The same referencing structures as were previously used in older designs, or they can use more pictures as references and they can use more flexible ordering of the coding order relative to the display order. They are also allowed to use B frames as references when coding other (B or P) frames. This extra flexibility can improve compression efficiency, but it can cause propagation of errors if some data becomes lost or corrupted. One popular structure for use with

3640-427: The video formats VCD, SVCD and DVD (with horizontal resolutions of 352, 480 and 720 pixels respectively) but the best resolution usually dictates the design of all the electronics components, most notably the low pass filter. With only one analog low pass filter optimised for one video format (usually DVD 720), the other two video format will suffer from aliasing. The SVCD format is especially prone to " foldover " because

3705-451: The video with extras (mostly trailers and commercials) taking place before or after it, like on a VHS cassette. Subtitles are found on many Asian VCDs but cannot be removed, unlike on DVDs. The subtitles are embedded on the video during the encoding process (" hardsubbed "). It is not uncommon to find a VCD with subtitles for two languages. Though the VCD technology can support it, most films carried on VCDs do not contain chapters, requiring

3770-426: The video, resulting in lower audio quality than VHS. While both formats need fast-forwarding to find certain scenes, rewinding to the beginning upon reaching the end is not required in VCD. The resolution is just half below that of common VHS resolution. Video CDs did not come with closed captioning (on-screen text to aid viewers with hearing problems). When watching a film that exceeds 74 minutes (nearly 1¼ hours),

3835-415: The video. The GOP structure is often referred by two numbers, for example, M =3, N =12 . The first number tells the distance between two anchor frames (I or P), also known as the length of a "mini-GOP". The second one tells the distance between two full images (I-frames): it is the GOP size. Instead of the M parameter, the maximal count of B-frames between two consecutive anchor frames can be used; this

3900-413: The viewer to fast-forward to resume the program after playback has been stopped. This is mostly because VCD technology is able to start playback at a chapter point but there is nothing to signal to the player that the chapter has changed during a program. This can be confusing for the user as the player will indicate that it is still playing chapter 1 when it has played through to chapter 2 or later. Pressing

3965-659: Was created in 1993 by Sony , Philips , Matsushita and JVC ; it is referred to as the White Book standard. The MPEG-1 format was also released that same year. LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia , on December 15, 1978. This 30 cm (12 in) disc could hold an hour of analog audio and video (digital audio was added a few years later) on each side. The LaserDisc provided picture quality nearly double that of VHS tape and analog audio quality far superior to cheap mono VHS recorders (although

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4030-838: Was due, in part, to most households not already owning VCRs when VCDs were introduced, the low price of the players, their tolerance of high humidity (a notable problem for VCRs), easy storage and maintenance, and the lower-cost media. Western sources have cited unauthorized content as a principal incentive for VCD player ownership. VCDs are often produced and sold in Asian countries and regions, such as China (including Hong Kong ), Taiwan , Singapore , Malaysia , Thailand , Cambodia , Laos , Brunei , Myanmar , Indonesia , Philippines , Vietnam , Bangladesh , India , Turkey , Pakistan and Afghanistan . In many Asian countries, major Hollywood studios (and Asian home video distributors) have licensed companies to officially produce and distribute

4095-486: Was obtained by sacrificing the error correction (it was believed that minor errors in the datastream would go unnoticed by the viewer). This format was named Video CD or VCD. VCD enjoyed a brief period of success, with a few major feature films being released in the format (usually as a 2 disc set). However the introduction of the CD-R disc and associated recorders stopped the release of feature films in their tracks because

4160-558: Was the earliest entry, having completed its specification in 1997, before the other two had even reached a draft stage. Super Video CD (SVCD) was second, being developed by the government-backed China Recording Standards Committee, under direction from the Chinese Ministry of Information Industry, with technical support from ESS Technology . High-Quality Video CD (HQ-VCD), developed by the Video CD Consortium (consisting of Philips , Sony , Matsushita and JVC — creators of

4225-415: Was very popular throughout Asia (except Japan and South Korea ) in the late 1990s through the 2000s, with 8 million VCD players sold in China in 1997 alone, and more than half of all Chinese households owning at least one VCD player by 2005. However, popularity has declined over the years, as the number of Hong Kong factories that produced VCDs dropped from 98 in 1999 to 26 in 2012. This popularity

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