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79-502: Stingley sought uses for his polybutadiene synthetic rubber, as well as someone to manufacture it. He first offered his invention to the Bettis Rubber Company, for whom he worked at the time, but they turned it down because the material was not very durable. So Stingley took it to toy company Wham-O ; they worked on developing a more durable version which they still manufacture today. "It took us nearly two years to iron

158-480: A Super Ball makes its impact characteristics different from those of otherwise similar smooth balls. The resulting behavior is quite complex. The Super Ball has been used as an illustration of the principle of time reversal invariance . A Super Ball is observed to reverse the direction of spin on each bounce. This effect depends on the tangential compliance and frictional effect in the collision. It cannot be explained by rigid body impact theory, and would not occur were

237-424: A catalyst) and SBR. Polybutadiene rubber is seldom used alone, but is instead mixed with other rubbers. Polybutadiene is difficult to band in a two roll mixing mill. Instead, a thin sheet of polybutadiene may be prepared and kept separate. Then, after proper mastication of natural rubber, the polybutadiene rubber may be added to the two roll mixing mill. A similar practice may be adopted, for example, if polybutadiene

316-537: A coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This would allow for these sequences to be compared to try to find homologies . These codes can consist of either a one-letter code or a three-letter code. These codes make it easier and shorter to write down the amino acid sequences that make up proteins . The nucleotide bases are made up of purines ( adenine and guanine ) and pyrimidines ( cytosine and thymine or uracil ). These nucleotide bases make up DNA and RNA . These nucleotide base codes make

395-400: A ductile and resistant one. The quality of the process is more important in the use in plastics than in tires, especially when it comes to color and content of gels which have to be as low as possible. In addition, the products need to meet a list of health requirements due to its use in the food industry. Most golf balls are made of an elastic core of polybutadiene surrounded by a layer of

474-621: A halt to the growth of synthetic rubber production; the expansion of existing plants almost ceased for a few years. Since then, the construction of new plants has mainly taken place in industrializing countries in the Far East (such as South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and China), while Western countries have chosen to increase the capacity of existing plants. In 1987, Bayer started to use neodymium-based catalysts to catalyze polybutadiene. Soon thereafter other manufacturers deployed related technologies such as EniChem (1993) and Petroflex (2002). In

553-422: A harder material. Polybutadiene is preferred to other elastomers due to its high resilience. The core of the balls are formed by compression molding with chemical reactions. First, polybutadiene is mixed with additives, then extruded, pressed using a calender and cut into pieces which are placed in a mold. The mold is subjected to high pressure and high temperature for about 30 minutes, enough time to vulcanize

632-512: A low viscosity material that is easy to use, but its mechanical strength is relatively low. Neodymium gives the most linear structure (and therefore higher mechanical strength) and a higher percentage of 98% cis . Other less-used catalysts include nickel and titanium. Using an alkyllithium (e.g. butyllithium ) as the catalyst produces a polybutadiene called "low cis " which typically contains 36% cis , 54% trans and 10% vinyl. Despite its high liquid-glass transition, low cis polybutadiene

711-1014: A member state of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), are of concern to chemical scientists and engineers around the globe and we stand ready to support your mission of implementing the CWC." According to the CWC, "the use, stockpiling, distribution, development or storage of any chemical weapons is forbidden by any of the 192 state party signatories." IUPAC is governed by several committees that all have different responsibilities. The committees are as follows: Bureau, CHEMRAWN (Chem Research Applied to World Needs) Committee, Committee on Chemistry Education, Committee on Chemistry and Industry, Committee on Printed and Electronic Publications, Evaluation Committee, Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols, Project Committee, and Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board. Each committee

790-420: A much longer polymer chain molecule. In terms of the connectivity of the polymer chain, butadiene can polymerize in three different ways, called cis , trans and vinyl . The cis and trans forms arise by connecting the butadiene molecules end-to-end, so-called 1,4-polymerisation. The properties of the resulting isomeric forms of polybutadiene differ. For example, "high cis"-polybutadiene has a high elasticity and

869-496: A process for manufacturing butadiene from ethanol, and in 1928, developed a method for producing polybutadiene using sodium as a catalyst . The government of the Soviet Union strove to use polybutadiene as an alternative to natural rubber and built the first pilot plant in 1930, using ethanol produced from potatoes. The experiment was a success and in 1936 the Soviet Union built the world's first polybutadiene plant in which

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948-421: Is cyclohexanol : Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the cation and the anion . The cation is the name for the positively charged ion and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion. An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is potassium chlorate (KClO 3 ): IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify amino acids and nucleotide bases. IUPAC needed

1027-421: Is styrene-butadiene copolymer, which is a commodity material for car tires . It is also used in block copolymers and tough thermoplastics such as ABS plastic . This way a copolymer material can be made with good stiffness , hardness , and toughness . Because the chains have a double bond in each and every repeat unit , the material is sensitive to ozone cracking . The annual production of polybutadiene

1106-455: Is 2.1 million tons (2000). This makes it the second most produced synthetic rubber by volume, behind styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Polybutadiene is largely used in various parts of automobile tires; the manufacture of tires consumes about 70% of the world production of polybutadiene, with a majority of it being high cis . The polybutadiene is used primarily in the sidewall of truck tires, this helps to improve fatigue to failure life due to

1185-689: Is Germany. Germany's exclusion was a result of prejudice towards Germans by the Allied powers after World War I . Germany was finally admitted into IUPAC in 1929. However, Nazi Germany was removed from IUPAC during World War II . During World War II, IUPAC was affiliated with the Allied powers , but had little involvement during the war effort itself. After the war, East and West Germany were readmitted to IUPAC in 1973. Since World War II, IUPAC has been focused on standardizing nomenclature and methods in science without interruption. In 2016, IUPAC denounced

1264-651: Is a book about soil structures and the molecular processes that occur in soil. Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles is aimed at any researcher researching soil or in the field of anthropology . It goes into depth on topics such as: fractal analysis of particle dimensions; computer modeling of the structure; reactivity of humics; applications of atomic force microscopy; and advanced instrumentation for analysis of soil particles. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3

1343-468: Is a book about the effect of trace metals on aquatic life. This book is considered a specialty book for researchers interested in observing the effect of trace metals in the water supply. This book includes techniques to assess how bioassays can be used to evaluate how an organism is affected by trace metals. Also, Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3 looks at

1422-407: Is a book that delves into aerosol science. This book is aimed as a reference for graduate students and atmospheric researchers. Atmospheric Particles goes into depth on the properties of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effect. Topics covered in this book are: acid rain ; heavy metal pollution; global warming ; and photochemical smog. Atmospheric Particles also covers techniques to analyze

1501-463: Is a book that discusses techniques and devices to monitor aquatic systems and how new devices and techniques can be developed. This book emphasizes the future use of micro-analytical monitoring techniques and microtechnology . In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation is aimed at researchers and laboratories that analyze aquatic systems such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles

1580-517: Is a book that gives background information on thermal analysis and calorimetry . Thermoanalytical and calorimetric techniques along with thermodynamic and kinetic properties are also discussed. Later volumes of this book discuss the applications and principles of these thermodynamic and kinetic methods. Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I is a book that gives up to date equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. This book covers all ways to develop equations of state. It gives

1659-542: Is a collective name for homopolymers formed from the polymerization of the monomer 1,3-butadiene . The IUPAC refers to polybutadiene as "poly(buta-1,3-diene)". Historically, an early generation of synthetic polybutadiene rubber produced in Germany by Bayer using sodium as a catalyst was known as "Buna rubber". Polybutadiene is typically crosslinked with sulphur, however, it has also been shown that it can be UV cured when bis-benzophenone additives are incorporated into

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1738-592: Is also known for standardizing the atomic weights of the elements through one of its oldest standing committees, the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW). The need for an international standard for chemistry was first addressed in 1860 by a committee headed by German scientist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz . This committee was the first international conference to create an international naming system for organic compounds . The ideas that were formulated at that conference evolved into

1817-450: Is being explored by Japanese researchers. The benefits seem to be a higher degree of control both in the distribution of molecular mass and the proportion of cis/trans/vinyl. As of 2006, no manufacturer produces "metallocene polybutadiene" on a commercial basis. 1,3-butadiene is normally copolymerized with other types of monomers such as styrene and acrylonitrile to form rubbers or plastics with various qualities. The most common form

1896-832: Is made up of members of different National Adhering Organizations from different countries. The steering committee hierarchy for IUPAC is as follows: Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (Division VIII) Current officers of the Executive Committee : Scientists framed a systematic method for naming organic compounds based on their structures. Hence, the naming rules were formulated by IUPAC. IUPAC establishes rules for harmonized spelling of some chemicals to reduce variation among different local English-language variants. For example, they recommend " aluminium " rather than "aluminum", " sulfur " rather than "sulphur", and " caesium " rather than "cesium". IUPAC organic nomenclature has three basic parts:

1975-465: Is meant to be a compilation of other IUPAC works. The second edition of this book was published in 1997. This book made large changes to the first edition of the Compendium of Chemical Terminology . These changes included updated material and an expansion of the book to include over seven thousand terms. The second edition was the topic of an IUPAC XML project. This project made an XML version of

2054-483: Is meant to give an overview of a technique based on fractal geometry and the processes of environmental systems. This book gives ideas on how to use fractal geometry to compare and contrast different ecosystems . It also gives an overview of the knowledge needed to solve environmental problems. Finally, Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems shows how to use

2133-501: Is produced with an alkyllithium catalyst. Polybutadiene can be produced with more than 90% trans using catalysts similar to those of high cis : neodymium, lanthanum , nickel. This material is a plastic crystal (i.e. not an elastomer) which melts at about 80 °C. It was formerly used for the outer layer of golf balls. Today it is only used industrially, but companies like Ube are investigating other possible applications. The use of metallocene catalysts to polymerize butadiene

2212-759: Is relatively well received as being useful for reviewing chemical toxicology. Macromolecular Symposia is a journal that publishes fourteen issues a year. This journal includes contributions to the macromolecular chemistry and physics field. The meetings of IUPAC are included in this journal along with the European Polymer Federation , the American Chemical Society , and the Society of Polymer Science in Japan. The Experimental Thermodynamics books series covers many topics in

2291-533: Is the Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (the "Orange Book"; 1st edition 1978). This book was revised in 1987. The second edition has many revisions that come from reports on nomenclature between 1976 and 1984. In 1992, the second edition went through many different revisions, which led to the third edition. Pure and Applied Chemistry is the official monthly journal of IUPAC. This journal debuted in 1960. The goal statement for Pure and Applied Chemistry

2370-769: Is the recognized world authority in developing standards for naming the chemical elements and compounds . Since its creation, IUPAC has been run by many different committees with different responsibilities. These committees run different projects which include standardizing nomenclature , finding ways to bring chemistry to the world, and publishing works. IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry, but IUPAC has publications in many science fields including chemistry, biology, and physics. Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing nucleotide base sequence code names; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists; and improving education in science. IUPAC

2449-443: Is to "publish highly topical and credible works at the forefront of all aspects of pure and applied chemistry." The journal itself is available by subscription, but older issues are available in the archive on IUPAC's website. Pure and Applied Chemistry was created as a central way to publish IUPAC endorsed articles. Before its creation, IUPAC did not have a quick, official way to distribute new chemistry information. Its creation

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2528-401: Is to be mixed with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). *Polybutadiene rubber may be added with Styrene as an impact modifier. High dosages may affect clarity of Styrene. In an internal mixer, natural rubber and/or styrene-butadiene rubber may be placed first, followed by polybutadiene. The plasticity of polybutadiene is not reduced by excessive mastication. The annual production of polybutadiene

2607-464: Is used in tire manufacturing and is blended with other tire polymers, also it can be advantageously used as an additive in plastics due to its low contents of gels. In 1980, researchers from the Japanese company, Zeon , discovered that high-vinyl polybutadiene (over 70%), despite having a high liquid-glass transition, could be advantageously used in combination with high cis in tires. This material

2686-401: Is used per tire in automobiles, and 3.3 kg in utility vehicles. About 25% of the produced polybutadiene is used to improve the mechanical properties of plastics, in particular of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and to a lesser extent acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The addition of between 4 and 12% polybutadiene to polystyrene transforms it from a fragile and delicate material to

2765-491: Is very popular, whereas the so-called "high trans " is a plastic crystal with few useful applications. The vinyl content of polybutadiene is typically no more than a few percent. In addition to these three kinds of connectivity, polybutadienes differ in terms of their branching and molecular weights. The trans double bonds formed during polymerization allow the polymer chain to stay rather straight, allowing sections of polymer chains to align to form microcrystalline regions in

2844-493: The White House for the amusement of the staff. Wham-O executive vice-president Richard P. Knerr knew that fads are short-lived. "Each Super Ball bounce is 92% as high as the last," he once said. "If our sales don't come down any faster than that, we've got it made." Initially, the full-sized Super Ball sold for 98¢ at retail; by the end of 1966, its colorful miniature versions sold for as little as 10¢ in vending machines. In

2923-447: The cis vs trans ratio. The catalyst used in the production significantly affects the type of polybutadiene product. This type is characterized by a high proportion of cis (typically over 92%) and a small proportion of vinyl (less than 4%). It is manufactured using Ziegler–Natta catalysts based on transition metals . Depending on the metal used, the properties vary slightly. Using cobalt gives branched molecules , resulting in

3002-420: The substituents , carbon chain length, and chemical affix. The substituents are any functional groups attached to the main carbon chain. The main carbon chain is the longest possible continuous chain. The chemical affix denotes what type of molecule it is. For example, the ending ane denotes a single bonded carbon chain, as in "hexane" ( C 6 H 14 ). Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature

3081-527: The third annual game in 1969 . According to one study, "If a pen is stuck in a hard rubber ball and dropped from a certain height, the pen may bounce to several times that height." If a Super Ball is dropped without spin onto a hard surface, with a small ball bearing on top of the Super Ball, the bearing rebounds to a great height. High school physics teachers use Super Balls to educate students on usual and unusual models of impacts. The "rough" nature of

3160-549: The Pacific Ocean are a result of reduced chlorophyll for phytoplankton production. It does this by reviewing information from research in the 1990s. This book goes into depth about: chemical speciation; analytical techniques; transformation of iron; how iron limits the development of high nutrient low chlorophyll areas in the Pacific Ocean . In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation

3239-633: The Terrestrial Ecosystem gives techniques to analyze minerals, microorganisms, and organic components together. This book also has a large section positing why environmental scientists working in the specific fields of minerals, microorganisms, and organic components of soil should work together and how they should do so. The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater is a book that describes how low concentrations of iron in Antarctica and

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3318-500: The Terrestrial Ecosystem is about how minerals, microorganisms, and organic components work together to affect terrestrial systems . This book identifies that there are many different techniques and theories about minerals, microorganisms, and organic components individually, but they are not often associated with each other. It further goes on to discuss how these components of soil work together to affect terrestrial life. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on

3397-487: The Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases is a book that includes multiple techniques that are used to study multiple phases of pure component systems. Also included in this book are the measurement techniques to obtain activity coefficients , interfacial tension , and critical parameters . This book was written for researchers and graduate students as a reference source. Atmospheric Particles

3476-423: The Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases is a book that gives an overview of techniques for measuring the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. It also goes into experimental techniques to test many different thermodynamic states precisely and accurately. Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases was written for people interested in measuring thermodynamic properties. Measurement of

3555-659: The World War II, using patents of IG Farben obtained via Standard Oil . Because of this, there was little industrial production of polybutadiene in America during this time. After the war, the production of synthetic rubber was in decline due to the decrease in demand when natural rubber was readily available again. However, interest was renewed in the mid-1950s after the discovery of the Ziegler–Natta catalyst . This method proved to be much better for tire manufacturing than

3634-487: The addition of styrene to the process resulted in better properties, and thus opted for this route. They had invented styrene-butadiene , which was named Buna-S ( S for styrene ). Although the Goodrich Corporation had successfully developed a process for producing polybutadiene in 1939, the U.S. federal government opted for the use of Buna-S to develop its synthetic-rubber industry after its entry into

3713-646: The advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). IUPAC is registered in Zürich , Switzerland , and the administrative office, known as the "IUPAC Secretariat", is in Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , United States . IUPAC's executive director heads this administrative office, currently Greta Heydenrych. IUPAC

3792-434: The advantage compared to SBR in its lower liquid-glass transition temperature, which gives it a high resistance to wear and a low rolling resistance. This gives the tires a long life and low fuel consumption. However, the lower transition temperature also lowers the friction on wet surfaces, which is why polybutadiene almost always is used in combination with any of the other two elastomers. About 1 kg of polybutadiene

3871-704: The atmosphere and ways to take atmospheric samples. Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation is a book that discusses environmental colloids and current information available on them. This book focuses on environmental colloids and particles in aquatic systems and soils. It also goes over techniques such as techniques for sampling environmental colloids, size fractionation, and how to characterize colloids and particles. Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation also delves into how these colloids and particles interact. Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems

3950-402: The ball perfectly rigid. Tangential compliance is the degree to which one body clings to rather than slips over another at the point of impact. Polybutadiene Polybutadiene [butadiene rubber, BR] is a synthetic rubber . It offers high elasticity, high resistance to wear, good strength even without fillers , and excellent abrasion resistance when filled and vulcanized. "Polybutadiene"

4029-554: The book that includes over seven thousand terms. The XML version of the book includes an open editing policy, which allows users to add excerpts of the written version. IUPAC and UNESCO were the lead organizations coordinating events for the International Year of Chemistry , which took place in 2011. The International Year of Chemistry was originally proposed by IUPAC at the general assembly in Turin , Italy. This motion

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4108-639: The boom lasted until the 1973 oil crisis . Since then, the growth rate of the production has been more modest, focused mainly in the Far East . In Germany, scientists from Bayer (at the time a part of the conglomerate IG Farben ) reproduced Lebedev's processes of producing polybutadiene by using sodium as a catalyst. For this, they used the trade name Buna, derived from Bu for butadiene , Na for sodium (natrium in Latin, Natrium in German). They discovered that

4187-654: The butadiene was obtained from petroleum. By 1940, the Soviet Union was by far the largest producer of polybutadiene with 50,000 tons per year. Following Lebedev's work, other industrialized countries such as Germany and the United States developed polybutadiene and SBR as an alternative to natural rubber . In the mid-1950s there were major advances in the field of catalysts that led to the development of an improved versions of polybutadiene. The leading manufacturers of tires and some petrochemical companies began to build polybutadiene plants on all inhabited continents;

4266-442: The continuous flexing during run. As a result, tires will not blow out in extreme service conditions. It is also used in the tread portion of giant truck tires to improve the abrasion, i.e. less wearing, and to run the tire comparatively cool, since the internal heat comes out quickly. Both parts are formed by extrusion . Its main competitors in this application are styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber. Polybutadiene has

4345-541: The early 2000s, the synthetic rubber industry was once again hit by one of its periodic crises. The world's largest producer of polybutadiene, Bayer, went through major restructuring as it was troubled by financial losses; between 2002 and 2005 it closed its cobalt-polybutadiene plants in Sarnia (Canada) and Marl (Germany), transferring their production to neodymium plants in Port Jérôme (France) and Orange (USA). During

4424-470: The effect of an equipment setup on an experiment. Fundamental Toxicology is a textbook that proposes a curriculum for toxicology courses. Fundamental Toxicology is based on the book Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists . Fundamental Toxicology is enhanced through many revisions and updates. New information added in the revisions includes: risk assessment and management; reproductive toxicology; behavioral toxicology; and ecotoxicology . This book

4503-522: The fields of thermodynamics. Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids is a book that is published by Blackwell Science . The topics that are included in this book are low and high-temperature measurements, secondary coefficients, diffusion coefficients , light scattering , transient methods for thermal conductivity , methods for thermal conductivity, falling-body viscometers, and vibrating viscometers . Solution Calorimetry

4582-406: The formulation. Polybutadiene rubber (BR) accounted for about 28% of total global consumption of synthetic rubbers in 2020, whereas styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was by far the most important grade (S-SBR 12%, E-SBR 27% of the entire synthetic rubber market). It is mainly used in the manufacture of tires , which consumes about 70% of the production. Another 25% is used as an additive to improve

4661-530: The fractal approach to understand the reactivity of flocs , sediments, soils, microorganisms, and humic substances. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem is meant to be read by chemists and biologists that study environmental systems. Also, this book should be used as a reference for earth scientists, environmental geologists, environmental engineers, and professionals in microbiology and ecology. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on

4740-467: The genome of an organism much smaller and easier to read. The codes for amino acids (24 amino acids and three special codes) are: Principles and Practices of Method Validation is a book entailing methods of validating and analyzing many analytes taken from a single aliquot . Also, this book goes over techniques for analyzing many samples at once. Some methods discussed include chromatographic methods, estimation of effects, matrix-induced effects, and

4819-516: The kinks out of Super Ball before we produced it," said Richard Knerr , President of Wham-O in 1966. "It always had that marvelous springiness.... But it had a tendency to fly apart. We've licked that with a very high-pressure technique for forming it. Now we're selling millions." Super Ball became a fad when it was introduced. Peak production reached over 170,000 Super Balls per day. By December 1965, over six million had been sold, and U.S. presidential adviser McGeorge Bundy had five dozen shipped to

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4898-421: The late 1960s, Wham-O made a giant Super Ball roughly the size of a bowling ball as a promotional stunt. It fell from the 23rd story window (some reports say the roof) of an Australian hotel and destroyed a parked convertible car on the second bounce. Composer Alcides Lanza purchased several Super Balls in 1965 as toys for his son, but soon he started experimenting with the sounds that they made when rubbed along

4977-742: The limitations of the use of bioassays to observe the effects of trace metals on organisms. Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces is a book created to aid environmental scientists in fieldwork. The book gives an overview of chemical mechanisms, transport, kinetics, and interactions that occur in environmental systems . Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces continues from where Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems leaves off. IUPAC color code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable. One extensive book on almost all nomenclature written (IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) by IUPAC committee

5056-428: The material. The golf ball production consumes about 20,000 tonnes of polybutadiene per year (1999). [REDACTED] Media related to Polybutadiene at Wikimedia Commons International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC / ˈ aɪ juː p æ k , ˈ juː -/ ) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for

5135-518: The material. The cis double bonds cause a bend in the polymer chain, preventing polymer chains from aligning to form crystalline regions, which results in larger regions of amorphous polymer. It has been found that a substantial percentage of cis double bond configurations in the polymer will result in a material with flexible elastomer (rubber-like) qualities. In free radical polymerization, both cis and trans double bonds will form in percentages that depend on temperature. The catalysts influence

5214-441: The official IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry . IUPAC stands as a legacy of this meeting, making it one of the most important historical international collaborations of chemistry societies . Since this time, IUPAC has been the official organization held with the responsibility of updating and maintaining official organic nomenclature . IUPAC as such was established in 1919. One notable country excluded from this early IUPAC

5293-446: The old sodium polybutadiene. The following year, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company was first to produce low cis polybutadiene using butyllithium as a catalyst. The relatively high production costs were a hindrance to commercial development until 1960 when production on a commercial scale began. Tire manufacturers like Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Goodrich were the first to produce plants for high cis polybutadiene, this

5372-402: The same time, the synthetic rubber business was transferred from Bayer to Lanxess , a company founded in 2004 when Bayer spun off its chemicals operations and parts of its polymer activities. 1,3-Butadiene is an organic compound that is a simple conjugated diene hydrocarbon (dienes have two carbon-carbon double bonds ). Polybutadiene forms by linking many 1,3-butadiene monomers to make

5451-479: The strengths and weaknesses of each equation. Some equations discussed include: virial equation of state cubic equations; generalized Van der Waals equations ; integral equations; perturbation theory; and stating and mixing rules. Other things that Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I goes over are: associating fluids, polymer systems, polydisperse fluids, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids, and fluids near their critical points. Measurement of

5530-545: The strings of a piano. This resulted in his composition Plectros III (1971), in which he specifies that the performer should use a pair of Super Balls on sticks as mallets with which to strike and rub the strings and case of a piano. Lamar Hunt , founder of the American Football League (AFL) and owner of the Kansas City Chiefs , watched his children play with a Super Ball and then coined

5609-401: The term Super Bowl . He wrote a letter to National Football League (NFL) commissioner Pete Rozelle dated July 25, 1966: "I have kiddingly called it the 'Super Bowl,' which obviously can be improved upon." The league's franchise owners had decided on the name AFL–NFL World Championship Game , but the media immediately picked up on Hunt's Super Bowl name, which became official beginning with

5688-408: The toughness (impact resistance) of plastics such as polystyrene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polybutadiene is also used to manufacture golf balls , various elastic objects and to coat or encapsulate electronic assemblies, offering high electrical resistivity . The Russian chemist Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev was the first to polymerize butadiene in 1910. In 1926 he invented

5767-607: The use of chlorine as a chemical weapon . The organization pointed out their concerns in a letter to Ahmet Üzümcü, the director of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), in regards to the practice of utilizing chlorine for weapon usage in Syria among other locations. The letter stated, "Our organizations deplore the use of chlorine in this manner. The indiscriminate attacks, possibly carried out by

5846-462: Was 2.0 million tons in 2003. This makes it the second most produced synthetic rubber by volume, behind the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The production processes of high cis polybutadiene and low cis used to be quite different and were carried out in separate plants. Lately, the trend has changed to use a single plant to produce as many different types of rubber as possible, including, low cis polybutadiene, high cis (with neodymium used as

5925-529: Was adopted by UNESCO at a meeting in 2008. The main objectives of the International Year of Chemistry were to increase public appreciation of chemistry and gain more interest in the world of chemistry . This event is also being held to encourage young people to get involved and contribute to chemistry. A further reason for this event being held is to honour how chemistry has made improvements to everyone's way of life. IUPAC Presidents are elected by

6004-510: Was decided that the journal would reprint old journal editions to keep all chemistry knowledge available. The Compendium of Chemical Terminology , also known as the "Gold Book", was originally worked on by Victor Gold . This book is a collection of names and terms already discussed in Pure and Applied Chemistry . The Compendium of Chemical Terminology was first published in 1987. The first edition of this book contains no original material, but

6083-644: Was established in 1919 as the successor of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry for the advancement of chemistry . Its members, the National Adhering Organizations, can be national chemistry societies , national academies of sciences , or other bodies representing chemists. There are fifty-four National Adhering Organizations and three Associate National Adhering Organizations. IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols ( IUPAC nomenclature )

6162-537: Was first suggested at the Paris IUPAC Meeting of 1957. During this meeting the commercial publisher of the journal was discussed and decided on. In 1959, the IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board was created and put in charge of the journal. The idea of one journal being a definitive place for a vast amount of chemistry was difficult for the committee to grasp at first. However, it

6241-554: Was followed by oil companies like Shell and chemical manufacturers such as Bayer. Initially, with plants built in the United States and France, Firestone enjoyed a monopoly on low cis polybutadiene, licensing it to plants in Japan and the United Kingdom. In 1965, the Japanese JSR Corporation developed its own low cis process and began licensing it during the next decade. The 1973 oil crisis marked

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