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57-471: Suphan Buri Province has a moderately diverse ethnic population, the majority are of Tai , Mon , Lao , Chinese , and Khmer descent. The word suphan originates from the Sanskrit word Suvarna ( Devanagari : सुवर्ण ), meaning ' gold ', and the word buri from Sanskrit purī (Devanagari: पुरी ), meaning 'town' or 'city'. Hence the name of the province literally means 'city of gold'. The terrain of

114-510: A Mueang ( Thai : เมือง ), a group of villages governed by a Chao ( Thai : เจ้า ) (lord). Listed below are lesser-known Tai peoples and languages. In Burma, there are also various Tai peoples that are often categorized as part of a larger Shan ethnicity ( see Shan people#Tai groups ). [REDACTED] Media related to Tai peoples at Wikimedia Commons Thapthim krop Thapthim krop ( Thai : ทับทิมกรอบ , pronounced [tʰáp.tʰīm krɔ̀ːp] ; literally 'crispy rubies')

171-547: A genetic mutation that has been estimated to have originated approximately 40,000 years ago, somewhere in China. A recent genetic and linguistic analysis in 2015 showed great genetic homogeneity between Kra-Dai speaking people, suggesting a common ancestry and a large replacement of former non-Kra-Dai groups in Southeast Asia. Kra-Dai populations are closest to southern Chinese and Taiwanese populations. The Tai practice

228-489: A type of feudal governance that is fundamentally different from that of the Han Chinese people, and is especially adapted to state formation in ethnically and linguistically diverse montane environments centered on valleys suitable for wet-rice cultivation. The form of society is a highly stratified one. The Tai lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in

285-706: Is a trait that they share with the neighboring ethnic Austroasiatic peoples as well as Austronesian peoples in Mainland Southeast Asia ( e.g. Cham in Bình Thuận Province of Vietnam , Jarai in Ratanakiri Province of Cambodia , Giarai and Ede in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam ), Malaysia, Singapore, and western Indonesia. Y-DNA haplogroups O-M95, O-M119, and O-M122 all are subclades of O-M175 ,

342-662: Is believed that the O-M119 Y-DNA haplogroup is associated with both the Austronesian people and the Tai. The prevalence of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175 among Austronesian and Tai peoples suggests a common ancestry with speakers of the Austroasiatic , Sino-Tibetan , and Hmong–Mien languages some 30,000 years ago in China ( Haplogroup O (Y-DNA) ). Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 is found at high frequency among most Tai peoples, which

399-447: Is bordered by neighboring provinces to the north by Uthai Thani and Chai Nat , to the east by Sing Buri , Ang Thong and Ayutthaya , to the south by Nakhon Phathom , and to the west by Kanchanaburi . There is one national park, Phu Toei National Park , with an area of 317 km (122 sq mi), which, along with eight other national parks, make up region 3 (Ban Pong) of Thailand's protected areas. In summer, it

456-686: Is covered by Heaven, that which is contained by the Earth and that on which the sun and moon shine, and regardless of whether the place was near or far, or what manner of people they are, there was no place for which they did not wish a peaceful land and a prosperous existence. It is natural that when China is governed peacefully, foreign countries would come and submit (來附)”…I am anxious that, as you are secluded in your distant places, you have not yet heard of my will. Thus, I am sending envoys to go and instruct you, so that you will all know of this" ( 14 July 1370 ). The Mongol prince Basalawarmi ruled Yunnan under

513-710: Is influenced by the Southeast monsoon from the South China Sea through from February to mid-May, causing the weather to be generally hot and humid. In rainy season, the Southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean blows through from May to mid-October, causing the weather to be humid en generally rainy. In winter, it is influenced by the Northeast monsoon blowing through from October to mid-February, causing

570-400: Is one of the best known Thai desserts , having been named one of the world's best 50 desserts by CNN Travel . It is made of cubes of water chestnuts soaked in grenadine or red food dye, then boiled in tapioca flour. This dessert is known as "pomegranate seeds" or "rubies" because of its appearance. It is usually eaten with coconut milk and ice cubes. This dessert -related article

627-580: Is the ebony tree makleua (มะเกลือ, scientific name Diospyros mollis ). The provincial flower is silk cotton tree, buttercup Cochlospermum religiosum . The provincial aquatic animal is Boeseman croaker ( Boesemania microlepis ), ปลาม้า. The province is divided into 10 districts ( amphoes ). The districts are further divided into 110 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 977 villages ( mubans ). As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Suphan Buri Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 45 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

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684-679: The Book of Later Han , which located the Shan kingdom "at the end of the boundaries of what is now Baoshan and Deihong Prefectures" and stated that Shan ambassadors came to the Han court from "beyond Yongchang " and "beyond Rinan ". Additionally, Du & Chen rejected the proposal that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253 Mongol invasion of Dali . Luo et al. (2000) proposed that Proto-Tais originated most likely from Guangxi - Guizhou , not Yunnan nor

741-457: The Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. 14°28′28″N 100°7′6″E  /  14.47444°N 100.11833°E  / 14.47444; 100.11833 Tai peoples Tai peoples are the populations who speak (or formerly spoke)

798-749: The Lachi speaking a Kra language . The Nung living on both sides of the Sino-Vietnamese border have their ethnonym derived from clan name Nong (儂 / 侬), whose bearers dominated what are now north Vietnam and Guangxi in the 11th century AD. In 1038, a Nong general named Nong Quanfu established a Nung state in Cao Bang , however was quickly annexed by Annamite king Ly Thai Tong in the next year. In 1048, Quanfu's son Nong Zhigao revolted against Annamese rule, and then marched eastwards to besiege Guangzhou in 1052. Another name that's shared between

855-667: The Nung , the Tay , and the Zhuang living along the Sino-Vietnamese border is Tho , which literally means autochthonous . However, this term was also applied to the Tho people , who are a separate group of indigenous speakers of Vietic languages, who have come under the influence of Tai culture. James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language family was formed as early as

912-715: The Nyaw or Yaw and the Phu Thai . The Zhuang in China do not constitute an autonymic unity. In various areas in Guangxi, they refer to themselves as pow ɕu:ŋ , pʰo tʰaj , pow ma:n , pow ba:n , or pow law , while those in Yunnan use the following autonyms: pu noŋ , bu daj , or bu jaj (= Bouyei , bùyi 布依). The Zhuang do not constitute a linguistic unity either, because Chinese authorities include within this group some distinct ethnic groups such as

969-639: The Tai languages . There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largest ethnic groups being Dai , Thai , Isan , Tai Yai (Shan), Lao , Tai Ahom , Tai Kassay and some Northern Thai peoples . The Tai are scattered through much of South China and Mainland Southeast Asia , with some ( e.g. Tai Ahom , Tai Kassay, Tai Khamyang , Tai Khamti , Tai Phake , Tai Aiton) inhabiting parts of Northeast India . Tai peoples are both culturally and genetically very similar and therefore primarily identified through their language. Speakers of

1026-526: The Taiwanese Austronesians and the Tai-Kadai peoples of Southern China. The Tai peoples, from Guangxi began moving south – and westwards in the first millennium CE, eventually spreading across the whole of mainland Southeast Asia. Based on layers of Chinese loanwords in proto- Southwestern Tai and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from

1083-637: The Western Han dynasty , ancestors of the Tai people were known as Dianyue (in today Yunnan ). Tai peoples migrated far and wide: by the Tang and Song periods, they were present from the Red River to the Salween River , from Baoshan to Jingdong . Du & Chen linked the ancestors of Thai people in modern- Thailand , in particular, to a 2nd-century Shan kingdom ( Shànguó 撣國) mentioned in

1140-615: The Yuan dynasty from the capital in Kunming . He ruled indirectly over an ethnically diverse collection of small polities and chieftainships. The most powerful of these states was controlled by the Duan family who ruled over the area surrounding Dali . The Ming Shi-lu reports that envoys were sent to instruct the inhabitants of Yunnan in 1371. In 1372 the famous scholar Wang Wei offered terms of surrender to Yunnan as an envoy. The envoy Wang Wei

1197-606: The 12th century BC in the middle of the Yangtze basin , coinciding roughly with the establishment of the Chu state and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty . Following the southward migrations of Kra and Hlai (Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day Zhejiang province , in the 6th century BCE, forming

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1254-514: The 860s, many local people in what is now north Vietnam sided with attackers from Nanchao , and in the aftermath some 30,000 of them were beheaded. In the 1040s, a powerful matriarch-shamaness by the name of A Nong , her chiefly husband, and their son, Nong Zhigao , raised a revolt, took Nanning , besieged Guangzhou for fifty seven days, and slew the commanders of five Chinese armies sent against them before they were defeated, and many of their leaders were killed. The Ahomese Tai chronicle relates

1311-673: The Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the Xi Ou , which became the Northern Tai ). Comparative linguistic research seems to indicate that the Tai peoples were a Proto-Tai–Kadai speaking culture of southern China and dispersed into mainland Southeast Asia. Some linguists proposes that Tai–Kadai languages may descended from the Proto-Austronesian language family. Laurent Sagart (2004) hypothesized that

1368-653: The Khmers of the upper and central Menam valley and greatly extended their territory." During the Ming dynasty in China , attempts were made to subjugate, control, tax, and settle ethnic Han along the lightly populated frontier of Yunnan with Southeast Asia (modern-day Burma , Thailand , Laos , and Vietnam ). This frontier region was inhabited by many small Tai chieftainships or states as well as other Tibeto-Burman and Mon–Khmer ethnic groups. The Ming Shi-lu records

1425-718: The Tai–Kadai languages may have originated on the island of Taiwan , where they spoke a dialect of Proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages. Unlike the Malayo-Polynesian group who later sailed south to the Philippines and other parts of maritime Southeast Asia, the ancestors of the modern Tai-Kadai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the Pearl River , where their language greatly changed from other Austronesian languages under

1482-586: The Thai culture is a mixture of Tai traditions with Indic, Mon, and Khmer influences. The formidable political control exercised by the Khmer Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok , the lower central plain and

1539-685: The Vietnamese cordillera into the Mekong Valley . The third and major migration direction crossed the valleys of the Red and Black River , heading west through the hills into Burma and Assam. As a result of these three bloody centuries, or with the political and cultural pressures from the north, some Tai peoples migrated southwestward, where they met the classical Indianized civilizations of Southeast Asia . Du Yuting and Chen Lufan from Kunming Institute Southeast Asian Studies claimed that, during

1596-752: The end of a 157 kilometres (98 mi) branch line of the State Railway of Thailand 's Southern Line , officially terminating at Suphan Buri railway station . The branch meets the main line at Nong Pladuk Junction near Ban Pong . Route 340 passes through Suphan Buri, leading north to Chai Nat and south to Bang Bua Thong . Route 321 leads west and then south to Nakhon Pathom . Route 329 leads east to Bang Pahan . Route 3195 leads north-east to Ang Thong . Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using

1653-477: The era of Angkorian king Jayavarman VII , an inscription called Prasat Phra Khan (จารึกปราสาทพระขรรค์) was made which mentions the name of Suvarnapura . Later it was called U Thong , and was once believed to be the home city of Prince U Thong , the founder of the Ayutthaya Kingdom . King Khun Luang Pha Ngua gave it the current name. Suphan Buri was a border city, and the site of several battles with

1710-566: The genetic connection between these two language families: Tai people tend to have high frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 (including its O-M88 subclade, which also has been found with high frequency among Vietnamese and among Kuy people in Laos, where they are also known as Suy, Soai, or Souei, and Cambodia ), moderate frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M122 (especially its O-M117 subclade, like speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages ), and moderate to low frequencies of haplogroup O-M119 . It

1767-429: The hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Villages would combine to form

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1824-522: The influence of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien language infusion. However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to the Daic (Tai-Kadai) expansion in its earliest phases. Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Tai-Kadai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates that dental evulsion , face tattooing , teeth blackening and snake cults are shared between

1881-480: The language was then heavily influenced by local languages from Sino-Tibetan , Hmong–Mien , or other families, borrowing much vocabulary and converging typologically . Later, Sagart (2008) introduces a numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, in which Tai-Kadai is considered as a later form of FATK , a branch of Austronesian belonging to subgroup Puluqic developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to

1938-492: The mainland, both to Guangdong, Hainan and northern Vietnam around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK vocabulary. On the other hand, Weera Ostapirat supports a coordinate relationship between Tai-Kadai and Austronesian, based on a number of phonological correspondences. The following are Tai-Kadai and Austronesian lexical items showing

1995-919: The many languages in the Tai branch of the Tai–Kadai language family are spread over many countries in Southern China , Indochina and Northeast India . Unsurprisingly, there are many terms used to describe the distinct Tai peoples of these regions. According to Michel Ferlus , the ethnonyms Tai/Thai (or Tay/Thay) evolved from the etymon *k(ə)ri: 'human being' through the following chain: kəri: > kəli: > kədi:/kədaj ( -l- > -d- shift in tense sesquisyllables and probable diphthongization of -i: > -aj ). This in turn changed to di:/daj (presyllabic truncation and probable diphthongization -i: > -aj ). And then to *daj (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > tʰaj (in Siamese and Lao) or > taj (in

2052-572: The middle Yangtze river. The Tai migrants assimilated and intermarried with the indigenous Austroasiatic peoples of Southeast Asia, or pushing them off to marginal areas, but their full expansion was halted by the Indian-influenced kingdoms of the Mon , Khmer and Cham , although the Khmer were the primary power in Southeast Asia by the time of the Tai migrations. The Tai formed small city-states known as mueang under Khmer suzerainty on

2109-487: The migrating event with the arrival of "9,000 Tai peoples, 8 noblemen, two elephants, and 300 horses" to Assam . Vietnamese scribers recorded groups of two- or three thousand "Mang savages" passing by. According to Baker, those migrants might have slowly exodused from their homeland via three routes. The early groups moved north to Guizhou . The second groups might have passed through the Red River Delta , crossing

2166-530: The modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometime between the 8th–10th centuries. Tai speaking tribes migrated southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into Southeast Asia, perhaps prompted by the Chinese expansion and suppression. Chinese historical texts record that, in 726 AD, hundreds of thousands Lǎo (獠) rose in revolt behind Liang Ta-hai in Guangdong , but

2223-493: The name of North Vietnam given by the ancient Chinese, would have emerged from the Austro-Asiatic *k(ə)ra:w 'human being'. lǎo 獠 < MC lawX < OC *C-rawʔ [C. rawˀ ] jiāo 交 < MC kæw < OC *kraw [ k.raw ] The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw kɛːw , a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory. In fact, Keo/ Kæw kɛːw

2280-774: The neighbouring Burmese . Suphan Buri people speak in a distinct Central Thai dialect, which is believed to be the form spoken during the Ayutthaya period. The province is Thailand's largest producer of water chestnuts ( Thai : ลูกแห้ว , RTGS :  luk haeo ), grown mainly in Mueang Suphan Buri , Sam Chuk , and the Si Prachan Districts of the province. About half of the province's 3,000 rai of cultivated water chestnuts are found in Tambon Wang Yang of Si Prachan. The vegetable

2337-699: The north gradually settled in the Chao Phraya valley from the tenth century onwards, in lands of the Dvaravati culture, assimilating the earlier Austroasiatic Mon and Khmer people, as well as coming into contact with the Khmer Empire. The Tais who came to the area of present-day Thailand were engulfed into the Theravada Buddhism of the Mon and the Hindu-Khmer culture and statecraft . Therefore,

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2394-525: The north of modern Thailand). The Sukhothai Kingdom was founded in 1279 (in modern Thailand) and expanded eastward to take the city of Chantaburi and renamed it to Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (modern Vientiane ) and northward to the city of Muang Sua which was taken in 1271 and renamed the city to Xieng Dong Xieng Thong or "City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong," (modern Luang Prabang , Laos). The Tai peoples had firmly established control in areas to

2451-533: The northeast of the declining Khmer Empire. Following the death of the Sukhothai king Ram Khamhaeng , and internal disputes within the kingdom of Lanna, both Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (Vientiane) and Xieng Dong Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang) were independent city-states until the founding of the kingdom of Lan Xang in 1354. The Sukhothai Kingdom and later the Ayutthaya kingdom were established and "...conquered

2508-569: The origin of the Kra–Dai language family in southern China. The Tai branch moved south into Southeast Asia only around 1000 AD. Chinese epigraphic materials from Chu texts show clear substrate influence predominantly from Tai-Kadai, and a few items of Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien origin. In a paper published in 2004, the linguist Laurent Sagart hypothesized that the proto-Tai–Kadai language originated as an Austronesian language that migrants carried from Taiwan to mainland China. Afterwards,

2565-620: The other Southwestern and Central Tai languages by Li Fangkuei ). Michel Ferlus ' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part by William H. Baxter (1992). The ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people (lǎo 獠) together with the ethnonym Gelao (Gēlǎo 仡佬), a Kra population scattered from Guìzhōu (China) to North Vietnam, and Sino-Vietnamese 'Jiao' as in Jiaozhi (jiāo zhǐ 交趾),

2622-485: The outskirts of the Khmer Empire , building the irrigation infrastructure and paddy fields for the wet-rice cultivation methods of the Tai people. Tai legends of Khun Borom , shared among various Southwestern Tai peoples of Southeast Asia , Greater Assam and Yunnan , concerns the first ruler of Meuang Thaen , whose progeny go on to find the Tai dynasties that ruled over the various Tai mueang . The Tais from

2679-401: The period of the Khmer Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control. The Tai, from their new home in Southeast Asia, were influenced by the Khmer and the Mon and most importantly Buddhist India. The Tai kingdom of Lanna was founded in 1259 (in

2736-494: The province is mostly low river plains, with small mountain ranges in the north and the west of the province. The southeastern part with the very low plain of the Tha Chin River or Suphan Buri River is paddy rice farming area. The total area of the province is 3.3 million rai ~ 5,358 km (2,069 sq mi) The total forest area is 631 km (244 sq mi) or 11.7 percent of provincial area. The province

2793-456: The province. Suphan Buri and Song Phi Nong have town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 43 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 81 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Suphan Buri's main hospital is Chao Phraya Yommarat Hospital , operated by the Ministry of Public Health . Suphan Buri is at

2850-602: The relations between the Ming court in Beijing and the Tai-Yunnan frontier as well as Ming military actions and diplomacy along the frontier. The first communication between the Ming dynasty and Yunnan was in a formal "letter of instruction" using ritual language. Submission to the Ming was described as part of the cosmological order: "From ancient times, those who have been lords of all under Heaven have looked on that which

2907-441: The state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter. According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed the Luo Yue , which moved into Lingnan and Annam and then westward into northeastern Laos and Sip Song Chau Tai , and later became

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2964-460: The upper Ping River in the Lamphun - Chiang Mai region. The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Some Tai groups were probably assimilated into the Khmer population. Historical records show that the Tai maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism . Tai historical documents note that

3021-500: The weather to be cold. The highest temperature in May is 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) and the lowest temperature is 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) in December. Suphan Buri might be the site of the legendary Suvarnabhumi , which is mentioned in very old Buddhist writings. However the first confirmed historical settlement was in the Dvaravati period, when the city was known as Mueang Thawarawadi Si Suphannaphumi ('the Dvaravati city of Suvarnabhumi'). Its founding took place c. 877–882. In

3078-448: Was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem of Thao Cheuang , and was only later applied to the Vietnamese. In Pupeo ( Kra branch ), kew is used to name the Tay ( Central Tai ) of North Vietnam. The name "Lao" is used almost exclusively by the majority population of Laos , the Lao people , and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai: Isan speakers (occasionally),

3135-589: Was murdered in 1374 and another mission was sent in 1375. Once again the mission failed. A diplomatic mission was sent to Burma in 1374, but because Annam was at war with Champa the roads were blocked and the mission was recalled. By 1380 the Ming were no longer wording their communications as if Yunnan was a separate country. Initial gentle promptings were soon to be followed by military force. Tai languages spoken today use incredibly diverse scripts, from Chinese characters to abugida scripts. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China possibly points to

3192-436: Was registered as a geographical indication (GI) product of Suphan Buri in 2017. The Thai dessert thapthim krop ( Thai : ทับทิมกรอบ ), with water chestnuts as its main ingredient, was named one of the world's best 50 desserts in 2019 by CNN Travel . The provincial seal shows the elephant battle between King Naresuan the Great and the crown prince of Burma in 1592, which took place in Suphan Buri. The provincial tree

3249-434: Was suppressed by Chinese general Yang Zixu, which left 20,000 rebels killed and beheaded. Two years later, another Li chief named Chen Xingfan declared himself the Emperor of Nanyue and led a large uprising against the Chinese, but was also crushed by Yang Zixu, who beheaded 60,000 rebels. In 756, another revolt led by Huang Chien-yao and Chen Ch'ung-yu that attracted 200,000 followers and lasted four years in Guangxi. In

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