92-462: Surat Diamond Bourse ( SDB ) is a diamond trade centre located in DREAM City , Surat , Gujarat , India, designed by the architecture firm Morphogenesis . It is the world's largest diamond trading hub with a floor space of 660,000 square metres (7,100,000 sq ft), as well as the world's largest office building .The current Chairman is Govind Dholakia and CEO of Surat Diamond Bourse
184-413: A Non-Directional Beacon (NDB). The new airport terminal building was inaugurated on 27 February 2009 by the former Union Minister of State for Petroleum, Dinsha Patel . The terminal building, constructed at the cost of ₹ 400 million, has a total floor area of 8,500 m (91,000 sq ft) and can handle 240 passengers per hour. It is equipped with CCTV cameras, two baggage carousels in
276-408: A solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic . Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure , but diamond
368-527: A subduction zone . Surat Airport Surat Airport ( IATA : STV , ICAO : VASU ) is an international airport serving Surat , Southern Gujarat . It is located in Magdalla , situated 12 km (6.4 mi) from the city centre. It has a total area of 770 acres (312 ha), and is the second busiest airport in Gujarat after Ahmedabad , in terms of both aircraft movements and passenger traffic. It
460-581: A 1,400-metre (4,600 ft) airstrip and an adjoining 60 by 40 metres (200 ft × 130 ft) apron was then transferred to the Airports Authority of India (AAI) in 2003, who began to modernise the airport. After a failed initial attempt in July 2004 to connect Surat with Mumbai and Bhavnagar due to poor airport infrastructure, the now-defunct airline Air Deccan operated an ATR-42 aircraft daily from November 2004 to July 2005. In 2007,
552-491: A Christie's auction. In May 2009, a 7.03-carat (1.406 g) blue diamond fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (6.97 million euros, or US$ 9.5 million at the time). That record was, however, beaten the same year: a 5-carat (1.0 g) vivid pink diamond was sold for US$ 10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1, 2009. Clarity
644-467: A capacity to handle up to seven jets at a time and extending the runway to 3,810 metres. The extension work of the runway was to have begun in 2009. The November 2014 collision of a buffalo with a SpiceJet Boeing 737 aircraft prompted the AAI to address the safety issues at the airport and extend the runway from 2,250 metres to 2,905 metres, at a cost of ₹ 500 million. The runway extension and repair
736-429: A central corridor, with access to services and facilities similar to an airport terminal . There are nine Panchtattva courts in between the nine buildings, created as recreational and green spaces. There are 131 lifts, with a speed of three metres per second. It has a two-level underground parking space, capable of accommodating 4,500 cars and 10,000 two-wheelers. All of the offices are centrally air-conditioned through
828-418: A chilled water-cooling system. The building provides amenities such as conference halls, multi-purpose halls, restaurants, banks, and retail shops along with security plans. In addition, there is a dedicated custom clearance house for import and export of diamonds, a National Diamond Research Institute (NDRI), an international convention centre, international education facilities, and five-star hotels. The complex
920-453: A cigarette lighter, but house fires and blow torches are hot enough. Jewelers must be careful when molding the metal in a diamond ring. Diamond powder of an appropriate grain size (around 50 microns) burns with a shower of sparks after ignition from a flame. Consequently, pyrotechnic compositions based on synthetic diamond powder can be prepared. The resulting sparks are of the usual red-orange color, comparable to charcoal, but show
1012-727: A continuum with carbonatites , but the latter have too much oxygen for carbon to exist in a pure form. Instead, it is locked up in the mineral calcite ( Ca C O 3 ). All three of the diamond-bearing rocks (kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre) lack certain minerals ( melilite and kalsilite ) that are incompatible with diamond formation. In kimberlite , olivine is large and conspicuous, while lamproite has Ti- phlogopite and lamprophyre has biotite and amphibole . They are all derived from magma types that erupt rapidly from small amounts of melt, are rich in volatiles and magnesium oxide , and are less oxidizing than more common mantle melts such as basalt . These characteristics allow
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#17327723841581104-452: A diamond to fluoresce. Diamonds can fluoresce in a variety of colors including blue (most common), orange, yellow, white, green and very rarely red and purple. Although the causes are not well understood, variations in the atomic structure, such as the number of nitrogen atoms present are thought to contribute to the phenomenon. Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity (900– 2320 W·m ·K ). Their high refractive index
1196-423: A double-insulated roofing system, a low-heat gain double-glazing unit, canopies for energy saving, a rainwater harvesting system, sewage treatment and water treatment plants among others. The other infrastructure developments at the airport added includes an extension of the apron for an additional 10 bays for code 'C' type aircraft, and a full-length parallel taxiway connecting the runway. The expansion has turned
1288-480: A gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in engagement or wedding rings , which are often worn every day. The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the Copeton and Bingara fields located in
1380-475: A metallic fluid. The extreme conditions required for this to occur are present in the ice giants Neptune and Uranus . Both planets are made up of approximately 10 percent carbon and could hypothetically contain oceans of liquid carbon. Since large quantities of metallic fluid can affect the magnetic field, this could serve as an explanation as to why the geographic and magnetic poles of the two planets are unaligned. The most common crystal structure of diamond
1472-532: A number of transportation options, as the core of the city, including: In addition to these transportation options, there are also plans to build a skywalk that will connect the SDB to the Dream City Convention Centre. The skywalk will provide a pedestrian-friendly connection between the two facilities. Connectivity between the SDB and DREAM City: Diamond trade Diamond is
1564-403: A pale blue flame, and continues to burn after the source of heat is removed. By contrast, in air the combustion will cease as soon as the heat is removed because the oxygen is diluted with nitrogen. A clear, flawless, transparent diamond is completely converted to carbon dioxide; any impurities will be left as ash. Heat generated from cutting a diamond will not ignite the diamond, and neither will
1656-613: A remarkable 45 kWh/sq.m./yr compared to the industry green benchmarks of 110 kWh/sq.m./yr. as per Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), thus earning it the prestigious Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Platinum rating. It features one of the world’s largest radiant cooling systems. A combination of thermal mass and porosity in relevant areas results in low external heat gains and lower cooling loads. Hybrid climate systems integrate passive strategies for natural ventilation with energy-efficient mechanical cooling. The central spine flares into vertical fins to funnel low-intensity winds using
1748-403: A result, a limitation was imposed on the runway to not allow more than two operations of aircraft having weight of over 75,000 kg up to its rated capacity of 80,000 kg, until the runway was repaired. In 2009, the AAI announced that the airport required 864 hectares of land, and the state government had allocated such land for the development. Planned improvements at the airport included
1840-419: A total area of 25,520 square metres (274,700 sq ft). It is capable of handling 1,800 passengers (1,200 domestic and 600 international) during peak hours daily, with a provision of handling a further 3,000 passengers at peak hours, and 5.5 million passengers annually, an increase from the earlier 3.5 million passengers. It is equipped with 20 check-in counters, 26 immigration counters, 5 aerobridges from
1932-463: A transition between graphite and diamond are well established theoretically and experimentally. The equilibrium pressure varies linearly with temperature, between 1.7 GPa at 0 K and 12 GPa at 5000 K (the diamond/graphite/liquid triple point ). However, the phases have a wide region about this line where they can coexist. At standard temperature and pressure , 20 °C (293 K) and 1 standard atmosphere (0.10 MPa),
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#17327723841582024-439: A valuer room, and a conference room. The customs house will inspect and clear diamond parcels for export, which will then be dispatched to the secure vault at Surat Airport for direct export to international destinations. However, due to the lack of direct international air connectivity to key destinations like New York and Antwerp from Surat Airport, the diamond parcels will still be sent to Mumbai for export, once cleared by
2116-467: A very linear trajectory which is explained by their high density. Diamond also reacts with fluorine gas above about 700 °C (1,292 °F). Diamond has a wide band gap of 5.5 eV corresponding to the deep ultraviolet wavelength of 225 nanometers. This means that pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal. Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities. The diamond crystal lattice
2208-425: A volcanic rock. There are many theories for its origin, including formation in a star, but no consensus. Diamond is the hardest material on the qualitative Mohs scale . To conduct the quantitative Vickers hardness test , samples of materials are struck with a pyramid of standardized dimensions using a known force – a diamond crystal is used for the pyramid to permit a wide range of materials to be tested. From
2300-471: Is metastable and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth. Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond
2392-449: Is 0.01% for nickel and even less for cobalt. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation. Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown color in diamonds. Boron is responsible for the blue color. Color in diamond has two additional sources: irradiation (usually by alpha particles), that causes the color in green diamonds, and plastic deformation of
2484-533: Is Mahesh Gadhavi. The SDB project was launched by the former Chief Minister of Gujarat , Anandiben Patel , after the laying the foundation stone for the construction of the complex, as well as of the Diamond Research and Mercantile City , on 15 February 2015. Though the COVID-19 pandemic slowed the construction progress, the pace was increased after restrictions were lifted. The overall structure of
2576-522: Is a pre-certified green building by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) because of its eco-friendly and sustainabity measures adopted to function itself, and is dubbed as the world's largest corporate building. The bourse has received a lukewarm reception from diamond traders, as it is located on the outskirts of the city of Surat and has poor connectivity, when compared with the existing Bharat Diamond Bourse , located in
2668-415: Is a solid form of pure carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal. Solid carbon comes in different forms known as allotropes depending on the type of chemical bond. The two most common allotropes of pure carbon are diamond and graphite . In graphite, the bonds are sp orbital hybrids and the atoms form in planes, with each bound to three nearest neighbors, 120 degrees apart. In diamond, they are sp and
2760-420: Is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history. Then surveyors must go to the area and collect samples, looking for kimberlite fragments or indicator minerals . The latter have compositions that reflect the conditions where diamonds form, such as extreme melt depletion or high pressures in eclogites . However, indicator minerals can be misleading; a better approach is geothermobarometry , where
2852-728: Is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity. Diamonds are extremely rare, with concentrations of at most parts per billion in source rock. Before the 20th century, most diamonds were found in alluvial deposits . Loose diamonds are also found along existing and ancient shorelines , where they tend to accumulate because of their size and density. Rarely, they have been found in glacial till (notably in Wisconsin and Indiana ), but these deposits are not of commercial quality. These types of deposit were derived from localized igneous intrusions through weathering and transport by wind or water . Most diamonds come from
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2944-405: Is another mechanical property toughness , which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 50–65 MPa ·m . This value is good compared to other ceramic materials, but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys, which typically exhibit toughness over 80 MPa·m . As with any material,
3036-414: Is called diamond cubic . It is formed of unit cells (see the figure) stacked together. Although there are 18 atoms in the figure, each corner atom is shared by eight unit cells and each atom in the center of a face is shared by two, so there are a total of eight atoms per unit cell. The length of each side of the unit cell is denoted by a and is 3.567 angstroms . The nearest neighbor distance in
3128-402: Is exceptionally strong, and only atoms of nitrogen , boron , and hydrogen can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals nickel and cobalt , which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration
3220-574: Is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are boron and nitrogen ). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high refractive index and a relatively high optical dispersion . Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in
3312-419: Is formed of layers stacked in a repeating ABCABC ... pattern. Diamonds can also form an ABAB ... structure, which is known as hexagonal diamond or lonsdaleite , but this is far less common and is formed under different conditions from cubic carbon. Diamonds occur most often as euhedral or rounded octahedra and twinned octahedra known as macles . As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of
3404-412: Is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the <111> direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice). Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as boron nitride , the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and nanocrystalline diamond aggregates . The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as
3496-404: Is hybrid rock with a chaotic mixture of small minerals and rock fragments ( clasts ) up to the size of watermelons. They are a mixture of xenocrysts and xenoliths (minerals and rocks carried up from the lower crust and mantle), pieces of surface rock, altered minerals such as serpentine , and new minerals that crystallized during the eruption. The texture varies with depth. The composition forms
3588-647: Is in the form of micro/nanoscale wires or needles (~100–300 nanometers in diameter, micrometers long), they can be elastically stretched by as much as 9–10 percent tensile strain without failure, with a maximum local tensile stress of about 89–98 GPa , very close to the theoretical limit for this material. Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors : some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators . The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in
3680-824: Is located in the core of the Diamond Research and Mercantile City , an upcoming business district. It is spread across 14.38 hectares (35.54 acres) with availability of 61,000 square metres (660,000 square feet) built-up area. The bourse comprises nine interconnected towers, each with 15 floors, accommodating 4,200 offices ranging from 28 square metres (300 square feet) to 700 square metres (7,500 square feet), out of which 2,700 offices are with 28 square metres (300 sq ft) area each in five towers, 900 offices with 46 square metres (500 sq ft) area in one tower, 400 offices with 93 square metres (1,000 sq ft) area in another tower, and two towers offering 350 larger offices exceeding 93 square metres (1,000 sq ft) area. The nine towers are connected with each other by
3772-477: Is one of the 4C's (color, clarity, cut and carat weight) that helps in identifying the quality of diamonds. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) developed 11 clarity scales to decide the quality of a diamond for its sale value. The GIA clarity scale spans from Flawless (FL) to included (I) having internally flawless (IF), very, very slightly included (VVS), very slightly included (VS) and slightly included (SI) in between. Impurities in natural diamonds are due to
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3864-797: Is partially oxidized. The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow. That is to say, this heat treatment partially removes oxygen-containing functional groups. But diamonds (sp C) are unstable against high temperature (above about 400 °C (752 °F)) under atmospheric pressure. The structure gradually changes into sp C above this temperature. Thus, diamonds should be reduced below this temperature. At room temperature, diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases. In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, diamond has an ignition point that ranges from 690 °C (1,274 °F) to 840 °C (1,540 °F); smaller crystals tend to burn more easily. It increases in temperature from red to white heat and burns with
3956-769: Is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges. Diamonds cut glass, but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials, such as quartz, also lie above glass on the Mohs scale and can also cut it. Diamonds can scratch other diamonds, but this can result in damage to one or both stones. Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature. The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically polished slowly, using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than
4048-454: Is the case with most other gemstones; these tend to result in extremely flat, highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges. Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion. Taken together, these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most diamantaires still rely upon skilled use of a loupe (magnifying glass) to identify diamonds "by eye". Somewhat related to hardness
4140-739: The Earth's mantle , and most of this section discusses those diamonds. However, there are other sources. Some blocks of the crust, or terranes , have been buried deep enough as the crust thickened so they experienced ultra-high-pressure metamorphism . These have evenly distributed microdiamonds that show no sign of transport by magma. In addition, when meteorites strike the ground, the shock wave can produce high enough temperatures and pressures for microdiamonds and nanodiamonds to form. Impact-type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters. Popigai impact structure in Russia may have
4232-566: The New England area in New South Wales , Australia. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is associated with the crystal growth form, which is single-stage crystal growth. Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. It
4324-515: The Venturi effect , while staggered atria allow for the escape of hot air through the stack effect , thereby maintaining a pleasant microclimate , or interior temperature. The radiant cooling systems cool the interiors by an energy-efficient system, that uses chilled water on the floors and ceilings. The rooftop solar project executed for SDB by the Ahmedabad -based startup, URON Energy, is one of
4416-559: The Wawa belt of the Superior province in Canada and microdiamonds in the island arc of Japan are found in a type of rock called lamprophyre . Kimberlites can be found in narrow (1 to 4 meters) dikes and sills, and in pipes with diameters that range from about 75 m to 1.5 km. Fresh rock is dark bluish green to greenish gray, but after exposure rapidly turns brown and crumbles. It
4508-646: The airport . The SDB is located at the centre of the upcoming city, thus making its location advantageous by staying close to the coast and to global markets, like the Middle Eastern countries of the United Arab Emirates , Iran , Qatar , Oman , etc. With a focus on sustainability, the SDB minimizes its environmental impact by adhering to the principles of Panchtattva , aligning with the five elements of nature . The building consumes 50% less energy by using natural lighting systems, achieving
4600-436: The lithosphere . Such depths occur below cratons in mantle keels , the thickest part of the lithosphere. These regions have high enough pressure and temperature to allow diamonds to form and they are not convecting, so diamonds can be stored for billions of years until a kimberlite eruption samples them. Host rocks in a mantle keel include harzburgite and lherzolite , two type of peridotite . The most dominant rock type in
4692-536: The normal color range , and applies a grading scale from "D" (colorless) to "Z" (light yellow). Yellow diamonds of high color saturation or a different color, such as pink or blue, are called fancy colored diamonds and fall under a different grading scale. In 2008, the Wittelsbach Diamond , a 35.56-carat (7.112 g) blue diamond once belonging to the King of Spain, fetched over US$ 24 million at
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#17327723841584784-402: The upper mantle , peridotite is an igneous rock consisting mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene ; it is low in silica and high in magnesium . However, diamonds in peridotite rarely survive the trip to the surface. Another common source that does keep diamonds intact is eclogite , a metamorphic rock that typically forms from basalt as an oceanic plate plunges into the mantle at
4876-820: The Earth's mantle , although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites . Synthetic diamonds can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from hydrocarbon gases by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Imitation diamonds can also be made out of materials such as cubic zirconia and silicon carbide . Natural, synthetic, and imitation diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements. Diamond
4968-492: The SDB customs office. As of December 2023, according to the SDB officials, the final approval from the Delhi customs headquarters is pending. Once granted, the SDB's customs house will be equipped with an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system for efficient tracking of diamond imports and exports, thus further streamlining the process for the rising diamond industry of Surat. The potential of Surat's diamond industry has inspired
5060-520: The SDB, and will host top international brands specialised in diamond jewellery retailing. As part of the mall, the SDB will have 27 diamond jewellery showrooms to provide spaces for the brands. The showrooms will be auctioned by the SDB Administrative Committee. The complex houses India's largest customs clearance center, covering an area of 5,600 square metres (60,000 sq ft) The customs office, strategically located in
5152-539: The airport into an international airport. The cargo terminal of the airport was inaugurated on 29 January 2020. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) approved a plan for the modular cargo terminal at the airport. After the approval of the tender, work on constructing of new cargo terminal was awarded to a Surat-based company for the 14,000 square feet (1,300 m ) cargo complex with a ground-level area of 10,800 square feet (1,000 m ) and first-floor area of 3,200 square feet (300 m ) respectively. Construction of
5244-462: The airport's 1,400-metre long runway was extended to 2,250 metres, to enable landing of larger aircraft. Subsequently, commercial services resumed on 6 May 2007, with an Indian Airlines Airbus A319 flight to Delhi flagged off by the former Minister of Civil Aviation , Praful Patel . However, in October 2007, the runway was reportedly damaged due to poor quality of work during its extension. As
5336-519: The arrivals hall, and one hand baggage X-ray machine, among other modern facilities like two aerobridges with Visual Docking Guidance System (VDGS), two elevators and two escalators, and a 120-seat lounge. Coffee Culture and other shops have been added. The construction work for the expansion of the terminal started in March 2020. The budget for the project is ₹ 353 crore, and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 17 December 2023. It has
5428-462: The atoms form tetrahedra, with each bound to four nearest neighbors. Tetrahedra are rigid, the bonds are strong, and, of all known substances, diamond has the greatest number of atoms per unit volume, which is why it is both the hardest and the least compressible . It also has a high density, ranging from 3150 to 3530 kilograms per cubic metre (over three times the density of water) in natural diamonds and 3520 kg/m in pure diamond. In graphite,
5520-420: The atoms, they have many facets that belong to a cube , octahedron, rhombicosidodecahedron , tetrakis hexahedron , or disdyakis dodecahedron . The crystals can have rounded-off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in nyf , an opaque gum-like skin. Some diamonds contain opaque fibers. They are referred to as opaque if
5612-451: The basement of the SDB, will oversee the export of valuable diamonds to various countries. It will be staffed by 11 officers, including a customs superintendent and inspectors, all sponsored by the SDB diamond bourse committee for the first three years. The customs office hosts many facilities, including a waiting area, two safe deposit vaults, a customs house-clearing (CHA) room, a postal department room, custom officers' cabins, officer cabins,
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#17327723841585704-425: The better-connected city of Mumbai . The SDB announced incentives for shifting diamond business to Surat. In order to boost connectivity, there needs to be worldwide connectivity with Surat, like the global diamond centres of Antwerp , Chicago and London , in order to establish its dominance out of Mumbai, and let firms enter without hesitation. The Surat Airport has been expanded to an international status, which
5796-410: The bonds between nearest neighbors are even stronger, but the bonds between parallel adjacent planes are weak, so the planes easily slip past each other. Thus, graphite is much softer than diamond. However, the stronger bonds make graphite less flammable. Diamonds have been adopted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. It has the highest thermal conductivity and
5888-512: The carbon source is more likely carbonate rocks and organic carbon in sediments, rather than coal. Diamonds are far from evenly distributed over the Earth. A rule of thumb known as Clifford's rule states that they are almost always found in kimberlites on the oldest part of cratons , the stable cores of continents with typical ages of 2.5 billion years or more. However, there are exceptions. The Argyle diamond mine in Australia ,
5980-436: The coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the crystal lattice , known as a carbon flaw . The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in
6072-634: The complex was completed in May 2022, and the overall construction was finished on 26 July 2023. It was officially declared as the world's largest office building , surpassing The Pentagon , by the Guinness World Records on 22 August 2023. It was supposed to be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in November 2023, but due to some internal works pending, it was delayed, and was inaugurated and opened on 17 December 2023. The building
6164-501: The compositions of minerals are analyzed as if they were in equilibrium with mantle minerals. Finding kimberlites requires persistence, and only a small fraction contain diamonds that are commercially viable. The only major discoveries since about 1980 have been in Canada. Since existing mines have lifetimes of as little as 25 years, there could be a shortage of new diamonds in the future. Diamonds are dated by analyzing inclusions using
6256-561: The conceptualisation of the Diamond Research and Mercantile City (DREAM City). With a core objective of improving the trading facilities of the diamond industry (forward and backward integration), this smart city project, as part of the Smart Cities Mission , covers an area of 683 hectares (1,690 acres), on NH-53 , close to the Surat international exhibition and convention centre, and at a distance of 3 km (1.9 mi) from
6348-598: The decay of radioactive isotopes. Depending on the elemental abundances, one can look at the decay of rubidium to strontium , samarium to neodymium , uranium to lead , argon-40 to argon-39 , or rhenium to osmium . Those found in kimberlites have ages ranging from 1 to 3.5 billion years , and there can be multiple ages in the same kimberlite, indicating multiple episodes of diamond formation. The kimberlites themselves are much younger. Most of them have ages between tens of millions and 300 million years old, although there are some older exceptions (Argyle, Premier and Wawa). Thus,
6440-470: The diamond crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds. In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red. "Black", or carbonado , diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause
6532-506: The diamond lattice is 1.732 a /4 where a is the lattice constant, usually given in Angstrøms as a = 3.567 Å, which is 0.3567 nm. A diamond cubic lattice can be thought of as two interpenetrating face-centered cubic lattices with one displaced by 1 ⁄ 4 of the diagonal along a cubic cell, or as one lattice with two atoms associated with each lattice point. Viewed from a <1 1 1> crystallographic direction , it
6624-415: The diamond lattice, donating a hole into the valence band . Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally undoped diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition . This conductivity is associated with hydrogen -related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by annealing or other surface treatments. Thin needles of diamond can be made to vary their electronic band gap from
6716-407: The diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so hydrophilic that they can stabilize multiple layers of water ice at human body temperature . The surface of diamonds
6808-476: The existing three, baggage conveyors, and parking spaces to accommodate 475 cars. It is designed keeping the local culture and heritage in mind, so, the facade is inspired by the old Kashta houses of Rander , a costal town in Surat district . It is also equipped with sustainability features and has been made eco-friendly with a Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) 4-star compliant, given for including
6900-449: The fibers grow from a clear substrate or fibrous if they occupy the entire crystal. Their colors range from yellow to green or gray, sometimes with cloud-like white to gray impurities. Their most common shape is cuboidal, but they can also form octahedra, dodecahedra, macles, or combined shapes. The structure is the result of numerous impurities with sizes between 1 and 5 microns. These diamonds probably formed in kimberlite magma and sampled
6992-408: The hardness and transparency of diamond, are the reasons that diamond anvil cells are the main tool for high pressure experiments. These anvils have reached pressures of 600 GPa . Much higher pressures may be possible with nanocrystalline diamonds. Usually, attempting to deform bulk diamond crystal by tension or bending results in brittle fracture. However, when single crystalline diamond
7084-455: The highest sound velocity. It has low adhesion and friction, and its coefficient of thermal expansion is extremely low. Its optical transparency extends from the far infrared to the deep ultraviolet and it has high optical dispersion . It also has high electrical resistance. It is chemically inert, not reacting with most corrosive substances, and has excellent biological compatibility. The equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions for
7176-423: The kimberlites formed independently of the diamonds and served only to transport them to the surface. Kimberlites are also much younger than the cratons they have erupted through. The reason for the lack of older kimberlites is unknown, but it suggests there was some change in mantle chemistry or tectonics. No kimberlite has erupted in human history. Most gem-quality diamonds come from depths of 150–250 km in
7268-474: The largest producer of diamonds by weight in the world, is located in a mobile belt , also known as an orogenic belt , a weaker zone surrounding the central craton that has undergone compressional tectonics. Instead of kimberlite , the host rock is lamproite . Lamproites with diamonds that are not economically viable are also found in the United States, India, and Australia. In addition, diamonds in
7360-467: The macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a cleavage plane and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. Diamond cutters use this attribute to cleave some stones before faceting them. "Impact toughness" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds. Diamond has compressive yield strength of 130–140 GPa. This exceptionally high value, along with
7452-591: The melting point of diamond increases slowly with increasing pressure; but at pressures of hundreds of GPa, it decreases. At high pressures, silicon and germanium have a BC8 body-centered cubic crystal structure, and a similar structure is predicted for carbon at high pressures. At 0 K , the transition is predicted to occur at 1100 GPa . Results published in an article in the scientific journal Nature Physics in 2010 suggest that, at ultra-high pressures and temperatures (about 10 million atmospheres or 1 TPa and 50,000 °C), diamond melts into
7544-579: The melts to carry diamonds to the surface before they dissolve. Kimberlite pipes can be difficult to find. They weather quickly (within a few years after exposure) and tend to have lower topographic relief than surrounding rock. If they are visible in outcrops, the diamonds are never visible because they are so rare. In any case, kimberlites are often covered with vegetation, sediments, soils, or lakes. In modern searches, geophysical methods such as aeromagnetic surveys , electrical resistivity , and gravimetry , help identify promising regions to explore. This
7636-407: The most unique and is one of the highest solar energy-generating rooftop solar projects in the world, with some very rare and ground-breaking features, such as: Other features such as sustainable waste disposal systems have been set up, and there is adequate green area in the SDB's premises in order to make the premises eco-friendly and to promote afforestation. The SDB is connected to DREAM City by
7728-469: The normal 5.6 eV to near zero by selective mechanical deformation. High-purity diamond wafers 5 cm in diameter exhibit perfect resistance in one direction and perfect conductance in the other, creating the possibility of using them for quantum data storage. The material contains only 3 parts per million of nitrogen. The diamond was grown on a stepped substrate, which eliminated cracking. Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic , which means
7820-620: The presence of natural minerals and oxides. The clarity scale grades the diamond based on the color, size, location of impurity and quantity of clarity visible under 10x magnification. Inclusions in diamond can be extracted by optical methods. The process is to take pre-enhancement images, identifying the inclusion removal part and finally removing the diamond facets and noises. Between 25% and 35% of natural diamonds exhibit some degree of fluorescence when examined under invisible long-wave ultraviolet light or higher energy radiation sources such as X-rays and lasers. Incandescent lighting will not cause
7912-529: The size of the resulting indentation, a Vickers hardness value for the material can be determined. Diamond's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. This does not mean that it is infinitely hard, indestructible, or unscratchable. Indeed, diamonds can be scratched by other diamonds and worn down over time even by softer materials, such as vinyl phonograph records . Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection, and orientation: hardness
8004-419: The stable phase of carbon is graphite, but diamond is metastable and its rate of conversion to graphite is negligible. However, at temperatures above about 4500 K , diamond rapidly converts to graphite. Rapid conversion of graphite to diamond requires pressures well above the equilibrium line: at 2000 K , a pressure of 35 GPa is needed. Above the graphite–diamond–liquid carbon triple point,
8096-454: The volatiles. Diamonds can also form polycrystalline aggregates. There have been attempts to classify them into groups with names such as boart , ballas , stewartite, and framesite, but there is no widely accepted set of criteria. Carbonado, a type in which the diamond grains were sintered (fused without melting by the application of heat and pressure), is black in color and tougher than single crystal diamond. It has never been observed in
8188-430: The world's largest diamond deposit, estimated at trillions of carats, and formed by an asteroid impact. A common misconception is that diamonds form from highly compressed coal . Coal is formed from buried prehistoric plants, and most diamonds that have been dated are far older than the first land plants . It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in subduction zones , but diamonds formed in this way are rare, and
8280-405: Was also inaugurated on the same day of the SDB's inauguration, and will help to fulfill this target. As of July 2024, out of 4,200 offices, over 200 offices have been opened, out of which over 30 offices are operated by Mumbai-based diamond firms. The complex also has the "diamond jewellery mall", which is a first in the world. It covers an area of 4,600 square metres (50,000 sq ft) within
8372-598: Was awarded the status of a customs airport on 9 June 2018, and the international status was approved by the cabinet on 15 December 2023. The airport was built by the Government of Gujarat in the early 1970s. Safari Airways, owned by Vijaypat Singhania of Raymond Group , operated regular services to Bombay and Bhavnagar using Douglas DC-3 aircraft in the 1970s. During the 1990s, Vayudoot and Gujarat Airways flew to Surat, but discontinued their flights in May 1994 and January 2000, respectively. The airport, with
8464-489: Was taken up in three phases. In the first phase, the runway was extended by 655 metres. The adjoining concrete apron measures 235 by 90 metres, and is linked by two taxiways to its sole runway that is oriented 04/22, was 2,250 metres long and 45 metres wide, but was extended to 2,905 metres in 2017. The airfield is equipped with night landing facilities and an Instrument Landing System (ILS), as well as navigational facilities like DVOR / Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) and
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