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70-434: They are mentioned between the 6th and 10th century as Cervetiis ( Servetiis ), gentis (S)urbiorum , Suurbi , Sorabi , Soraborum , Sorabos , Surpe , Sorabici , Sorabiet , Sarbin , Swrbjn , Servians , Zribia , and Suurbelant . It is generally considered that their ethnonym *Sŕbъ (plur. *Sŕby ) originates from Proto-Slavic language with a appellative meaning of a "family kinship" and "alliance", while other argue

140-735: A Louis the Pious 's general assembly at Frankfurt . In May 826, at a meeting at Ingelheim , Cedrag of the Obotrites and Tunglo "one of the magnates" of the Sorbs were accused of malpractices; they were ordered to appear in October, and Tunglo surrendered his son as hostage to be allowed to return home. The Franks had, sometime before the 830s, established the Sorbian March , comprising eastern Thuringia, in easternmost East Francia . In 839,

210-523: A Wendish identity by speaking on behalf of the community which recognised his authority. The history of the tribal union after Samo's death in 658 or 659 is largely unclear, though it is generally assumed that it ended. Archaeological findings show that the Avars returned to their previous territories (at least to southernmost modern Slovakia) and entered into a symbiosis with the Slavs, whereas territories to

280-729: A Slav-speaker, had considerable success in Christianizing the Sorbs. Although by 994 some Slavic people managed to get independence, only Sorbs remained under Saxon control. Cosmas of Prague in his 12th century Chronica Boemorum , speaking about mythical history of Czechs, mentions certain tutor Duringo of Sribia genere and as scelestus Zribin . The chronicle, dealing with real historical events, mentions land of Serbia ( Zribiam 1040, 1087, 1088, 1095, 1109, and Sribiae 1113), mainly in regard of being crossed by Saxons to attack Bohemia, or local castles being attacked by Bohemia, from there moved regional princes to Poland and back, or as

350-644: A derivation from Iranian-Sarmatian language. According to the old theorization by Joachim Herrmann , the Serbian tribe characterized by Rüssen-type of Leipzig group pottery arrived from the Middle Danube in the beginning of the 7th century and settled between Saale and Elbe river, but only since the 10th century their ethnonym was transferred to the Luzici, Milceni and other tribes of Sukow-Dziedzice and Tornow group who supposedly were present from

420-439: A distinction between two pitch accents, traditionally called "acute" and "circumflex" accent. The acute accent was pronounced with rising intonation, while the circumflex accent had a falling intonation. Short vowels (*e *o *ь *ъ) had no pitch distinction, and were always pronounced with falling intonation. Unaccented (unstressed) vowels never had tonal distinctions, but could still have length distinctions. These rules are similar to

490-458: A land where were banished people from Bohemia. Since then the Sorbian tribes mostly disappeared from the political scene. From the 11th to the 15th century, agriculture east of Elbe River developed and colonization by Frankish, Flemish and Saxon settlers intensified. The Slavs were allowed to live mainly in the periphery of the cities, and the military-administrative as well as religious authority

560-750: A late-period variant, representing the late 9th-century dialect spoken around Thessaloniki ( Solun ) in Macedonia , is attested in Old Church Slavonic manuscripts. Proto-Slavic is descended from the Proto-Balto-Slavic branch of the Proto-Indo-European language family, which is the ancestor of the Baltic languages , e.g. Lithuanian and Latvian . Proto-Slavic gradually evolved into the various Slavic languages during

630-551: A macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences: For consistency, all discussions of words in Early Slavic and before (the boundary corresponding roughly to the monophthongization of diphthongs , and the Slavic second palatalization ) use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels. Discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic, as well as later dialects, use

700-618: A similar fashion as did the Bulgars with the Bulgarians . Dvornik additionally argued that they helped the Croats fighting the Avars. Recent scholars also consider that they arrived as a small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs, but that the Serbs did not fight the Avars as there's no evidence and mention of it in historical sources. In 782,

770-573: Is an "old theory" with seriously erroneous dating of the ceramics and sites, which in reality date to the 8th and 9th century. The archaeological data and historical sources indicate earliest Slavic migration along the Carpathians and the Alps since the late 6th century with Korchak-type material. It is considered that their earliest mention is at least from the 6th century or earlier by Vibius Sequester , who recorded Cervetiis ( Servetiis ) living on

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840-592: Is related to Fredegar's as the revolt against the Avars after the Siege of Constantinople (626) coincides with the period of Heraclius, when Byzantine Empire was also in crisis and likely used the Slavs against the Avars in the Western frontier of the Empire. Serbs and Heraclius could have come into contact at the time, and Heraclius knew about those faraway lands, because Heraclius made a treaty in 629 with king Dagobert I of

910-480: Is slight dialectal variation. It also covers Late Common Slavic when there are significant developments that are shared (more or less) identically among all Slavic languages. Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with

980-484: Is the unattested , reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages . It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium BC through the 6th century AD . As with most other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other Indo-European languages . Rapid development of Slavic speech occurred during

1050-486: Is unclear whether by then, or later in the year, Sorbs killed their dux Zistibor. In 869, Sorbs (as a tribe, not confederation) and Siusli (another Sorbic tribe) "joined with the Bohemians and the other peoples of the region and crossed the old Thuringian border: they laid many places waste and killed some who rashly came together to attack them". In August of the same year, many Sorbs and Bohemian mercenaries recruited by

1120-491: Is unlikely that the center of Samo's tribal union was in the whole territory of present-day Slovakia. The settlements of the later Moravian and Nitrian principalities (see: Great Moravia ) are often identical with those from the time of Samo's Empire. According to the findings of some German archaeologists, the core of Samo's state was located north of the Danube, and in the upper Main region . In some historical sources of

1190-694: The "duke of the Wends " ( Wallucus dux Winedorum ) was mentioned. These Wends referred to the Slavs of the Windic March , which according to some historians was the later March of Carinthia (Carantania) in present Slovenia and Austria. According to Jan Steinhubel, Valuk allowed Longobards to pass through his territory and attack Samo from south-west. Longobards were allies of Franks (Dagobert I) against Samo. If Valuk allowed Longobards to go through his territory, his principality could have not been part of Samo's empire. The most famous event of Samo's career

1260-450: The Avar defeat in 626, he definitely took advantage of the latter to solidify his position. A string of victories over the Avars proved his ability to his subjects and secured his election as rex (king). Samo went on to secure his throne by marriage into the major Wendish families, wedding at least twelve women and fathering twenty-two sons and fifteen daughters. In 630–631, Valuk ,

1330-789: The Franks against the Avars. Francis Dvornik considered that the Serbian migration was caused by the Frankish pressure and conquest of Thuringia, and the Byzantine alliance against the Avars. The migration probably temporarily diminished Serbian and Slavic power in Polabia. Part of the Serbs who emigrated to the Southeastern Europe arrived as a military and ruling elite, that could not influence "racial and linguistic evolution" of other South Slavs and natives, imposing only their name in

1400-936: The Great in his Geography of Europe (888–893) relying on Orosius , recorded that " north of the Dalamensians are the Surpe /Servians ". The Arab historians and geographers Al-Masudi and Al-Bakri (10th and 11th century) writing on the Saqaliba mentioned the Sarbin or Sernin living between the Germans and the Moravians, a "Slavic people much feared for reasons that it would take too long to explain and whose deeds would need much too detailed an account. They have no particular religious affiliation". They, like other Slavs, "have

1470-632: The Moravians as "enemies" and "opressors"), while Thietmar of Merseburg in his Chronicon Thietmari speaking about Thuringia wrote that "in the reign of the Duke Svatopluk we were ruled by Bohemian princes. Our ancestors paid him an annual tribute and he had bishops in his country, then called Marierun [Moravia]". The mid-9th century Bavarian Geographer mentioned the Surbi having 50 civitates ( Iuxta illos est regio, que vocatur Surbi, in qua regione plures sunt, que habent civitates L ). Alfred

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1540-629: The Obotrites and Veletians, and strengthened the grip on the Sorbs and Glomacze. Between 932 and 963 the Sorbs lost their independence, pressured by Gero , becoming part of Marca Geronis . Since the 940s were built Burgwards in the territory of the Sorbs, and the Margravate of Meissen and March of Lusatia were established in 965, remaining part of the Holy Roman Empire , with Otto I founding many Slavic bishoprics (including Bishopric of Merseburg ). Bishop Boso of St. Emmeram (d. 970),

1610-532: The Proto-Slavic period, coinciding with the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Dialectal differentiation occurred early on during this period, but overall linguistic unity and mutual intelligibility continued for several centuries, into the 10th century or later. During this period, many sound changes diffused across the entire area, often uniformly. This makes it inconvenient to maintain

1680-570: The Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic time of linguistic unity roughly into three periods: Authorities differ as to which periods should be included in Proto-Slavic and in Common Slavic. The language described in this article generally reflects the middle period, usually termed Late Proto-Slavic (sometimes Middle Common Slavic ) and often dated to around the 7th to 8th centuries. This language remains largely unattested, but

1750-628: The Rhineland against the Saxons in 880, joint forces of the Sorbs, Daleminzi, Bohemians and other near tribes attacked the Slavs around Saale river "faithful to the Thuringians with plunder and burning. Count Poppo , dux of the Sorbian march, came against them with the Thuringians, and with God's help so defeated them that not one out of a great multitude remained". The Sorbs in Saxony probably were

1820-570: The River Elbe" in 806. The region was laid to waste, upon which the other Slavic chieftains submitted and gave hostages. Franks constructed two castles, one on each river. Ten years later, in 816 the Sorbs rebelled, but their diobedience was suppressed after Saxons and East Franks campaign conquering their cities, and renewing their oaths of submission. In 822, the Sorbs sent an embassy with gifts alongside other Slavs (Obodrites, Wilzi, Bohemians, Moravians, Praedenecenti as well as Pannonian Avars) to

1890-965: The Saxons wrote that the "heathens are bad", but their land is rich for cultivation and harvest. The 12th-century Helmond described the Sorbs of having a "generally innate cruelty", that the pagan people would "tear out the entrails of captured Christians and then wrap them around a stake", while an clergyman stated that the Sorbs and Elbe Slavs are "men without mercy ... rob, murder and kill many with selected tortures". Proto-Slavic language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl. , PS. ; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic )

1960-536: The Saxons fought "the Sorabos, called Colodici " at Kesigesburch and won the battle, managing to kill their king Cimusclo (or "Czimislav") , with Kesigesburch and eleven forts being captured. The Sorbs were forced to pay tribute and forfeited territory to the Franks. The Sorbian tribe of Colodici was furthermore mentioned in 973 ( Coledizi pagus , Cholidici ), in 975 ( Colidiki ), and 1015 ( Colidici locus ). Besides Colodici other tribes which scholars consider part of

2030-616: The Serbian district was located somewhere between Magdeburg and Lusatia , and was later mentioned by the Ottonians as Ciervisti , Zerbisti , and Kirvisti . According to a fringe theory their area of settlement possibly also included part of Chebsko (the northwestern edge of the Czech Republic), but it is a baseless claim without a source, and scholars, including E. Simek proved only Czechs lived there. Henryk Łowmiański concluded that there's no mention of Sorbs/Serbs living in

2100-575: The Slavic notation. For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate tone and length distinctions on vowels, based on the standard notation in Serbo-Croatian : There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages. The most important for this article are: The following is an overview of the phonemes that are reconstructible for Middle Common Slavic. Middle Common Slavic had

2170-580: The Slavs who successfully repelled and killed Arn (bishop of Würzburg) in 892. It is considered that somewhere in the second-half of the 9th century, Svatopluk I of Moravia (r. 871–894) may have incorporated the Sorbs into Great Moravia , or spread Moravian influence in the region, because Annales Fuldenses mentions an oath of fidelity mission with gifts by Sorbs in Salz and then Bohemians in Regensburg to king Arnulf in 895/897 (with Bohemians calling

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2240-696: The Sorbs and Obotrites led by chieftain Witzan . The army reached Dragovit , who surrendered, followed by other Slavic magnates and chieftains who submitted to Charlemagne. Charles the Younger launched a campaign against the Slavs in Bohemia in 805, killing their dux , Lecho, and then proceeded crossing the Saale with his army and killed rex (king) Melito (or "Miliduoch") of the Sorabi or Siurbis who "live on

2310-506: The Sorbs, inhabiting the region between the Elbe and Saale, plundered Thuringia and Saxony. Charlemagne sent Adalgis, Worad and Geilo into Saxony, aimed at attacking the Sorbs, however, they met with rebel Saxons who destroyed them. In 789, Charlemagne launched a campaign against the Wiltzi ; after reaching the Elbe, he went further and successfully "subjected the Slavs". His army also included

2380-577: The Sorbs, were killed and forced to return home or surrender by Louis the Younger , Thuringian and Saxon forces. After death of Thachulf in August 873, the Sorbs and Siusli rebelled again, but Liutbert (archbishop of Mainz) and new Sorbian March dux Radulf II in January 874 "by pillaging and burning crushed their insolence without battle and reduced them to their former servility". After the Viking raids in

2450-536: The South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish) and Bulgarian, they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in

2520-515: The White Serbs was of clan character, which indicates the beginnings of state formation. The Sorbian 'civitates' are equal to simple chiefdoms, the particular clan regions correspond with complex chiefdoms. The high king ('rex supérbus') had only hegemonic authority over the heads of the clan regions ('ceteri reges'). Later on in the 9th and early 10th century the political unity of the Sorbi region

2590-448: The accent (moved it to the preceding syllable). This occurred at a time when the Slavic-speaking area was already dialectally differentiated, and usually syllables with the acute and/or circumflex accent were shortened around the same time. Hence it is unclear whether there was ever a period in any dialect when there were three phonemically distinct pitch accents on long vowels. Nevertheless, taken together, these changes significantly altered

2660-452: The accent was free and thus phonemic; it could occur on any syllable and its placement was inherently a part of the word. The accent could also be either mobile or fixed, meaning that inflected forms of a word could have the accent on different syllables depending on the ending, or always on the same syllable. Common Slavic vowels also had a pitch accent . In Middle Common Slavic, all accented long vowels, nasal vowels and liquid diphthongs had

2730-428: The approximate limit of Slavic westward migration. Fredegar recounts that under the leadership of dux (duke) Dervan ( Dervanus dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum ), they joined the Slavic tribal union of Samo , after Samo's decisive victory against Frankish King Dagobert I in 631. Afterwards, these Slavic tribes continuously raided Thuringia . The fate of the tribes after Samo's death and dissolution of

2800-649: The basis that the Wends would have most likely rebelled after the defeat of the Avars at the First Siege of Constantinople in 626. The Avars first arrived in the Pannonian Basin and subdued the local Slavs in the 560s. Samo may have been one of the merchants who supplied arms to the Slavs for their regular revolts. Whether he became king during a revolt of 623–24 or during the one which inevitably followed

2870-633: The beginning of the syllable. By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of developments in the liquid diphthongs . Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern Lechitic languages ( Kashubian , extinct Slovincian and Polabian ) only with lengthening of

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2940-628: The core Sorbian tribes were Glomacze-Daleminzi , Chutici-Chudzicy, Citici-Żytyce, Neletici-Nieletycy, Siusler-Susłowie among others. According to the Annales Fuldenses , in 849 Thachulf, Duke of Thuringia held also the title "dux of the Sorbian March", In 851, the Sorbs attacked and raided Frankish border, provoking Louis the German 's invasion which "oppressed them severely. He tamed them, after they had lost their harvests and so

3010-574: The custom of burning themselves alive when a king or chieftain dies. They also immolate his horses". In the Hebrew book Josippon (10th century) are listed four Slavic ethnic names from Venice to Saxony ; Mwr.wh (Moravians), Krw.tj (Croats), Swrbjn (Sorbs), Lwcnj (Lučané or Lusatians ). Henry the Fowler had subjected the Stodorani in 928, and in the following year imposed overlordship on

3080-472: The distribution of the pitch accents and vowel length, to the point that by the end of the Late Common Slavic period almost any vowel could be short or long, and almost any accented vowel could have falling or rising pitch. Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were open . The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables,

3150-430: The early 9th century, this region is described as " regio Sclavorum " or " terra Slavorum ". Large amounts of early medieval Slavic ceramics are also found here. Many Slavic toponyms have also been found in this area, such as Winideheim ("The Hill of the Wends"), and Knetzburg (“Prince's Castle”). According to Fredegar, Samo, a Frankish merchant, went to the Slavs in c. 623–624. The dating has been questioned on

3220-603: The first place. Samo%27s Empire Samo's Empire (also known as Samo's Kingdom or Samo's State ) is the historiographical term for the West Slavic tribal union established by King (" Rex ") Samo . It existed between 623/631 and 658 in Central Europe . The extent of Samo's power before and after 631 is disputed. The centre of the union was most likely in Moravia and Nitravia (Nitra); additionally,

3290-479: The following vowel system ( IPA symbol where different): The columns marked "central" and "back" may alternatively be interpreted as "back unrounded" and "back rounded" respectively, but rounding of back vowels was distinctive only between the vowels *y and *u. The other back vowels had optional non-distinctive rounding. The vowels described as "short" and "long" were simultaneously distinguished by length and quality in Middle Common Slavic, although some authors prefer

3360-568: The ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish Thuringia several times and undertook looting raids there. Dervan , the "duke of the Sorbs " ( dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum ), initially subordinate to the Franks, joined the Slavic tribal union after Samo defeated Dagobert I. The Sorbs lived to the east of the Saxon Saale . Dervan participated in

3430-457: The hope of food". In August 856 the Sorbian duces joined king Louis's army in his successful attack on Daleminzi and Duchy of Bohemia . In 857, the brother of Sclavitag/Slavitach son of rebellious Wiztrach dux of Bohemians, found a refuge at the court of Zistibor of Sorbs before was made new dux of Bohemians by the Franks. For summer 858, Thachulf was ordered to attack the Sorbs, as one of three armies dealing with different Slavic frontiers. It

3500-529: The late 5th and early 6th century (Tornow since 7th; it was also argued that to the West were present some Slavs with Prague-Korchak culture ). Herrmann also considered that the Sorbs settled and influenced around Magdeburg , Havelland , Thuringia and northeast Bavaria , and alongside them immigrated Croats and Bulgars from Middle Danube. However, since the 1980s, Herrmann's theory is outdated and rejected by archaeologists, historians and other scholars because it

3570-450: The latter half of the first millennium AD, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking area. There is no scholarly consensus concerning either the number of stages involved in the development of the language (its periodization ) or the terms used to describe them. One division is made up of three periods: Another division is made up of four periods: This article considers primarily Middle Common Slavic, noting when there

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3640-442: The least in Russian and the most in Czech. Palatalized consonants never developed in Southwest Slavic (modern Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian), and the merger of *ľ *ň *ř with *l *n *r did not happen before front vowels (although Serbian and Croatian later merged *ř with *r). As in its ancestors, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European, one syllable of each Common Slavic word was accented (carried more prominence). The placement of

3710-398: The north of the Avar Khaganate were purely Slav territories. The first specific thing that is known about the fate of these Slavs and Avars is the existence of Moravian and Nitravian principalities in the late 8th century, which attacked the Avars, and the defeat of the Avars by the Franks under Charlemagne in 799 or 802–03, after which the Avars soon ceased to exist. Great Moravia

3780-405: The other part of the river Elbe which divided them from the Suevi ( Albis Germaniae Suevos a Cerveciis dividiit ). According to one theory, the original Serbs were not of Slavic origin and such an early mention is related to possible westward migration of Alanic tribe of Serboi with the Huns who later as an elite subjugated Slavic population giving it their name. According to Lubor Niederle ,

3850-476: The polity lay "somewhere in the area of southern Moravia, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia (Nitravia)". According to J. B. Bury , "the assumption that his kingdom embraced Carantania , the country of the Alpine Slavs, rests only upon the Anonymus de conversione Bagariorum et Carantanorum ". Archaeological findings indicate that the empire was situated in present-day Moravia , Lower Austria and Slovakia . According to Slovak historian Richard Marsina , it

3920-414: The preceding vowel had to be short. Consonant clusters were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example, *bogatьstvo "wealth" was divided into syllables as * bo-ga-tь-stvo , with the whole cluster * -stv- at

3990-421: The restrictions that apply to the pitch accent in Slovene . In the Late Common Slavic period, several sound changes occurred. Long vowels bearing the acute (long rising) accent were usually shortened, resulting in a short rising intonation. Some short vowels were lengthened, creating new long falling vowels. A third type of pitch accent developed, known as the "neoacute", as a result of sound laws that retracted

4060-431: The subsequent wars against the Franks, successfully fighting against Frankish Thuringia (631–634), until he was finally defeated by Radulf of Thuringia in 636. In 641, the rebellious Radulf sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, Sigebert III . Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships. On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons. Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging

4130-460: The syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl. gordъ > Kashubian gard ; > Polabian * gard > gord ). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a syllabic sonorant (palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively). This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. Most of

4200-491: The terms "lax" and "tense" instead. Many modern Slavic languages have since lost all length distinctions. Vowel length evolved as follows: In § Grammar below, additional distinctions are made in the reconstructed vowels: Middle Common Slavic had the following consonants (IPA symbols where different): The phonetic value (IPA symbol) of most consonants is the same as their traditional spelling. Some notes and exceptions: In most dialects, non-distinctive palatalization

4270-415: The territory of Bohemia in Czech and German historical sources. The information by Vibius Sequester is in accordance with the Frankish 7th-century Chronicle of Fredegar according to which the Surbi lived in the Saale - Elbe valley, having settled in the Thuringian part of Francia at least since the second-half of the 6th century and were vassals of Merovingian dynasty . The Saale-Elbe line marked

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4340-447: The traditional definition of a proto-language as the latest reconstructable common ancestor of a language group, with no dialectal differentiation. (This would necessitate treating all pan-Slavic changes after the 6th century or so as part of the separate histories of the various daughter languages.) Instead, Slavicists typically handle the entire period of dialectally differentiated linguistic unity as Common Slavic . One can divide

4410-425: The union in 658 is undetermined, but it is considered that subsequently returned to Frankish vassalage. According to 10th-century source De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII , writing on the Serbs and their lands previously dwelt in, they lived "since the beginning" in the region called by them as Boiki ( Bohemia ; a mistake by Constantine VII which should be understood as "near" instead of "in") which

4480-407: The union included Czech tribes, Slovak tribes, Sorbian tribes (under Dervan ), and other West Slavic tribes along the river Danube (present Lower Austria and Hungary). The polity has been called the first Slavic state. It is generally believed that the tribal union included the regions of Moravia , Nitravia ( Nitra ) , Silesia , Bohemia and Lusatia . According to Julius Bartl, the centre of

4550-419: Was a neighbor to Francia, and when two brothers succeeded their father, one of them migrated with half of the people from White Serbia to the Balkans during the rule of Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius (610–641) in the first half of the 7th century. According to some scholars, the White Serbian Unknown Archon who led them to the Balkans was most likely a son, brother or other relative of Dervan. This account

4620-422: Was found to be completely unfounded and based on wrong data and chronologies among others. Dendrochronology also showed that the wooden building material was from the late 8th to the beginning of the 10th century, while the material from the 6th and 7th century is almost non-existent. This is also doubting the accuracy of the historical sources and their interpretation. Peter Heather , in conclusion, stated that it

4690-437: Was his victory over the Frankish royal army under Dagobert I in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns", Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own Austrasian army. The Franks were routed near Wogastisburg ; the majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on

4760-417: Was in the hands of the Germans. Despite the long process of Germanization , part of the Slavs living in Lusatia preserved their identity and language until now, and in the early 20th century there lived some 150 thousand Lusatian Sorbs. According to Rostyslav Vatseba, "between the Elbe and Saale rivers the heterachical dryht-type state existed during the reign of Miliduch (before 806). The local society of

4830-536: Was lost, despite a presumably more hierarchical mode of government in the Colodici's principality of Czimislav (830s). The author suggests that Colodici's 'castellа' served as places of the high prince's dryht members ('witsessen') residence, providing the ability to control the neighbouring clans. Such a system presumably could have persisted to the times of Čestibor ". The peasants were called smerdi , while two other classes were vitaz/vitiezi and zhupans . The 10th-century Widukind of Corvey in his The Deeds of

4900-576: Was probably present on all consonants that occurred before front vowels. When the high front yer *ь/ĭ was lost in many words, it left this palatalization as a "residue", which then became distinctive, producing a phonemic distinction between palatalized and non-palatalized alveolars and labials. In the process, the palatal sonorants *ľ *ň *ř merged with alveolar *l *n *r before front vowels, with both becoming *lʲ *nʲ *rʲ. Subsequently, some palatalized consonants lost their palatalization in some environments, merging with their non-palatal counterparts. This happened

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