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36-591: The Thai solar calendar ( Thai : ปฏิทินสุริยคติ , RTGS :  patithin suriyakhati , [pà.tì.tʰin sù.rí.já.kʰàʔ.tìʔ] ), Thailand's version of the Gregorian calendar , replaced the patithin chanthrakhati in AD 1888 / 2431 BE for legal and commercial purposes. In both calendars, the four principal lunar phases determine Buddhist Sabbaths ( Uposatha ), obligatory holy days for observant Buddhists. Significant days also include feast days. Note that

72-479: A nominal length of twelve months. The Thai lunar calendar does not mark the beginning of a new year when it starts a new 1-to-12 count, which occurs most frequently in December. The Thai solar calendar determines a person 's legal age and the dates of secular holidays , including the civil new year and the three days of the traditional Thai New Year , which begin the next Twelve-year animal cycle. Should

108-461: A popular ( vulgar in the classical sense). The vulgar or minor era ( จุลศักราช , chula sakarat ) was thought to have been instituted when the worship of Gautama was first introduced, and corresponds to the traditional Burmese calendar (abbreviated ME or BE, the latter not to be confused with the abbreviation for the Buddhist Era, which is the sacred era.) King Chulalongkorn decreed

144-691: A change in vulgar reckoning to the Rattanakosin Era ( รัตนโกสินทรศก , Rattanakosin Sok abbreviated ร.ศ. and R.S.) in 1889 CE. The epoch (reference date) for Year 1 was 6 April 1782 with the accession of Rama I , the foundation of the Chakri dynasty , and the founding of Bangkok (Rattanakosin) as capital. To convert years in R.S. to the Common Era, add 1781 for dates from 6 April to December, and 1782 for dates from January to 5 April. In Thailand

180-690: A day that begins and ends at dusk. Past practice may have been different. Buddhist Sabbaths , colloquially called วันพระ , are the New, First-quarter, Full, and Third-quarter Moon-days. These are not normally days off ( วันหยุด ), except for butcher , barber , and beautician shops that observe the Eight Precepts . Annual holidays and seasonal festivals collectively are called วันนักขัตฤกษ์ . Festivals or fairs are called เทศกาล ; these may be further styled as ประเพณี " traditional " and as Thai : พิธี , " rite " or " ceremony ". The table shows

216-684: A hollow month is normally 29 days long in years of 354 days, but adds an extra day ( อธิกวาร RTGS :  athikawan ) when required for 355-day-long years ( ปีอธิกวาร , RTGS :  pi athikawan ). The eighth month, "duean 8", is a 30-day full month. Athikamat ( อธิกมาส , Thai pronunciation: [ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt] )) is the extra month needed for a 384-day-long pi athikamat (extra-month year; ปีอธิกมาส , Thai pronunciation: [pī.ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt] ). Month 8 repeats as เดือน ๘/๘ or Month 8/8, variously read as "duean paet thab paet" ( เดือนแปดทับแปด ) or "duean paet lang" ( เดือนแปดหลัง ) Months 9–12, "duean 9–12", complete

252-462: A modern usage (which implies the language of cultured persons); Sanskrit alphabet, language , writing; [presumed] compound of Thai solar calendar The Thai solar calendar ( Thai : ปฏิทินสุริยคติไทย , RTGS :  patithin suriyakhati thai , "solar calendar") was adopted by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in 1888 CE as the Siamese version of the Gregorian calendar , replacing

288-518: A succeeding syllable that starts with a vowel and before ⟨ng⟩ if the preceding syllable ends with a vowel. Transcribed words are written with spaces between them although there are no spaces in Thai. For example, "สถาบันไทยคดีศึกษา" Institute of Thai Studies is transcribed as "Sathaban Thai Khadi Sueksa". However, compounds and names of persons are written without spaces between words. For example, "ลูกเสือ" (from "ลูก" + "เสือ", scout )

324-547: Is 1351. In computer programming, using the Buddhist era has sometimes caused the computer programs to void the license immediately, as the input values of the Buddhist era would exceed the expiration date for the program. Some users report that dates appear in future dates, due to the input data being the Buddhist era, while the computer is designed to accept Anno Domini . Royal Thai General System of Transcription The Royal Thai General System of Transcription ( RTGS )

360-527: Is 542; otherwise, it is 543. Example: Today, both the Common Era New Year's Day (1 January) and the traditional Thai New Year ( สงกรานต์ , Songkran ) celebrations (13–15 April) are public holidays in Thailand. In the traditional Thai calendar , the change to the next Chinese zodiacal animal occurs at Songkran (now fixed at 13 April.) For Thai Chinese communities in Thailand, however,

396-421: Is defined by ISO 11940-2 . Prominent features of the system are: Final consonants are transcribed according to pronunciation, not Thai orthography . Vowels are transcribed in the position in the word where they are pronounced, not as in Thai orthography. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai orthography, are transcribed as pronounced. A hyphen is used to avoid ambiguity in syllable separation before

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432-505: Is no definitive system for transcription into Roman letters. Here, native Thai words are immediately followed by a vocabulary entry in this pattern: Example: Sanskrit loan words follow different rules [the way English grammatical rules vary for words of Greek and Latin origin ('ph-' in 'phonetic' being pronounced /f/, for example.)] Entered below in order of first appearance, these vocabulary entries are in this pattern: Literally means "well done", "polished","cultured" or "perfected" in

468-469: Is the counting of the Buddhist era, which has changed several times in the past, including the inclusion of year 0, and the change of New Year's Day from April to January in 1941, has caused confusion in historical context as well. For example, many Thai people regard the establishment of the Ayutthaya Kingdom to be in 1350, which is direct conversion from Buddhist era 1893, while the actual date

504-522: Is the official system for rendering Thai words in the Latin alphabet . It was published by the Royal Institute of Thailand in early 1917, when Thailand was called Siam . It is used in road signs and government publications and is the closest method to a standard of transcription for Thai, but its use, even by the government, is inconsistent. The system is almost identical to the one that

540-402: Is transcribed as "luksuea", not "luk suea", and "โชคชัย จิตงาม", the first and last names of a person, is transcribed as "Chokchai Chitngam", not "Chok Chai Chit Ngam". For consonants, the transcriptions are given for both initial and final position in the syllable. For vowels, a dash ("–") indicates the relative position of the vowel's initial consonant. There have been four versions of

576-500: The Chinese calendar determines the day that a Chinese New Year begins, and assumes the name of the next animal in the twelve-year animal cycle . Names of the months derive from Hindu astrology names for the signs of the zodiac . Thirty-day-month names end in -ayon ( -ายน ), from Sanskrit root āyana  : the arrival of; 31-day-month names end in -akhom ( -าคม ), from Sanskrit āgama (cognate to English "come") that also means

612-574: The Thai lunar calendar as the legal Thai calendar (though the latter is still also used, especially for traditional and religious events). Years are now counted in the Buddhist Era (B.E.): พุทธศักราช , พ.ศ. RTGS :  Phutthasakkarat (lit. ' era of the Shaka Buddha ') which is 543 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar. The Siamese generally used two calendars, a sacred and

648-415: The principal ones governed by the moon in yellow. Work holidays prescribed by the government are called Thai : วันหยุดราชการ ; those regulated by the moon are red. Weekends are normally days off; if a holiday normally observed by a day off falls on a weekend, the following Monday is a compensatory day off Thai : วันชดเชย . Notes: Thai orthography spells most native words phonetically, though there

684-621: The RTGS, those promulgated in 1932, 1939, 1968 and 1999. The general system was issued by the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1932, and subsequent issues have been issued by the Royal Institute of Thailand. The general system was set up by a committee of the Ministry of Public Instruction on the following principles: The committee considered that for the general system, tone and quantity marks were unneeded. They would be provided for

720-569: The Thai and the Chinese lunar calendars do not directly correspond. Thai Chinese likewise observe their Sabbaths and traditional Chinese holidays according to solar terms , two of which correspond to one lunar phase. These also move with respect to the solar calendar, and so it is common for Thai calendars to incorporate both Thai and Chinese lunar calendar-based events. Mundane astrology also figures prominently in Thai culture , so modern Thai birth certificates include lunar calendar dates and

756-777: The Thai year. As in other Buddhist calendars , these months have names that derive from Sanskrit , but for the most part are only known by Thai astrologers. Two successive lunations take slightly more than 59 days. The Thai lunar calendar approximates this interval with "normal-month" pairs ( ปกติมาส , RTGS :  pakatimat ) that are alternately 29 and 30 days long. 29-day " hollow months " ( เดือนขาด , RTGS :  duean khat , [dɯ̄ːan kʰàːt] ) are odd-numbered ( เดือนคี่ , RTGS :  duean khi , [dɯːan.kʰî] ); 30-day "full months" ( เดือนถ้วน , RTGS :  duean thuan , [dɯ̄ːan tʰûan] ) are even-numbered ( เดือนคู่ , RTGS :  duean khu , [dɯ̄ːan kʰûː] ). To keep

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792-713: The appropriate Thai Zodiacal animal year-name for Thai Hora ( Thai : โหราศาสตร์ , RTGS :  horasat ). The Thai Zodiac is similar to the Chinese, though the Dragon is replaced by the Naga (งูใหญ่), and in Northern Thailand the Pig is occasionally replaced with an Elephant. To keep the years in sync with the seasons, Thai lunar years may add a day to the 7th month or repeat the 8th month. Therefore, years may have one of three lengths – 354, 355 or 384 days – yet retain

828-579: The arrival of. February's name ends in - phan ( -พันธ์ ), from Sanskrit bandha  : "fettered" or "bound". The day added to February in a solar leap year is Athikasuratin ( อธิกสุรทิน , respelled to aid pronunciation ( อะทิกะสุระทิน ) from Sanskrit adhika : additional; sura : move). Using Buddhist era could easily cause confusion between itself and Anno Domini in the historical context. For example, Anno Domini 2024, and Buddhist year 2024 (which corresponds to AD 1481). Two-digit year numbering could cause even more confusion. Another problem

864-471: The beginning of a new year. Ai , an archaic word in Thai but not in other dialects, means first . An odd-numbered hollow month, it is 29 days long. Month 2, "duean yi", ( เดือนยี่ , [dɯ̄an jîː] , from archaic ญี่ meaning 2 ) is an even-numbered full month. Months 3–6, "duean 3–6", use the modern reading of Thai numerals , as do all remaining months. Months 3–6, alternate between 29-day hollow months and 30-day full months. Month 7, "duean 7",

900-461: The beginning of the month in sync with the new moon, from time to time either the normally "hollow" Month 7 takes an extra day, or an extra "full" Month 8 follows a normal "full" Month 8. Months 1 and 2 are named in archaic alternate numbers , with the remainder being named in modern numbers. Month 1, "duean ai" ( เดือนอ้าย , [dɯ̄ːan ʔâːj] ), begins the cycle of counting the months anew, most frequently in December, but does not signify

936-405: The distinction between the transcriptions of the pairs อึ /ɯ/ and อุ /u/ and เอือ /ɯa/ and อัว /ua/ . It also simplified the transliteration of final ว /w/ , which now is always transcribed <o>. The following variants have been allowed: The system does not transcribe all features of Thai phonology . Particularly it has the following shortcomings: The original design envisioned

972-434: The holidays fall on a weekend , it also accommodates these as well as some of the principal lunar festivals with a compensatory day off ( Thai : วันชดเชย , RTGS :  wan chotchoei ). 13 April of the solar calendar occasions the beginning of the traditional Thai New Year (Songkran) and is the day that a year assumes the name of the next animal in the twelve-year animal cycle; Thai Chinese communities may observe

1008-554: The lunar cycle. Months divide into two periods designated by whether they are waxing or waning : A week is called Sapda/Sappada ( Thai : สัปดาห์ , [sàp.dāː, sàp.pà.dāː] ). The term is defined by the Royal Institute Dictionary (RID) as a 7-day period beginning on Sunday and ending Saturday. When referring to lunations, however, it is the 7-, 8- or (rarely) 9-day interval between quartile lunar phases ; that is, from one wan phra ( วันพระ ) to

1044-477: The name-change earlier in accordance with the Chinese New Year . The Thai names of the months were borrowed from Khmer, which were in turn borrowed from Archaic Vietnamese. In the modern Thai calendar, months ( Thai : เดือน , RTGS :  duean , [dɯ̄ːan] , meaning "month" or " Lunation ") are defined by lunar cycles. Successive months (or lunations) are numbered from 1 to 12 within

1080-425: The next. While solar-calendar weekdays have names, lunar-calendar days number sequentially from 1 to 14 or 15 in two segments depending on whether the moon is waxing or waning. For example, "raem 15 kham duean 12 แรม ๑๕ ค่ำ เดือน ๑๒ " means "Waning of the 15th Night of the 12th Lunar Month". Kham ค่ำ , evening, is considered to be the evening of the common day that begins and ends at midnight, rather than of

1116-507: The place of the former. New Year , the time at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count is incremented, originally coincided with the date calculated for Songkran , when the Sun transits the constellation of Aries , the first astrological sign in the Zodiac as reckoned by sidereal astrology : thus the year commenced on 11 April 1822. As previously noted, Rama VI moved

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1152-567: The precise system. The marks are accents above the vowels, one reason that the vowel symbols used to have no marks above them. The 1939 issue allowed short vowels to be marked with a breve (˘) where expedient. By contrast, the ALA-LC transliteration uses the 1939 version with the addition of a macron (¯) for long vowels and a spiritus asper (ʽ) to transliterate อ /ʔ/ as a consonant. The changes in vowel notation copied existing usage (æ, œ) and IPA notation (æ, ǫ). The precise system

1188-418: The sacred, or Buddhist Era , is reckoned to have an epochal year 0 from 11 March 543 BC, believed to be the date of the death of Gautama Buddha . King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) changed year counting to this Buddhist Era (abbreviated BE) and moved the start of the year back to 1 April in 2455 BE, 1912 CE. As there is no longer any reference to a vulgar or popular era, the Common Era may be presumed to have taken

1224-424: The start of the year back to 1 April in 2455 BE, 1912 CE, so that 130 R.S. only lasted for 356 days from 11 April 1911 to 31 March 1912. On 6 September 1940, Prime Minister Phibunsongkhram decreed 1 January 1941 as the start of the year 2484 BE, so year 2483 BE had only nine months running from 1 April to 31 December 1940. To convert dates from 1 January to 31 March prior to that year, the number to add or subtract

1260-404: Was issued along with the general system in 1939. A transliteration in the precise system could be converted to the general system by doing the following: The last set of changes removes a graphic distinction between vowels in closed syllables and vowels in open syllables. The h is added to č in the general system to make it easier to read. When the diacritic was subsequently removed, the h

1296-493: Was justified as avoiding the misreading of the transliteration as /k/ or /s/ rather than the correct /tɕ/ . The 1968 version removed diacritics, including the horn of ư and replaced the ligatures æ and œ by ae and oe . While that is more suitable as the standard transliteration for maps, it removed the contrast between the transcriptions of จ /tɕ/ and ช /tɕʰ/ , อึ /ɯ/ and อุ /u/ , เอือ /ɯa/ and อัว /ua/ , and โอ /oː/ and ออ /ɔː/ . The 1999 version restored

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