25-437: (Redirected from Surmalu ) Sürmeli may refer to: Administrative subdivisions [ edit ] Surmalu uezd Settlements [ edit ] Sormahlu Sürmeli, Mudurnu Sürmeli, Tuzluca [ tr ] Sürmeli, Bafra [ tr ] People [ edit ] Ali Sürmeli Kürşad Sürmeli Sürmeli Ali Pasha Topics referred to by
50-647: A ' United Armenia ', as well as Armenia's efforts to achieve international recognition of the Armenian genocide; Turkey also supported its close ally Azerbaijan in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . Relations thawed slightly in the 2000s decade, resulting in the signing of the Zurich Protocols in 2009, in which it was envisaged the border could re-open. The talks foundered, however, and the border remains closed. On February 11, 2023,
75-576: Is 311 km (193 m) in length and runs from the tripoint with Georgia in the north to the tripoint with Azerbaijan in the south. The land border has been closed since 3 April 1993. The border has been protected by guards of the Russian Federal Security Service since 1992. On 9 May 2024, Russian Presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov announced that Russian border guards will continue to serve on Armenia's borders with Turkey and Iran , at Armenia's request. The border
100-735: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Surmalu uezd The Surmalu uezd was a county ( uezd ) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire . It bordered the governorate's Etchmiadzin and Erivan uezds to the north, the Kars Oblast to the west, Persia to the east, and the Ottoman Empire to
125-661: Is set to reopen for diplomats and citizens of third countries in 2023. The border starts in the north at the tripoint with Georgia just west of Lake Arpi and proceeds southwards via a series of irregular lines through the Armenian Highlands . Upon reaching the Akhurian River it follows the river south down to the confluence with the Aras river , and then follows the Aras as it flows east and then south-east, down to
150-679: The Treaty of Berlin (1878) , though it was compelled to hand back part of the area around Bayazid (modern Doğubayazıt ) and the Eleşkirt valley. During the First World War Russia invaded the eastern areas of the Ottoman Empire. In the chaos following the 1917 Russian Revolution , the new Communist government hastily sought to end its involvement in the war and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 with Germany and
175-512: The Treaty of Moscow in March 1921, which created a modified Soviet-Ottoman border. However, further fighting took place on the ground and the talks stalled; the treaty's provisions were later confirmed by the Treaty of Kars of October 1921, finalising what is the current Armenia–Turkey border. The border was then demarcated on the ground in March 1925 – July 1926 by a joint Soviet-Turkish commission. Turkey's independence had been recognised by
200-538: The 1897 census, there were 51 settlements in the Surmalu uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants. The religious composition of the settlements was as follows: 39°55′15″N 44°02′40″E / 39.92083°N 44.04444°E / 39.92083; 44.04444 Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey border The Armenia–Turkey border ( Armenian : Հայաստան–Թուրքիա սահման , romanized : Hayastan–T’urk’ia sahman ; Turkish : Ermenistan–Türkiye sınırı )
225-434: The 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Surmalu uezd had a population of 104,791 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 55,364 men and 49,427 women, 98,212 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,579 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Shia Muslims to be the plurality of the population of the uezd, followed closely by Armenians , Kurds and Yazidis : According to
250-662: The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . Armenia was initially incorporated along with Georgia and Azerbaijan in the Transcaucasian SFSR within the USSR , before being split off as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936. The Kars Treaty border remained, despite occasional Soviet protests that it should be amended , notably in 1945. Turkey, backed by the US, refused to discuss the matter, and
275-519: The Allied powers planned to partition it via the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres . The treaty recognised Georgian and Armenian independence, granting both vast lands in eastern Turkey (in Armenia's case this was dubbed ' Wilsonian Armenia ', after US President Woodrow Wilson ), with an extended Armenia-Georgia border to be decided at a later date. Turkish nationalists were outraged at the treaty, contributing to
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#1732772104241300-690: The Ottoman Empire. By this treaty, Russia handed back to Turkey the areas gained by the earlier Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin. Seeking to gain independence from both empires, the peoples of the southern Caucasus had declared the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and started peace talks with the Ottomans. Internal disagreements led to Georgia leaving the federation in May 1918, followed shortly thereafter by Armenia and Azerbaijan . With
325-644: The Ottoman Empire. With the 1829 Treaty of Adrianople (ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 ), by which Russia gained most of modern Georgia, the Ottomans recognised Russian suzerainty over eastern Armenia. By the Treaty of San Stefano , ending the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , Russia gained considerable land in what is now eastern Turkey (termed Western Armenia ), extending the Ottoman-Russian frontier south-westwards. Russia's gains of Batumi , Kars and Ardahan were confirmed by
350-603: The Ottomans having invaded the Caucasus and quickly gained ground, the three new republics were compelled to sign the Treaty of Batum on 4 June 1918, by which they recognised the pre-1878 border. Armenia in particular was reeling from the aftermath of the Ottoman-led Armenian genocide , which resulted in vast numbers of refugees fleeing Western Armenia. With the Ottoman Empire defeated in Europe and Arabia,
375-624: The Russian form Surmalu ( Сурмалу ) descended, are Turkified forms of the old Armenian city of Surmari's name, which itself evolved from Surb Mari ( Armenian : Սուրբ Մարի , lit. ' Saint Mary '). The castle of Surmari still stands today in the village of Sürmeli [ tr ] near the Armenia–Turkey border within the Tuzluca district of Turkey's Iğdır Province . A part of Persia's Erivan Khanate , Surmalu
400-642: The Soviets, seeking better relations with their southern neighbour, dropped the issue. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Armenia gained independence and inherited its section of the Soviet Union-Turkey border. Though Turkey recognised Armenian independence, relations between the two countries almost immediately soured and the border was shut: Turkey opposed irredentist claims to eastern Turkey by Armenian nationalists championing
425-515: The Surmalu uezd in 1913 were as follows: According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the district, 34,351 were Tatars (48.3%), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%), and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%). According to the Russian Empire Census , the Surmalu uezd had a population of 89,055 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 47,269 men and 41,786 women. The plurality of
450-529: The border was temporarily opened for the first time in 35 years, to let humanitarian aid from Armenia reach victims of a major earthquake in Turkey . There were three crossings along the entire border, two for vehicular traffic and one for vehicular and rail traffic. They have been closed since 3 April 1993. In July 2022, the Turkish Ministry for Foreign Affairs announced that the two countries, in
475-778: The first ascent of Ararat in recorded history from the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob in Akhuri (modern Yenidoğan ). After the Russian Revolution , Surmalu was briefly governed by the First Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920, until it was occupied in 1920 and formally ceded to Turkey by the treaties of Moscow and Kars , following Armenia's defeat in the Turkish-Armenian War and subsequent Sovietization . The subcounties ( uchastoks ) of
500-524: The outbreak of the Turkish War of Independence ; the Turkish success in this conflict rendered Sèvres obsolete. Ottoman gains in Armenia were consolidated by the Treaty of Aleksandropol (1920). In 1920 Russia's Red Army had invaded Azerbaijan and Armenia, ending the independence of both, followed shortly thereafter by Georgia. In order to avoid an all-out Russo-Turkish war the two nations signed
525-403: The population indicated Tatar to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kurdish speaking minorities. According to the 1910 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Surmalu uezd had a population of 91,535 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1909, of which 41,990 were Shia Muslims (45.87%), 29,734 Armenians (32.48%), and 19,811 Kurds (21.64%). According to
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#1732772104241550-450: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sürmeli . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sürmeli&oldid=1171374137 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
575-687: The south. The district made up most of the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey . As part of the Russian Transcaucasus, the Surmalu uezd possessed economical importance for its abundantly rich salt mines in Kulp ( Tuzluca ), and spiritual importance to Armenians as the location of the culturally significant Mount Ararat . The administrative centre of the county was Igdyr (present-day Iğdır ). The Turkic name Sürmalī ( سورمهلی ) and Persian name Surmalū ( سرمهلو ), whencefrom
600-465: The tripoint with Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . The ancient ruins of Ani lie directly adjacent to the border on the Turkish side. During the 19th century, the Caucasus region was contested between the declining Ottoman Empire , Persia and Russia , which was expanding southwards. Russia had conquered most of Persia's Caucasian lands by 1828, including all of what is now Armenia (termed Eastern Armenia ), and then turned its attention to
625-788: Was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Turkmenchay in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 . The district was first administered as part of the Armenian Oblast and then the Erivan Governorate. In 1829, Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat (Tartu) traveled to Surmalu as part of his expedition to climb Mount Ararat. Accompanied by Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian and four others, Parrot made
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