60-692: The Suru Valley is a valley in the Kargil District in the Union Territory of Ladakh , India. It is drained by the Suru River , a tributary of the Indus River . The valley's most significant town is Sankoo . Horses, yaks and other animals can be found in the valley. In winter Suru Valley experiences heavy snowfall and avalanches. The literacy rate of Suru Valley is very low as compared to other parts of Ladakh. The Suru Valley
120-674: A union territory of Ladakh . It is named after the city of Kargil , where the district headquarters lies. The district is bounded by the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the west, the Pakistani-administered administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, Ladakh's Leh district to the east, and the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south. Encompassing three historical regions known as Purig , Dras and Zanskar ,
180-535: A union territory , with Kargil and Leh being its joint capitals. Shia Muslims comprise the majority of the population of the district, with Buddhists forming a significant minority, mainly inhabiting the Zanskar tehsil. The Kargil district lies between the crest of the Great Himalaya Range and the Indus River of Ladakh. It consists of two river valleys: the Suru River and its tributaries in
240-651: A major reorganisation of the frontier districts took place. A new Ladakh wazarat was created, being one of the two wazarats of the Frontier Districts province. Kargil was made a new tehsil under the Ladakh wazarat , with the three Purig ilaqas (Drass, Kargil and Suru), the Zanskar ilaqa from the Kishtwar district, and the Kharmang ilaqa from the erstwhile Skardu district. Kargil, Leh and Skardu became
300-407: A monk, who did not have to be the eldest child. Every year at least once or twice in each village the heart was torn out of a living goat in front of an altar. King Lde had the following inscription carved: Oh Lama ( Tsongkapa [1378-1441 CE]), take notice of this! The king of faith, Bum lde, having seen the fruits of works in the future life, gives orders to the men of Mulbe to abolish, above all,
360-515: A number of panchayats . Kargil district had two assembly constituencies, Zanskar and Kargil under Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. It forms part of the Ladakh parliamentary constituency. Major political parties in the region include National Conference , Congress , PDP , BJP , LUTF (now merged with the BJP) and the erstwhile Kargil Alliance. The present Member of Parliament (MP) for Ladakh
420-560: A relatively lush and very attractive area, but around Rangdum the landscapes are stark, flat moorlands ringed by arid crags. The spiky white topped mountain peaks of the Nun-Kun massif , topping 7000 m, are visible from several places in the valley. Despite considerable potential, tourism activity is very limited in the valley with most visitors rushing through to Padum and Zanskar . There are few facilities for visitors but Ladakh UT Tourism does have basic tourist bungalows in several of
480-466: A reverse, having been captured by the chief of Skardu , Ali Mir, better known as Ali Sher Khan Anchan ( r. 1590–1625 ). Jamyang Namgyal married Ali Mir's daughter Gyal Khatun and got reinstated as the ruler. Their son Sengge Namgyal again rejuvenated Ladakh to old glory and in fact went further by annexing the kingdom of Guge in west Tibet. In 1586, Kashmir became a Mughal province. Purig and Baltistan were Islamic, and Mughal involvement in
540-564: Is Mohmad Haneefa . Ladakh, a union territory without a legislature, does not have a legislative assembly but is represented in the Parliament. Santosh Sukhadeve, (IAS) is the current District Development Commissioner Kargil. Kargil District is administered by an elected body known as the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil . The LAHDC-K was established in 2003. According to
600-534: Is the predominant language in the Suru Valley, spoken by about 95 percent of the people in the Sankoo Tehsil. The lower part of the valley, at altitudes below 3,000 metres (9,843 ft), is one of the most agriculturally productive parts of Ladakh with two crops a year being harvested, watered by the run-off from the very heavy winter snowfalls, and even plantations of willow and poplar trees making it
660-701: Is also said to have been killed during one of the raids. A succession of Ladakhi kings from Tashi Namgyal ( r. 1555–1575 ) onwards attempted to make forays into Purig, but Kartse is not mentioned by name until the time of Deldan Namgyal ( r. 1642–1680 ). Deldan Namgyal, having made peace with Lhasa and the Mughal Empire in Kashmir in his early years, sent a comprehensive invasion force to Purig under general Shakya Gyatso. Chiktan, Pashkum, Sod and Kartse were all conquered. Tri Sultan of Kartse, who appears to have been an independent king at that time,
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#1732773208608720-509: Is colder. Kargil district is spread over 14,086 km (5,439 sq mi). The Suru River flows through the district. The climate is cold and temperate. The average annual temperature in Kargil is 8.6 °C. About 318 mm of precipitation falls annually. The driest month is November with 6 mm. Most precipitation falls in March, with an average of 82 mm. The warmest month of
780-468: Is found 40 km from Kargil on NH1 Kargil-Leh Highway in the Kargil district of Ladakh in northern India . The monastery has large prayer wheels, and the view en route to the cliff monastery has been described as beautiful. Rgaldan-se Gompa, established by Tungba Lzawa who is also known as Agu Tungba , was renovated in 2016. Nyima Lhakhang temple was built around 800 years ago in the oldest section of
840-482: Is home to many endangered wildlife species: Some of the reptiles found in Kargil district are Aishwarya Maheshwari of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is quoted as saying, "It is here in Kargil that one of world's most elusive creatures, the snow leopard, roams wild and free. During my research I have learnt about the tremendous decline in wildlife sightings since the 1999 Kargil war, so much so that even
900-632: Is said to have become his vassal and assisted in the invasions. Islam was introduced into the area from the 16th century onward by preachers traveling through Baltistan . Around the 16th century, a Muslim chieftaincy connected to Skardu appeared in Purig, first at Sod northeast of Kargil, then with a branch at Chiktan northeast of Namika La . During the invasion of Ladakh by Mirza Haidar Dughlat in 1532, Sod and Chiktan appear to have submitted, but not Kartse. Joint raids were conducted on Kartse but they failed. The chief or commander of Suru, named "Baghan",
960-627: Is the southern dialect of Balti language. Balti, is a branch of Archaic Western Tibetan language, is also spoken by the inhabitants of the four districts of ( Baltistan ) in Pakistan and Turtuk in the Nubra valley of the Leh district as well. The Buddhists of Zanskar speak Zanskari language of the Ladakhi-Balti language group. Though earlier Tibetan contact has left a profound influence upon
1020-451: The 2011 census Kargil district has a population of 140,802. This gives it a ranking of 603rd in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 10 inhabitants per square kilometre (26/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.18%. Kargil has a sex ratio of 810 females per every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.34%. Of
1080-514: The Dha-Hanu region and Garkone village along the Indus River. Some Arghons and Shina have also settled in Kargil town. Languages of Kargil district (2011) The Purgi dialect of Balti is spoken by 65% while 10 per cent speak Shina language in regions like Drass and Batalikis . Urdu is also spoke and understood in Kargil. Balti language has four variants/dialects and Purgi
1140-546: The Maryul kingdom. However, there is no mention of it in Ladakh Chronicles . The principality of Kartse apparently controlled the entire western Ladakh, from Mulbekh and Wanla in the east to Dras in the west, even though the extent of territory would have varied with time. The Tri-gyals were Buddhist and adopted the religion from Kashmir in ancient times. They commissioned a giant Maitreya rock carving in
1200-741: The 10th century, which became subject to the Ladakhi kings. Per the 2011 census, the Kargil tehsil, which includes the Drass and Wakha Rong valleys, contains 61% of the population of the district. The Sankoo tehsil, representing the upper Suru valley, contains 10% of the population and the Zanskar tehsil contains 29% of the population. The Kargil district is particularly vulnerable to landslides, cloudbursts, and flash floods. The main highways connecting Kargil with adjacent regions (NH-1D and NH-301) are prone to landslides. Recurring flash floods were observed in
1260-466: The 4,400 m (14,436 ft) Pensi La (pass) leads into Zanskar Almost the entire population of Suru valley are adherents of Shia Islam. A small fraction of the population also follows the Sunni branch of Islam, mostly concentrated in the villages of Panikhar and Prantee. The few other religious demographics shown in the census are mostly migrant workers from other parts of India. The Purgi language
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#17327732086081320-594: The Jammu and Kashmir state. In the spring of 1999, under a covert plan of then Pakistan Army chief Pervez Musharraf , armed infiltrators from Baltistan , aided by the Pakistani Army, occupied vacant high-altitude posts in the Kargil and Drass regions. The result was a limited-scale conflict ( Kargil War ) between the two nuclear-equipped nations, which ended with India regaining the Kargil region through military action and diplomatic pressure. However, there remains
1380-462: The Ladakhi ruler Nyima Namgyal as his son. After Nyima Namgyal's abdication, Purig was assigned to his second son Tashi Namgyal to rule independenly. Five noble familites of Purig are said to have paid tributes to Tashi Namgyal at Mulbekh . After Tashi Namgyal, Purig reverted as an integral par of Ladakh. The Dogras conquered the entire area by 1847 and it proved to be disastrous for the natives. The Dogras were especially harsh to Muslims (including
1440-476: The Mulbekh Monastery by the students of the great Tibetan scholar Lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo, and it houses Lhakhang (sacred objects). The double gompas are dramatically situated at the very top of a crag 200 metres (656 ft) above the road. They were connected with the nearby palace of Rajah Kalon of Mulbekh below. They may be reached by a steep footpath winding up from behind. The altitude of
1500-609: The Suru River near Kargil, and the Dras River , which originates near the Zoji La pass and joins the Suru River a short distance north of Kargil. Wakha Rong, also called the "Purik river", contains the main travel route between Kargil and Leh, and lent its name to the Kargil region itself as "Purig". The Dras River valley has historically been a subdivision called Drass . Zanskar was a traditional Buddhist kingdom formed in
1560-589: The affairs of the region became endemic. In 1638, emperor Shah Jahan sent a force to intervene in Baltistan and installed Ali Mir's son Adam Khan as the ruler. The joint forces of Mughal Kashmir and Adam Khan blocked Sengge Namgyal's efforts to regain Purig, forcing him to sue for peace. When Sengge Namgyal reneged on his tribute, the emperor imposed economic sanctions against Ladakh barring all trade, which impoverished Ladakh. Under his son Deldan Namgyal ( Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal ) between 1640 and 1675, Purig returned to
1620-470: The area, which ultimately led to many conversions. Beyond Parkachik, the valley is practically uninhabited other than a couple of tiny settlements (Yuldo and Julidok) that make up Rangdum . People here are socially and culturally part of neighbouring Buddhist Zanskar and support the 18th century Rangdum Monastery belonging to the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. About 25 km south of Rangdum Monastery,
1680-515: The common resident birds had disappeared." Besides the endangered species, various birds are commonly seen in summer: Mulbekh Samding Dorje Phagmo Mulbekh Monastery or Mulbekh Gompa , at 11,495 ft from sea level and 656 ft uphill from road level, consists of a 9 m (30 ft) tall Maitreya Buddha statue, 1400 CE kharosti language edicts on the hill, and two 800-year-old gompas : Serdung gompa of Drukpa lineage and Rgaldan-se gompa of Gelugpa lineage of Buddhism . It
1740-696: The control of Gilgit Scouts . By November 1948, the Indian troops reclaimed all of Kargil and Leh tehsils and some portions of the Kharamang ilaqa bordering the Dras river. They remained with India after the ceasefire, forming the Ladakh district of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the entire Kargil region including key posts was captured by Indian troops under leadership of Col. Chewang Rinchen . To straighten
1800-661: The control of Ladakh. Zanskar and other parts of the modern Ladakh Division were also conquered. In 1834, the Dogra ruler Gulab Singh of Jammu , acting under the suzeraity of the Sikh Empire , sent the governor of Kishtwar , general Zorawar Singh , to conquer the territory between Jammu and Tibet. Marching from Kishtwar , Zorawar Singh reached Purig and defeated the Bhotia leader Mangal at Sankoo in August 1834. Kartse ,
1860-522: The controversy of the mountain peak, knows as Point 5353 or the Marpo La Peak, which is still believed to be under Pakistan's control. In August 2019 the Parliament of India passed an act that separated Ladakh from Jammu and Kashmir into an independent union territory of India. Kargl and Leh continue to be the two districts of Ladakh, with the Kargil town designated as a joint capital of
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1920-619: The district lies to the northeast of the Great Himalayas and encompasses the majority of the Zanskar Range . Its population inhabits the river valleys of the Dras , Suru , Wakha Rong , and Zanskar . The district was created in 1979, when Ladakh was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir , separating it from Leh district . In 2003, Kargil was granted a Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC). In 2019, Ladakh became
1980-480: The eighth century. Unfortunately, the lower part of the statue is partly obscured by a small temple built in 1975. Nearby are some ancient rock inscriptions or edict written in Kharosthi script. It issues an edict to the local people to discontinue sacrificing goats by King Bhum Ide (Tsongkapa), who ruled western Ladakh c. 1400 CE, while his younger brother, Dragspa, ruled the rest. Tsongkapa, titled Bhum Ide,
2040-650: The famous rock-cut Chamba Statue in Mulbekh village, a striking enormous figure carved into the rock face on the right-hand side of the road. It is a 9 m (30 ft) tall Maitreya Buddha (Buddha who will be reborn, also called the " chamba " in local language) statue overlooking the old trade route and modern highway. It dates to the Kushan period, from 1 century BCE to 6th century CE, predating Tibetan Buddhism and now-destroyed 6th century Buddhas of Bamiyan of Afghanistan. Modern scholars date it as being from around
2100-540: The formation of the Maryul kingdom (in modern Ladakh) in the 10th century. However, there is no mention of it in Ladakh Chronicles . When the Maryul kingdom was formed under Lhachen Palgyigon , its extent ran up to the Zoji La pass. The principality of Kartse apparently controlled the entire western Ladakh, from Mulbekh and Wanla in the east to Dras in the west, even though the extent of territory would have varied with time. The Tri-gyals were Buddhist and adopted
2160-511: The invasion of Ladakh by Mirza Haidar Dughlat in 1532, Sod and Chiktan appear to have submitted, but not Kartse. Joint raids were conducted on Kartse but they failed. The chief or commander of Suru, named "Baghan", is also said to have been killed during one of the raids. Tashi Namgyal ( r. 1555–1575 ) reestablished the old borders by conquering Purig as well as west Tibet. His successors Tsewang Namgyal I and Jamyang Namgyal were equally energetic. However, Jamyang Namgal suffered
2220-529: The line of control in the area, the Indian Army launched night attacks when the ground temperatures sank to below −17 °C and about 15 enemy posts located at height of 16,000 feet and more were captured. After Pakistan forces lost the war and agreed to the Shimla Agreement , the strategic areas near Kargil remained with India. In 1979, Ladakh was divided into Kargil and Leh districts within
2280-704: The most prominent religious scholars include Imam-e- Jummah , Sheikh Mussa Shariefi , Sheikh Ahmed Mohammadi, Sheikh Hussain Zakiri and Sheikh Anwar. Social ceremonies such as marriages still carry many customs and rituals that are common to both the Muslims and Buddhists. Among the two districts of Ladakh, Kargil has a more mixed ethnic population and thus there are more regional dialects spoken in Kargil as compared to Leh. Local folk songs, which are called rgya-glu and balti ghazals , are still quite popular and are performed enthusiastically at social gatherings. Kargil
2340-605: The nobles) in the area, and they attempted to rebel against the Dogras. The current line of control runs near modern Kargil. Religion in Sanku tehsil (2011) The Suru valley is inhabited 25,000 by people of Dard and Tibetan descent . The majority of the population are followers of Shi'a Islam . According to local tradition, the populace was converted from Tibetan Buddhism during the rule of Thi-Namgyal, chief of Kartse and his Balti wife Thi Lha Khatun, who brought Muslim scholars to
2400-474: The north, and the Zanskar River and its tributaries in the south. The Penzi La pass separates the two. The Suru flows north into Baltistan and joins the Indus River near Marol . The Zanskar River flows east and debouches into the Indus River in Leh district near a location called "Sangam". The Suru River has two significant tributaries: Wakha Rong , which flows northwest from Namika La to join
2460-835: The people of both Kargil and Leh, after the spread of Shia Islam the people of Kargil were heavily influenced by Persian culture. This is apparent by the use of Persian words and phrases as well as in songs called marsias and qasidas . At least until recently, some Kargilis, especially those of the Agha families (descendants of Syed preachers who were in a direct line descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad ) went to Iraq for their education. Native Ladakhis go for higher Islamic studies in seminaries in Najaf , Iraq and Qom in Iran. These non-Agah scholars are popularly called as "Sheikh". Some among
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2520-456: The population follows Hinduism and Sikhism , though as many as 95% of them are male. Much of Kargil population is inhabited by the Purigpa and Balti people of Tibetan origin. They converted from Buddhism to Islam in the 14th century and intermingled with other Aryan people. Muslims mainly inhabit the valley of Drass and speak Shina , a small number community, known as Brokpa , inhabit
2580-536: The rebellion and conquered Baltistan as well. After the conquest, the region of the present Kargil district was organised into three ilaqas of the Kishtwar wazarat , based at Kargil, Dras and Zanskar respectively. They were headed by civil officers called Thanadars . Later, Suru was made into a separate ilaqa . Following the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Amritsar (1846) , Gulab Singh
2640-531: The religion from Kashmir in ancient times. They commissioned a giant Maitreya rock carving in the vicinity of Kartse, and others at Mulbekh and possibly Apati . The conversion of Kashmir to Islam in the 14th century had implications for western Ladakh. Baltistan was invaded during the reign of Sultan Sikandar ( r. 1394–1416 ), and the influence of Islam spread there. Zain-ul-Abidin ( r. 1418–1470 ) raided Ladakh, Guge and Purang (in western Tibet) and collected tribute. The Tri-gyal of Kartse
2700-495: The surroundings of the Kargil town in 2006, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018. These flash floods caused massive damages to roads, buildings, and agricultural area. Purig is believed to have been conquered, along with Ladakh proper (modern Leh district ), by Lhachen Palgyigon , the son of the West Tibetan King Kyide Nyimagon , in c. 900 AD. After his father's death, Palgyigon controlled
2760-580: The then capital of Purig, fell into Zorawar Singh's hands. He built a fort there before advancing towards Leh. Tshed-Pal, the Gyalpo of Leh, was defeated and reinstalled as a subsidiary of the Dogras. Meanwhile, the chief of Sod rebelled and Zorawar Singh returned to reassert his authority. Zanskar subsequently offered submission. The Purigis rebelled repeatedly, instigated by Sikh governor Mihan Singh of Kashmir . They also received support from Ahmed Shah of Baltistan . Zorawar Singh returned in 1839 to quell
2820-431: The three tehsils of the Ladakh wazarat . Initially, the administration of the wazarat used to spend four months each at Leh, Kargil and Skardu. But shifting the entire staff so often proved onerous, and so the shifting was eventually limited to Leh and Skardu. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 , pitched battles were fought around Kargil, and the entire area including Drass and Zoji La Pass initially coming under
2880-415: The total population, 77% are Muslims, of which 63% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in the north ( Kargil town , Drass , and the lower Suru valley ). Of the remainder, 17% of the total population practises Tibetan Buddhism and Bön , mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol, Mulbekh and Garkhone . The remaining 8% of
2940-400: The town at the foot of the crag is given as 3,304 m. (10,839 ft), which makes the altitude of the gompas 3,504 m. (11,495 ft). Its population is given as 5,730. It is one of the three tallest rock-cut relief statues of Buddha in Ladakh, which are collectively also known as the "Bamyan Buddhas of Ladakh". Around 45 kilometres east of Kargil town on NH-1 heading toward Leh, is
3000-482: The union territory. Kargil district is situated in the deep south-western part of the Himalayas , giving it a cool, temperate climate. Summers are warm with cool nights, while winters are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to −15 °C (5 °F) with recorded temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F) in the tiny town of Dras , situated 56 km (35 mi) from Kargil town. The Zanskar Valley
3060-526: The vast territory called Maryul , which stretched from the Zoji La pass to the basin of the Sengge Zangbo river (upper Indus river in Tibet). The third son, Detsukgon, inherited Zanskar along with Lahul and Spiti . From this time onwards, Purig was attached to Ladakh. Zanskar had an independent existencence even though it was occasionally conquered and made a tributary to Ladakh. The Suru Valley
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#17327732086083120-565: The vicinity of Kartse, and others at Mulbekh and possibly Apati . Islam arrived in the Kashmir Valley around 1320, a new force to be reckoned with. During the rule of Sultan Sikandar ( r. 1394–1416 ), his general Rai Madari crossed the Zoji La pass and conquered Purig and Baltistan. This paved the way for the conversion of the two regions to Islam. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin ran an expedition to Tibet, conquering Ladakh along
3180-511: The villages. and there's a summer tent-camp in Rangdum . Tangole village is a possible starting point for mountaineering expeditions up Nun Kun . 34°34′N 76°06′E / 34.567°N 76.100°E / 34.567; 76.100 Kargil District Kargil district is a district in Indian -administered Ladakh in the disputed Kashmir -region, which is administered as
3240-413: The way. The Tri-gyal of Kartse is said to have become his vassal and assisted in the invasions. The first dynasty of Ladakh did not last much longer after this. A second " Namgyal " dynasty was established around 1460 AD. Some time after this, a Muslim chieftaincy connected to Skardu appeared in Purig, first at Sod northeast of Kargil, then with a branch at Chiktan northeast of Namika La . During
3300-928: The year is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C. In January, the average temperature is −8.8 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 76 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 32.1 °C. The Kargil district was formed in July 1979, by separating it from Leh . Kargil has 5 Sub-Divisions, 8 tehsils, and 14 Blocks. Sub-Divisions (5): Drass , Kargil , Shakar-Chiktan , Sankoo , Zanskar ( Padum ) Tehsils (8): Drass , Kargil , Shakar-Chiktan , Shargole , Sankoo , Trespone ( Trespone ), Taisuru , Zanskar ( Padum ) Blocks (14): Drass , Kargil , Shakar , Chiktan , Shargole , Sankoo , Trespone , Saliskote , Gund Mangalpore , Taisuru , Padum , Lungnaq , Cha , Zangla Each block consists of
3360-508: Was a king and great reformer of Buddhism. He lived in Ladakh from 1378 to 1441 CE. He set up monasteries near Leh at Spitok, Sangkar, Phiang (Fiang) and Trigtse. He started the earlier Buddhist sources and remove the discrepancies from the current practices. He made the monks switch from Red Hat sect (identified by the red hats they wear) to Yellow Hat sect . One of his successors, King Trashi (1500-1530 CE), also made it mandatory for Ladakhi families to send at least one or two children to become
3420-407: Was historically ruled from Kartse ( 34°16′02″N 76°00′06″E / 34.2672°N 76.0018°E / 34.2672; 76.0018 ( Kartse Khar ) ), a fort in a branch valley near Sankoo . An inscription names its ruler as Tri-gyal ( Wylie : k'ri rgyal ). Tibetologist A. H. Francke believes that the dynasty of Tri-gyals might have been in existence prior to the formation of
3480-410: Was historically ruled from Kartse ( Wylie : dkar rtse , 34°16′02″N 76°00′06″E / 34.2672°N 76.0018°E / 34.2672; 76.0018 ( Kartse Khar ) ), a fort in a branch valley near Sankoo . An inscription names its ruler as Tri-gyal ( Wylie : k'ri rgyal ). Tibetologist A. H. Francke believes that the dynasty of Tri-gyals might have been in existence prior to
3540-512: Was made the Maharaja of the newly carved-out princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under British suzerainty . The princely state was organised into two large provinces, Jammu and Kashmir . Ladakh and Skardu were set up as districts in the Jammu province, called wazarats . The three Purig ilaqas were included in the Skardu wazarat . Zanskar continued to be attached to Kishtwar. In 1901,
3600-600: Was taken prisoner. Kashmir sent a small force to check the Ladakhis, but it was repulsed. After the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War (1679–1683), Ladakh was apparently compelled to return the Purig principalities to their former independence. In the early 18th century, the Suru valley became part of the chiefdom of Purig. According to local traditions, around the year 1720, Mohammed Thi Sultan, who did not have an heir, adopted
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