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32-634: In 1619, Bogdan Sobinin from the village of Domnino, near Kostroma , received from Tsar Mikhail half of the village of Derevischi. According to the extant royal charter, the lands were granted him to reward his father-in-law, Ivan Susanin, who refused to reveal to the Poles the location of the Tsar. Subsequent charters (from 1641, 1691 and 1837) diligently repeat the 1619 charter's phrases about Ivan Susanin being "investigated by Polish and Lithuanian people and subjected to incredible and great tortures in order to learn

64-542: A century, until the town was bought by Ivan I of Moscow . As one of the northernmost towns of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , Kostroma served for grand dukes as a place of retreat when enemies besieged Moscow in 1382, 1408, and 1433. In 1375, the town was looted by Novgorod pirates ( ushkuiniks ). The spectacular growth of the city in the 16th century may be attributed to the establishment of trade connections with English and Dutch merchants ( Muscovy Company ) through

96-554: A culture's folk wisdom and are tempting to say because they sound true or good or like the right thing to say. Some examples are: "Stop thinking so much", "here we go again", and "so what, what effect do my [individual] actions have?" The term was popularized by psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton in his 1961 book, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China . Lifton wrote, "The language of

128-485: A female personification of Russia gives blessings to a kneeling Susanin. In Kostroma, Nicholas II was even presented with a group of Potemkin peasants , who claimed to be descendants of Susanin. Kostroma Kostroma ( Russian : Кострома́ , IPA: [kəstrɐˈma] ) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast , Russia . A part of the Golden Ring of Russian cities, it

160-468: A merchant church in the center. The First Workers' Socialist Club based in Kostroma was one of the best documented workers' clubs run by Proletkult . Organised around the principle of a "public hearth" (obshchestvennyi ochag) this club combined both practical support for workers in need of accommodation, food or furniture, as well as providing a focus for popular education. The Nuclear Power Referendum

192-713: A monument built to Susanin in Kostroma, but it was destroyed by the Bolsheviks , who were offended by statue of the tsar that the monument incorporated. Later, they erected another monument to the hero. Mykola Kostomarov , a historian opposed to Nicholas' regime, was the first to raise the issue of the legend's doubtful historicity because it was in the Ipatiev Monastery , not Domnino, that Mikhail Romanov lived in 1612. His arguments were dismissed by more orthodox scholars such as Mikhail Pogodin and Sergey Solovyov . The name "Susanin" has become an ironic cliché in

224-415: A rose was a poet, the second, an imbecile." A cliché is often a vivid depiction of an abstraction that relies upon analogy or exaggeration for effect, often drawn from everyday experience. Used sparingly, it may succeed, but the use of a cliché in writing, speech, or argument is generally considered a mark of inexperience or a lack of originality. The word cliché is borrowed from French , where it

256-534: A single focal point near the river. They say that Catherine the Great dropped her fan on the city map , and told the architects to follow her design. One of the best preserved examples of the 18th century town planning , Kostroma retains some elegant structures in a " provincial neoclassical " style. These include a governor's palace, a fire tower, a rotunda on the Volga embankment , and an arcaded central market with

288-450: Is a past passive participle of clicher , 'to click', used as a noun; cliché is attested from 1825 and originated in the printing trades. The term cliché was adopted as printers' jargon to refer to a stereotype , electrotype, cast plate or block print that could reproduce type or images repeatedly. It has been suggested that the word originated from the clicking sound in "dabbed" printing (a particular form of stereotyping in which

320-472: Is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Kostroma —an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Kostroma is incorporated as Kostroma Urban Okrug . The city is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma. Kostroma has a continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). It has long, very cold winters and short warm summers. Built in 1559–1565,

352-407: Is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma . In the 2021 census, the population is 267,481. The official founding year of the city is 1152 by Yury Dolgoruky . Since many scholars believe that early Eastern Slavs tribes arrived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia AD 400 to 600, Kostroma could be much older than previously thought. The city has the same name as

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384-575: Is presumed that Susanin led them so deep into the forest that they could not find a way out and so they perished in the bitter cold February night. Susanin's son-in-law, whom Susanin had secretly sent ahead via a different route, warned Mikhail, and the monks concealed him from further Polish raids. Mikhail was crowned as tsar, ruled Russia for 32 years and founded the Romanov dynasty. Stories and images of Ivan Susanin as an iconic Russian patriot inspired many artists, composers and writers, especially in

416-599: The Revolution of 1917 , the icon blackened so badly that the image was hardly visible; it was interpreted as a bad sign for the Romanov dynasty. The Ipatyevsky monastery survives mostly intact, with its 16th-century walls, towers, belfry , and the 17th-century cathedral . Apart from the monasteries, most of the city churches were either rebuilt or demolished during the Soviet years. The only city church that survives from

448-487: The Romanov tercentenary celebrations. It was performed in a gala performance at Mariinsky Theatre , Performances were staged throughout Russia by schools, regiments and amateur companies. Pamphlets and the penny press printed the story of Susanin ad nauseam , and one newspaper told how Susanin had shown all soldiers how to fulfill their oath to the sovereign. At the bottom of the Romanov Monument in Kostroma,

480-468: The Russian language for a person who leads somewhere claiming to know the way but eventually proves not to. A famous folk limerick is quoted to invoke the cliche in such situations, which can be translated roughly as: "Ivan Susanin, in what godforsaken trap did we land? / Screw you! I thought I knew the forest like the back of my hand!" Glinka's opera A Life for the Tsar was featured heavily throughout

512-620: The 17th-century "golden age" is the Resurrection church on the Lowlands (Russian: церковь Воскресения на Дебре). As the story goes, the church was commissioned by one merchant who ordered in England ten barrels of dye but received ten barrels of gold instead. He resolved that the unearned gold was the devil's gift and decided to spend it on building a church. Two other 17th-century temples, of rather conventional architecture, may be seen on

544-582: The East Slavic goddess Kostroma . Like other towns of the Eastern Rus , Kostroma was sacked by the Mongols in 1238. It then constituted a small principality, under leadership of Prince Vasily of Kostroma , a younger brother of the famous Alexander Nevsky . Upon inheriting the grand ducal title in 1271, Vasily didn't leave the town for Vladimir , and his descendants ruled Kostroma for another half

576-472: The Russian Empire. Kondraty Ryleyev glorified Susanin's exploits in a poem, and Mikhail Glinka wrote one of the first Russian operas of international renown, " Ivan Susanin ", or "A Life for the Tsar". The opera's original title was to be "Ivan Susanin", after the hero, but when Nicholas I attended a rehearsal, Glinka changed the title to "A Life for the Tsar" as an ingratiating gesture. That title

608-820: The Russian peasants' devotion to the tsar. Susanin was officially promoted as a national hero and commemorated in poems and operas, such as Mikhail Glinka 's 1836 opera A Life for the Tsar . The village of Domnino was owned by Xenia Shestova , the wife of Fyodor Romanov and the mother of Mikhail Romanov . Upon Mikhail's election to the Russian throne in 1613, the Zemsky Sobor sent Prince Vorotynsky and several other boyars to inform Mikhail, who lived in Domnino, about his election. Many Polish detachments still roamed Russia, however. They supported Sigismund III Vasa , who refused to accept his defeat and still claimed

640-551: The Russian throne. One of them discovered the news and sent troops to Kostroma to find and to kill the young tsar. It is said that they were unsure of the road to Domnino and so they started to ask locals for directions. In woods near the village, they met a logger, Ivan Susanin, who promised to take them via a "shortcut" through a forest directly to the Hypatian Monastery , where Mikhail was apparently hiding. His enemies followed Susanin and were never heard from again. It

672-417: The adjective. Thought-terminating clichés, also known as thought-stoppers, or semantic stopsigns, are words or phrases that discourage critical thought and meaningful discussion about a given topic. They are typically short, generic truisms that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought. They are often sayings that have been embedded in

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704-406: The block was impressed into a bath of molten type-metal to form a matrix). Through this onomatopoeia , cliché came to mean a ready-made, oft-repeated phrase. Various dictionaries recognize a derived adjective clichéd , with the same meaning. Cliché is sometimes used as an adjective, although some dictionaries do not recognize it as such, listing the word only as a noun and clichéd as

736-411: The five-domed Epiphany Cathedral was the first stone edifice in the city; its medieval frescoes perished during a fire several years ago. The minster houses the city's most precious relic, a 10th-century Byzantine icon called Our Lady of St. Theodore . It was with this icon that Mikhail Romanov was blessed by his mother when he left for Moscow to claim the Russian throne. They say that just before

768-406: The great tsar's whereabouts but, though aware of that and suffering incredible pains, saying nothing and in revenge for this being tortured to death by the Poles and Lithuanians". The legend of Susanin's life and death evolved over time. In the early-19th century, the charters attracted the attention of nascent Russian historiography, and Susanin was proclaimed a Russian national hero and a symbol of

800-475: The monastery. It was here that an embassy from Moscow offered him the Russian crown in 1612. A wooden house of Mikhail Romanov is still preserved in the monastery. There are also several old wooden structures transported to the monastery walls from distant districts of the Kostroma Oblast . In 1773, Kostroma was devastated by a great fire. Afterwards the city was rebuilt with streets radiating from

832-549: The northern port of Archangel . Boris Godunov had the Ipatiev and Epiphany monasteries rebuilt in stone. The construction works were finished just in time for the city to witness some of the most dramatic events of the Time of Troubles . The heroic peasant Ivan Susanin became a symbol of the city's resistance to foreign invaders; several monuments to him may be seen in Kostroma. The future Tsar, Mikhail Romanov , also lived at

864-582: The opposite side of the Volga. Among the vestiges of the Godunov rule, a fine tent-like church in the urban-type settlement of Krasnoye-na-Volge (formerly an estate of Boris Godunov's brother) may be recommended. The city is served by the Kostroma Airport . Since 1887 there has been a railway connection between Kostroma and Moscow. Kostroma is twinned with: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Durham County council revoked

896-651: The term has taken on a more technical meaning, referring to an expression imposed by conventionalized linguistic usage . The term, which is typically pejorative, is often used in modern culture for an action or idea that is expected or predictable, based on a prior event. Clichés may or may not be true. Some are stereotypes , but some are simply truisms and facts . Clichés often are employed for comedic effect, typically in fiction. Most phrases now considered clichéd originally were regarded as striking but have lost their force through overuse. The French poet Gérard de Nerval once said, "The first man who compared woman to

928-402: The totalist environment is characterized by the thought-terminating cliché. The most far-reaching and complex of human problems are compressed into brief, highly reductive, definitive-sounding phrases, easily memorized and easily expressed. These become the start and finish of any ideological analysis". Sometimes they are used in a deliberate attempt to shut down debate, manipulate others to think

960-464: The twinning arrangements with Kostroma, which had been in place since 1968. Clich%C3%A9 A cliché ( UK : / ˈ k l iː ʃ eɪ / or US : / k l iː ˈ ʃ eɪ / ; French: [kliʃe] ) is a saying, idea, or element of an artistic work that has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning, novelty, or figurative or artistic power, even to the point of now being bland or uninteresting. In phraseology ,

992-424: Was arranged in 1990 in the Kostroma area. 90% of the voting population were against nuclear power in the area. A Kostroma Nuclear Power Plant has been proposed. Kostroma is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Kostromskoy District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it

Ivan Susanin - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-475: Was retained in the Russian Empire until the Russian Revolution , when it reverted to "Ivan Susanin". The opera's openly- monarchist libretto was edited to comply with Soviet ideology. The tsar's anthem melody on Tchaikovsky 's 1812 finale was, in turn, replaced by the chorus "Glory, glory to you, holy Rus'!" ( Славься, славься, святая Русь! ), from Glinka's opera. In 1838, Nicholas I ordered

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