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Sushen

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Sushen is the historical Chinese name for an ancient ethnic group of people who lived in the northeastern part of China (in the area of modern Jilin and Heilongjiang ) and what is in modern times the Russian Maritime Province and some other Siberian provinces. They were active during the Zhou dynasty period. Archeological relics in the area are attributed to the Xituanshan Culture . Chinese Bronze Age archaeologist Zou Heng of Peking University believed that the Sushen were also related to the Lower Xiajiadian culture . The Sushen are thought to have been Tungusic speakers.

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7-794: According to the Guoyu and the Classic of Mountains and Seas published in the Warring States period (476–221 BCE), Sushen was the name of the tribe who lived in Shandong and border of Liaoxi Province . The name's characters appeared as early as the 6th century BC in Chinese documents. They are almost unknown with the exception of the fact that they lived to the north of China and used flint-headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished, and lived in caves and trees. Ancient Chinese believed that

14-698: The Nihon Shoki , the Mishihase first arrived to Sado Province during the reign of Emperor Kimmei . In 660, Japanese General Abe no Hirafu defeated the Mishihase in Hokkaidō in response to requests from the native inhabitants. Some historians consider that the Mishihase were identical with the Sushen of Chinese records, and others think that Japanese named the indigenous people in the northeast based on

21-642: The States , is an ancient Chinese text that consists of a collection of speeches attributed to rulers and other men from the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC). It comprises a total of 240 speeches, ranging from the reign of King Mu of Zhou ( r.  956–918 BC ) to the execution of the Jin minister Zhibo in 453 BC. Compilation of the Guoyu probably began during the 5th century and continued until

28-543: The Sushen paid arrows as tribute to an ideal Chinese ruler. In other words, an arrival of Sushen delegates was, for the Chinese, an auspicious sign of the Chinese ruler's virtue. From the 3rd century to the 6th century, the name Sushen was used as an alias for the Yilou , who were in eastern Manchuria . However, the connection between the Yilou and the ancient Sushen is unclear. Some historians think that Chinese, having heard that

35-498: The Yilou paid arrows as tribute, linked them with the Sushen based on knowledge of ancient documents. They paid tribute several times and pleased rulers of Northern China. The Yilou disappeared from documents in the 6th century. The Mohe rose into power there instead. The Chinese characters of the name can also be found in Japanese documents, in which the characters are annotated and read as Mishihase or Ashihase . According to

42-579: The knowledge of Chinese documents, just as the Chinese did during the Three Kingdoms period. They are generally believed to be ethnic Nivkh people and have influenced several later peoples in the region such as the Wuji, Yilou and Mohe , and subsequently of the Jurchen , Manchu , Nanai and many other Tungusic peoples . Guoyu (book) The Guoyu , usually translated as Discourses of

49-519: The late 4th century BC. The earliest chapter of the compilation is the Discourses of Zhou . The text's author is unknown, but it is sometimes attributed to Zuo Qiuming , a contemporary of Confucius ; although as early as Jin dynasty , Fu Xuan objected to that attribution of authorship. Guoyu overlaps with the period, people, events in the Zuo Zhuan . And during the end of

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