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41-647: The Sussex Spaniel was first recorded in 1795 in East and West Sussex, being at Goodwood and Rolvenden for specific hunting conditions. The breed nearly became extinct during the Second World War , but was bred back to sustainable numbers. It is now more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States than any other countries, and is recognised by all major kennel clubs. The breed was one of

82-441: A cricket pitch, home to Goodwood Cricket Club , a hotel and a 1,600 ha (16 km ) organic farm. The estate employs over 550 people and attracts 800,000 visitors a year. The headquarters of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is on the estate. The Monarch's Way long-distance footpath crosses the downs from west to east, passing immediately south of the racecourse. The landscaped park and woodlands of Goodwood are Grade I listed on

123-580: A reduced cardiac output . These include: People may rarely present with the symptoms of Ortner's syndrome , which include cough, haemoptysis and hoarseness. On physical examination, the most prominent features are due to the development of right-sided heart failure. These can include a raised jugular venous pressure , ascites , left parasternal heave and a tender, enlarged liver on palpation. On inspection, patients may be chronically ill, cyanotic , cachectic and occasionally jaundiced . On auscultation , an accentuated second pulmonary sound (S2),

164-413: A roughly rectangular appearance. The Clumber Spaniel meanwhile is normally between 17–20 in (43–51 cm) high at the shoulder, and weighing 55–85 lb (25–39 kg). One of the noticeable features is their golden liver-coloured coat which is unique to the breed. Historically however, there have also been examples of black, black and tan and golden liver and white coloured Sussex Spaniels. coat

205-408: A third heart sound termed a ‘right ventricular gallop’, as well as a systolic murmur over the tricuspid area accentuated by inspiration may be present. On occasion, the systolic murmur can be transmitted and auscultated over the liver. Less typically, diastolic murmur may also be heard as a result of pulmonary insufficiency. RVH usually occurs due to chronic lung disease or structural defects in

246-402: A value above 5 mm considered to be hypertrophic. Right ventricular hypertrophy in itself is not the main issue, but what right ventricular hypertrophy represents is. Right ventricular hypertrophy is the intermediate stage between increased right ventricular pressure (in the early stages) and right ventricle failure (in the later stages). As such, management of right ventricular hypertrophy

287-534: Is otitis externa (outer ear infections), which is common to a variety of spaniels, as the long floppy ears trap moisture, making them more prone to recurrent infections than dogs with more upright ears. The infections can be caused by a variety of reasons including mites, ear fungi and generally dirt and germs. Treatment is relatively simple and can range from prescribed antibiotics to over-the-counter ear cleaning liquids. Whelping sometimes presents difficulties and require caesarean section for successful delivery of

328-498: Is 4 per million people. RVH occurs in approximately 30% of these cases. PH is broadly split into five categories by the World Health Organization , based on the underlying cause. The incidence of RVH varies between the groups. Common causes of PH include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary embolism , and other restrictive lung diseases. RVH often occurs as a result of these disorders. RVH

369-488: Is a breed of gun dog able to work in districts where the terrain is rough and the undergrowth very dense where a spaniel was needed which could give tongue or to alert the hunter on his quarry. The Sussex as a breed is older than the liver and white Norfolk Spaniel (now extinct), the Field Spaniel , and English Springer Spaniels . The Sussex was bred specifically to inherit the barking ability ( giving tongue) that

410-404: Is a condition defined by an abnormal enlargement of the cardiac muscle surrounding the right ventricle . The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart. It is located towards the right lower chamber of the heart and it receives Deoxygenated blood from the right upper chamber (right atrium) and pumps blood into the lungs. Since RVH is an enlargement of muscle it arises when the muscle

451-440: Is about either preventing the development of right ventricular hypertrophy in the first place, or preventing the progression towards right ventricle failure. Right ventricular hypertrophy in itself has no (pharmacological) treatment. Since the main causes of right ventricular hypertrophy is tricuspid regurgitation or pulmonary hypertension (discussed above), management involves treatment of these conditions. Tricuspid regurgitation

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492-464: Is also associated with abdominal obesity , elevated fasting blood glucose, high systolic blood pressure , and fractional shortening of the left ventricular mid-wall. Other risk factors for RVH include smoking, sleep apnea , and strenuous activity. These increase the risk of heart and lung disease and hence RVH. Right ventricular hypertrophy can be both a physiological and pathophysiological process. It becomes pathophysiological (damaging) when there

533-431: Is always eager to be around people, is excellent around children, and can be quite protective of the family. They make excellent candidates for therapy dog work. Most Sussex Spaniels are primarily family pets, but they are competent enough to aid a hunter though quite stubborn to train. They tend to have a natural ability to quarter in the field , have excellent noses, and can be used to retrieve, given training. The breed

574-544: Is an intermediate molecule in the signalling pathway and mice lacking PKC shown resistance to heart failure compared to mice overexpressing PKC which shown heart dysfunction. Targeting the renin–angiotensin (RAAS) system (using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers) are a well-recognized clinical approach for reversing maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy independently of blood pressure. Catecholamines levels increase due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Catecholamines can act on

615-839: Is excessive hypertrophy. The pathophysiological process mainly occurs through aberrant signalling of the neuroendocrine hormones; angiotensin II , endothelin-1 and the catecholamines (e.g. noradrenaline ). Angiotensin-II and endothelin-1 are hormones that bind to the angiotensin (AT) and endothelin (ET) receptors. These are G-protein coupled receptors that act via internal signalling pathways. Through several intermediates, these pathways directly or indirectly increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causing accumulation in myocardial cells . This can subsequently induce necrotic cell death, fibrosis , and mitochondrial dysfunction. This has been demonstrated in animal studies. Protein Kinase C (PKC)

656-509: Is required to work harder. Therefore, the main causes of RVH are pathologies of systems related to the right ventricle such as the pulmonary artery , the tricuspid valve or the airways. RVH can be benign and have little impact on day-to-day life or it can lead to conditions such as heart failure , which has a poor prognosis. Although presentations vary, individuals with right ventricular hypertrophy can experience symptoms that are associated with pulmonary hypertension , heart failure and/or

697-481: Is seen in 76% of patients with advanced COPD and 50% of patients with restrictive lung disease. RVH also occurs in response to structural defects in the heart. One common cause is tricuspid insufficiency . This is a disorder where the tricuspid valve fails to close properly, allowing backward flow of blood. Other structural defects which lead to RVH include tetralogy of Fallot , ventricular septal defects , pulmonary valve stenosis , and atrial septal defects . RVH

738-495: Is termed right ventricular failure. This right ventricular failure is the main complication of right ventricular hypertrophy. The mechanisms underlying the progression from hypertrophy to failure is not well understood, and the best management approach involves reducing/minimising the risk factors of progression. Lifestyle changes can often help to reduce the risk of this progression. Lifestyle changes include: eating less salty food as salt consumption leads to greater fluid retention by

779-524: Is the only spaniel to howl once a game's scent is picked up. Hip dysplasia , a genetic malformation of the hip joint, may be a concern but because of the breed's compact nature is not often seriously debilitating. Surveys conducted by the Orthopedic Foundation For Animals showed that 41.5% of Sussex Spaniels were affected by hip dysplasia, and the breed was ranked 9th worst affected out of 157 breeds. Another common condition

820-510: Is thick (sometimes with a slight wave to it), feathering on the chest, legs and ears and consists of a weather-resistant undercoat with a silky outer coat. The eyes are hazel in colour. The long silky ears are lobe-shaped typical of the Spaniel, and set moderately low. The Sussex is a short, stocky kind of dog. The Sussex Spaniel is a slow-paced, calm breed with somewhat clownish behaviour that normally keeps his energy and enthusiasm in check. He

861-430: Is typically treated conservatively by aiming to treat the underlying cause and following up the patient regularly. Surgery is considered in more serious situations where the patient is severely symptomatic. Surgical options include either: replacement of the valve or repair of the valve (termed annuloplasty). When it comes to replacement, there is a choice between a bioprosthetic valve or a mechanical valve, depending upon

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902-544: Is well established but since the left ventricular activity is dominant on the ECG a large degree of RVH is often required for any detectable changes. Nonetheless, the ECG is used to assist with the diagnosis of RVH. A post mortem study on 51 adult male patients concluded that anatomical RVH may be diagnosed using one or more of the following ECG criteria: However, the American Heart Association recommended

943-471: Is where the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures into the vertebral canal where the spinal cord resides. When the cord is compressed, the dog can experience symptoms ranging in scope from mild back or neck pain to paralysis of limbs, loss of sensation, and loss of bladder or bowel control. It is most commonly seen in the mid-back area, but can occur anywhere along the spine. Mild cases that do not result in paralysis can be treated medically by confining

984-555: The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Goodwood House was built in about 1600 and was acquired by Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond in 1697. A South wing was added by Matthew Brettingham and a North wing by James Wyatt . It may be that there was an intention to build the house in a unique octagonal layout, but only three of the eight sides were built and that intention has never been proven. Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond commissioned Sir William Chambers to design

1025-498: The 133rd Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. At 10 years old, Stump is the oldest dog to win this title. The breed is more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States than any other countries. It is recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, Fédération Cynologique Internationale , American Kennel Club, Kennel Club of Great Britain, Canadian Kennel Club , National Kennel Club, New Zealand Kennel Club , and

1066-608: The American Canine Registry. Goodwood House Goodwood House is a country house and estate covering 4,900 hectares (49 km ) in Westhampnett , Chichester, West Sussex, England and is the seat of the Duke of Richmond . The house was built in about 1600 and is a Grade I listed building . The house and its grounds are the site of the annual Goodwood Festival of Speed , whilst elsewhere on

1107-698: The airfield by Frederick Gordon-Lennox, 9th Duke of Richmond in 1948. In 1982, the Goodwood estate played host to the World Road Cycling Championships . A large collection of documents from the Goodwood Estate Archives (1418–1984) is held by West Sussex Record Office . 50°52′15″N 0°44′29″W  /  50.870904°N 0.741405°W  / 50.870904; -0.741405 Right ventricular hypertrophy Right ventricular hypertrophy ( RVH )

1148-731: The alpha-adrenergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors which are G-protein coupled receptors. This binding initiates the same intracellular signalling pathways as angiotensin and endothelin. There is also activation of cAMP and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ which leads to contractile dysfunction and fibrosis. Hormones are not the only cause of RVH. Hypertrophy can also be caused by mechanical forces, mTOR pathways, nitric oxide and immune cells . Immune cells can cause hypertrophy by inducing inflammation. The two main diagnostic tests used to confirm right ventricular hypertrophy are electrocardiography and echocardiography. The use of electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure cardiac chamber hypertrophy

1189-532: The animal in a crate to restrict movement to a minimum for several weeks, which can be accompanied by pain medication. Surgery can restore sensation to a dog's legs following paralysis but the success rate depends on how severe the herniation was. The Sussex is a native breed to the county, known to be bred at Goodwood, West Sussex in 1792 and by Augustus Elliot Fuller of Rose Hill (now known as Brightling Park , Brightling in East Sussex , England. The Sussex

1230-461: The breed is tetralogy of Fallot , which is more common in the Keeshond and English Bulldog breeds relatively. It is actually a combination of up to four conditions, including the previously mentioned pulmonary valve stenosis, with a secondary condition of right ventricular hypertrophy . The other conditions are ventricular septal defect which is a defect or hole in the wall of the heart between

1271-554: The chambers of the heart, thickening of the heart muscle known as ventricular hypertrophy leading to eventual heart failure. Patent ductus arteriosus also appears in the breed. It is a condition where a small blood vessel connecting two major arteries does not close following birth. It can cause complications as it is positioned to allow the blood flow to bypass the lungs. It also appears in American Staffordshire Terriers . A heart condition uncommon to

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1312-502: The dogs she saved. In 1947, only ten Sussex Spaniels were registered in the English Kennel Club . In 2004 the breed was identified as a vulnerable native breed by Kennel Club of Great Britain which are described as having annual registration figures of less than 300 per year. In 2008, only 56 puppies were registered. In 2009 a Sussex Spaniel named " Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee ," call name "Stump," won best in show at

1353-506: The estate the Goodwood Circuit motorsport track at Chichester/Goodwood Airport hosts the annual Goodwood Revival , and the airfield has a Flying School. Goodwood Racecourse hosts "Glorious Goodwood" and a number of other (horse) race meetings. Also held on the grounds is Goodwoof , an annual celebration of dogs. The event features a variety of activities for both dogs and their owners. The estate includes two golf courses and

1394-468: The first to be recognised by the UK Kennel Club in 1872. Sussex Spaniel Stump won the best in show in 2009 at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club . The Sussex Spaniel is a low compact spaniel similar in appearance, but not in colour, to a Clumber Spaniel . It is normally no taller than 15–16 in (38–41 cm) at the withers and the usual weight range is 45–50 lb (20–23 kg) with

1435-444: The heart. One of the most common causes of RVH is pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined as increased blood pressure in the vessels supplying blood to the lungs. PH leads to increased pulmonary artery pressure. The right ventricle tries to compensate for this increased pressure by changing its shape and size. Hypertrophy of individual myocytes results in an increase in right ventricular wall thickness. The worldwide incidence of PH

1476-496: The puppies. The Sussex Spaniel is considered difficult to breed. Heart conditions in the Sussex Spaniel can include pulmonary valve stenosis , which is the most common of the congenital heart defects. Essentially, in an animal with this condition, the pulmonary valve is improperly formed which causes the heart to work much faster to pump blood around the body. The final results of this condition can be swelling of fluid in

1517-478: The specific patient characteristics. Mechanical valve has greater durability, but requires anti-coagulation to reduce the risk of thrombosis. Treatment of pulmonary hypertension will depend on the specific cause of the pulmonary hypertension. On top of this, the following may also be considered: diuretic, oxygen and anti-coagulant therapy. After a prolonged period, the right ventricle fails to adapt sufficiently to pump against increased right ventricle pressure, which

1558-507: The stable block in 1757 and James Wyatt to design the Kennels, originally for use by the Duke's hunting hounds but now used as a golf club house, in 1787. He also commissioned Goodwood Racecourse, which was established in 1802. The Goodwood Golf Course was laid out in 1901. Chichester/Goodwood Airport was built during the Second World War . Goodwood Circuit was laid out around the perimeter of

1599-469: The two ventricles and the aorta which carries the blood from the left to the right side of the heart can be mis-positioned. The effect on the dog depends on the severity of the condition, and can range from a heart murmur through to reduced activity levels to death. Symptoms in puppies are generally a failure to grow and a reduced tolerance for exercise. Active treatment is effective in around 50% of cases. Also commonly called spinal disc herniation , this

1640-404: The use of additional diagnostic tests to diagnose RVH because no single criteria or set of criteria were considered sufficiently reliable. Echocardiography can be used to directly visualise right ventricular wall thickness. The preferred technique is the trans-oesophageal approach giving a view of 4 chambers. The normal thickness of a right ventricular free wall ranges from 2-5 millimetres, with

1681-652: Was not common in most Spaniel breeds. The Sussex Spaniel was one of the first to be registered by the UK Kennel club when it formed in 1872 and was one of the first ten breeds admitted into the stud book by the American Kennel Club in 1884, but lost what little popularity it had achieved in the 1940s. During World War II , breeding was discouraged but the Sussex saved from extinction by English breeder Joy Freer . All modern Sussex Spaniels are descended from

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