Misplaced Pages

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46-655: The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance ( SuSanA ) is a loose network of organizations who are "working along the same lines towards achieving sustainable sanitation ". It began its work in 2007, one year before the United Nations International Year of Sanitation in 2008. The intention of creating SuSanA was to have a joint label for the planned activities for 2008 and to align the various organizations for further initiatives. SuSanA has over 360 partner organizations and over 13,000 individual members (as of March 2021). SuSanA's vision document contains

92-481: A virtual private network by connecting to a group of trusted computers, as determined by the users. This kind of network is commonly referred to as a darknet . It uses strong encryption to ensure that third parties cannot decipher the messages being transferred. The same encryption is used to transmit and receive instant messages, chat, and files, maintain the connection, and browse and search. WASTE networks are decentralized (see social networks ), meaning there

138-432: A definition of sustainable sanitation which was developed by SuSanA partners in 2007. The discussion forum that is hosted by SuSanA performs like a Community of Practice (CoP). SuSanA is not a non-governmental organization (NGO). It has no legal structure and takes no membership fees. It encourages other organizations to join the network and to become active members in the thematic working groups. The SuSanA secretariat

184-544: A list of " List of abbreviations used in sanitation ". SuSanA has no legal structure, budget nor income. Partners contribute time and resources from their own budgets. The SuSanA secretariat is funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) who has commissioned the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Between 2012 and 2018, co-funding for

230-419: A new sanitation system, sustainability criteria related to the following aspects should be considered: Health aspects include the risk of exposure to pathogens and hazardous substances that could affect public health at all points of the sanitation system from the toilet via the collection and treatment system to the point of reuse or disposal. The topic also covers aspects such as hygiene , nutrition and

276-536: A sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. In order to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable, and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should also protect the environment and the natural resources . According to the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, when improving an existing and/or designing

322-464: A stable release. The experimental branch implements a new 16k packet size, which improves overhead and transfer speeds, but is not compatible with previous versions which support a 4k packet size. WASTE 1.7.4 for Windows was released on 24 December 2008, and was current as of October 2009 . This is a new branch on SourceForge created because of inactivity on the main WASTE development branch. This

368-522: A sustainable sanitation system were endorsed by the members of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (the "Bellagio Principles for Sustainable Sanitation") during its 5th Global Forum in November 2000: These planning guidelines have been revised further and are now used in various training courses for urban planners. Sustainable sanitation that allows for resource recovery has

414-542: A topic in the nexus (water, energy, food) dialogue as well as in the WASH and nutrition theme. SuSanA fulfills an "intermediary role" in a global innovation system. It was found to be a "prime mover" in the development of "safely managed non-grid sanitation ". SuSanA has 13 thematic working groups covering areas of sustainable sanitation where conceptual and knowledge management work is required: SuSanA has over 360 partner organizations (as of March 2021). The partners are of

460-467: Is a reference to Thomas Pynchon 's novel The Crying of Lot 49 . In the novel, W.A.S.T.E. is (among other things) an underground postal service. In 2003, less than 24 hours after its release, WASTE was removed from distribution by AOL , Nullsoft's parent company. The original page was replaced with a statement claiming that the posting of the software was unauthorized and that no lawful rights to it were held by anyone who had downloaded it, in spite of

506-472: Is employing in Haiti. Sustainable sanitation, defined with the five sustainability measures, may or may not have an focus on reuse of excreta , because the criterion of "protecting the natural resources" is only one of several that need to be aimed towards. In comparison, ecological sanitation (ecosan) has a strong focus on the reuse of waste. The term is widely used since about 2009. The main objective of

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552-400: Is funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development which has commissioned the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) for this task. Other SuSanA partners make contributions for example by paid time of their staff members. Between 2012 and 2018, co-funding for the online Discussion Forum, project database, Misplaced Pages editing and other improvements to

598-448: Is no central hub or server that everyone connects to. Peers must connect to each other individually. Normally, this is accomplished by having individuals sharing their RSA public keys, ensuring that their computers are accessible via the appropriate ports (one or more parties must have an IP address and port that can be reached by the other), and entering the IP address and port of someone on

644-507: Is the most fully featured version to date. A cross-platform (including Linux , OS X , and Microsoft Windows ) beta version of WASTE called Waste 1.5 beta 4 a.k.a. wxWaste, using the WxWidgets toolkit is available. VIA Technologies released a fork of WASTE under the name PadlockSL, but removed the product's website after a few weeks. The user interface was written in Qt and the client

690-722: Is too dominated by people from the Global North; too dominated by GIZ who leads the secretariat; and too theoretical and far removed from the realities on the ground. The activities of SuSanA so far have a tendency to take place and be driven by actors in the Global North, especially by European actors. To overcome this to some extent, SuSaA set-up local "chapters" in India in 2016, West Asia and North Africa ( WANA ) in 2017, and Latin America in 2018. SuSanA has no regional nodes, offices or secretariats. It also has limited impact so far in

736-640: The Post-2015 Development Agenda and helped to shape the Sustainable Development Goals where Goal Number 6 now includes a goal of universal use of sustainable sanitation services that protect public health and dignity. Other actors have picked up on the theme of innovative sanitation (often with reuse of excreta in some form), most notably the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Sustainable sanitation has become

782-547: The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council announced a stronger collaboration with SuSanA by merging their Community of Practice group into the SuSanA Discussion Forum, including financial support to the moderation of the SuSanA Discussion Forum. The activities of the SuSanA network have contributed to increasing awareness about sustainability in the sanitation sector. SuSanA members were active in

828-451: The JMP definition, improved sanitation facilities include facilities which are: Unimproved sanitation facilities according to the JMP include: In some circumstances "improved" sanitation facilities can be regarded as not sustainable, whereas in other circumstances "unimproved" sanitation facilities can be regarded as sustainable. This is because it depends on the sanitation system, of which

874-469: The SuSanA website was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . SuSanA is dedicated to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals , and in particular SDG6 (Goal Number 6) which is "water and sanitation for all". This is done by promoting sustainable sanitation systems. These systems should be "economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and protect health,

920-513: The available human resources (e.g. the local community, technical team of the local utility etc.). It also concerns the suitability to achieve an efficient substance flow management from a technical point of view. Furthermore, it evaluates the robustness of the system, its vulnerability towards disasters, and the flexibility and adaptability of its technical elements to the existing infrastructure, to demographic and socio-economic developments and climate change . Financial and economic issues relate to

966-517: The capacity of households and communities to pay for sanitation, including the construction, maintenance and depreciation of the system. Besides the evaluation of investment, operation and maintenance costs, the topic also takes into account the economic benefits that can be obtained in "productive" sanitation systems, including benefits from the production of the recyclables (soil conditioner, fertiliser , energy and reclaimed water ), employment creation, increased productivity through improved health and

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1012-631: The discussion forum. Individuals can join as members. There are nearly 13,000 members (as of March 2021). SuSanA has been criticized by some in the WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) sector for a perceived dominance of the ecosan theme in SuSanA. This is due to the strong focus of two of its founding organizations on ecosan: Stockholm Environment Institute and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH . Others have criticised SuSanA for being too focussed on technologies and sanitation systems (rather than on non-technical issues); that it

1058-405: The effects of these, for example reusing the wastewater , returning nutrients and organic material to agriculture, and the protecting of other non-renewable resources, for example through the production of renewable energy (e.g. biogas or fuel wood). Technology and operation aspects incorporate the functionality and the ease with which the system can be constructed, operated and monitored using

1104-555: The environment and natural resources". SuSanA is one of several knowledge management platform in the WASH sector such as the LinkedIn Discussion Group "Community of Practice on Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries" by WSSCC (now defunct), Blue Planet, International Water Association (IWA), Akvopedia and others. Since 2007, SuSanA has held 23 meetings in different locations around

1150-443: The five aspects in mind, but in practice they are failing far too often because some of the criteria are not met. Since there is no one-for-all sanitation solution which fulfils the sustainability criteria, evaluation will depend on the local framework and will have to take into consideration the existing environmental, technical, socio-cultural and economic conditions. Some basic principles to be observed when planning and implementing

1196-424: The following types: Local NGO, International NGO, private sector, research and education, governmental / state-owned organization, multi-lateral organizations, associations and networks and others. All prospective new SuSanA partner organizations have to agree to the vision document when they join. A network analysis study conducted in 2014 assessed the SuSanA network by examining the communication channels used and

1242-442: The improvement of livelihood achieved by the application of a certain sanitation system, as well as downstream effects. Environment and natural resources aspects involve the required energy, water and other natural resources for construction, operation and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential emissions to the environment resulting from use. It also includes the degree of recycling and reuse of excreta practiced and

1288-585: The more common downloading by users. Simple drag-and-drop to chat boxes will send files to their intended destinations. The suggested size for a WASTE network (referred to as a mesh by users) is 10-50 nodes , though it has been suggested that the size of the network is less critical than the ratio of nodes willing to route traffic to those that are not. With original Nullsoft -client groups now exceeding ten years of age, it's not uncommon for stable meshes to host multiple terabytes of secure content. By default, WASTE listens to incoming connections on port 1337. This

1334-445: The network search feature is one of the fastest of all the decentralized P2P applications. Its instant messaging and file sharing capabilities are much closer to those of AOL Instant Messenger than more typical file sharing programs. Members of the network can create private and public chat rooms, instant message each other, browse each other's files, and trade files, including the pushing or active sending of files by hosts, as well as

1380-622: The network to connect to. Once connected to the network, public keys are automatically exchanged amongst members (provided enough of the members are set to forward and accept public keys), and nodes will then attempt to connect to each other, strengthening the network (decreasing the odds that any one node going down will collapse or shut out any part of the network), as well as increasing the number of possible routes from any given point to any other point, decreasing latency and bandwidth required for communication and file transfer. Since WASTE connects small, private groups rather than large, public ones,

1426-471: The non-English speaking parts of the world, notably Russia or Central Asia. The SuSanA core group has reacted to these criticisms by defining a mission statement in 2014, a roadmap for 2013 onwards and by hosting an open discussion forum where such issues can be discussed. Recommendations made in 2014 to the SuSanA network for its future development and to further develop relationships among partners include: Continue to hold meetings in different locations around

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1472-413: The online Discussion Forum and other improvements to the SuSanA platform was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . Several active core group partners, for example SEI , seecon, BORDA , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , IWA , and WASTE , have also funded various travel costs of SuSanA members, seminars, the printing of SuSanA publications and so forth. In 2020,

1518-495: The original claim that the software was released under the terms of the GNU General Public License . Several developers have modified and upgraded the WASTE client and protocol. The SourceForge edition is considered by many to be the official development branch, but there are several forks . WASTE is a decentralized chat, instant messaging and file sharing program and protocol. It behaves similarly to

1564-520: The original clients. Nullnets are networks without a passphrase. It is impossible to know how many nullnets exist, but there is one primary nullnet. The best way to access the nullnet is to post your credentials to the WASTE Key Exchange. The nullnet can easily merge with other nullnets because there is no passphrase, which makes it a great place for public discussion and file sharing. As of version 1.7, WASTE comes in an experimental and

1610-495: The potential to contribute to circular economies and green cities , sustainable food chains, renewable energy , and new business models for private sector involvement. Five recommendations were made in 2020 for the optimization of resource recovery: (i) prioritize short systems that close the loop at the lowest possible level; (ii) separate waste streams as much as possible, because this allows for higher recovery potentials; (iii) use storage and treatment technologies that contain

1656-440: The products as much as possible, avoid leaching technologies (e.g. single pits) and technologies with high risk of volatilization (e.g. drying beds); (iv) design sinks to optimize recovery and avoid disposal sinks; and (v) combine various reuse options for different side streams (e.g. urine diversion systems that combine reuse of urine and production of biofuel from feces). Some examples for improving present sanitation practices in

1702-404: The quality of relationships among partners. It found that "SuSanA partners have strong levels of trust, cooperation and information exchange with one another". However, partners seem to have low diversity of relationships with partners in different economic zones, such as developing countries versus developed countries. Many of the partners use their membership primarily to receive information from

1748-412: The reduction of environmental and public health costs. Socio-cultural and institutional aspects take into account the socio-cultural acceptance and appropriateness of the system, convenience, system perceptions, gender issues and impacts on human dignity , the contribution to subsistence economies and food security, and legal and institutional aspects. Most sanitation systems have been designed with

1794-471: The short-term, purely from a technology perspective, are listed below: With respect to the other sustainability factors, key areas of attention include: WASTE WASTE is a peer-to-peer and friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features instant messaging , chat rooms , and file browsing/sharing capabilities. The name WASTE

1840-520: The system: This includes methods of collecting, transporting, treating and the disposal (or reuse) of waste. Increasingly, sustainable sanitation also involves the consideration of climate change related impacts on sanitation infrastructure and behaviour and the resilience of technologies and communities. The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of the WHO ( World Health Organization ) and UNICEF ( United Nations Children's Fund )

1886-427: The toilet is only one part. For example, a pit latrine with a slab can become unsustainable sanitation if it is polluting the groundwater or if the waste sludge that is removed from the pit latrine is dumped into the environment. A bucket toilet can become sustainable if the collection, treatment and reuse or disposal of waste is taken care of in a safe manner, for example with the urine-diverting dry toilets that SOIL

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1932-623: The world, establish regional nodes, re-activate the working groups, and create more active members through engagement. SuSanA started in January 2007 with a first meeting in Eschborn, Germany, at Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH , an international enterprise owned by the German Federal Government . GIZ agreed to host SuSanA's secretariat and has been doing so since 2007. The reason why SuSanA

1978-752: The world. Each year one meeting takes place before or after the World Water Week in Stockholm , and a further meeting usually takes place in the Global South , connected to another WASH event. SuSanA also organises side events, seminars and working group meetings in conjunction with other major WASH conferences. SuSanA members are contributing to Misplaced Pages articles on WASH-related topics. They are particularly active just before two international observance days : World Water Day on 22 March and World Toilet Day on 19 November. They have also set up

2024-434: Was probably chosen because of 1337's leet connotations. Since there is no central hub, WASTE networks typically employ a password or passphrase , also called a network name to prevent collision. That is, a member from one network connecting to a member of another network, thus bridging the two networks. By assigning a unique identifier (passphrase) to your network, the risk of collisions can be reduced, particularly with

2070-553: Was responsible for monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goal for drinking water and sanitation. For reasons of simplicity—being able to monitor the sanitation situation with household surveys—the JMP had to find a simple differentiation between "improved" sanitation (toilets that count towards the MDG goals) and "unimproved" sanitation (toilets that do not count towards the MDG goals). According to

2116-511: Was started in 2007 was to prepare for the International Year of Sanitation in 2008, and to align the organizations active in sustainable sanitation. A research project in 2020 has split the development of SuSanA into the following phases: Sustainable sanitation The purpose of sustainable sanitation is the same as sanitation in general: to protect human health . However, "sustainable sanitation" attends to all processes of

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