Misplaced Pages

#57942

147-528: In Latin records, this theonym is notated as Suantouitus , Suantouith , Suantuitho , Szuentevit , Suantevit , Zuantevith , and others, and in Old Icelandic as Svanraviz and Svanteviz . Scholars agree on the reading of the Latin records; the digraphs ⟨an⟩ and ⟨en⟩ indicate a Slavic nasal vowel . In the first part of the theonym, there is an Old Polabian continuation of

294-407: A flag ( Latin : stanitia , cf. Kashubian : stanica "flag, banner, ensign, pennant") and eagles was also dedicated to the god. Saxo does not describe what exactly the eagles were, but they were located on two sides of a flag, which was located on the gate tower (towards the east ) of the only entrance to the gord on Arkona, however the chronicler describes the flag in more detail: it

441-433: A /f/ phoneme. In the 12th and 13th century in the dialects of Lesser Poland and Masovia the initial clusters /xv/ and /xvʲ/ were simplified to /f/ and /fʲ/ (e.g. chwatać > fatać , chwała > fała , chwila > fila ). This enlarged their consonantal inventory by two. This change did not make it to the literary language , and was ultimately reversed also in those dialects. But before that, in

588-492: A coin as a donation for the worship of this idol. The idol was also given a third of the loot and the results of plundering, as if they had been attained and taken for his protection. This same god had three hundred horses and the same number of men who served as warriors on them, and all of their earnings, obtained through arms or robbery, were given to the custody of the priest, who, using the profits from these things, would create different types of emblems and various adornmentsfor

735-691: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before

882-406: A given scholar takes, the theonym is translated, for example, as "Strong hero", "Strong ruler and lord", or "Holy victor", "Holy lord". Some scholars also divide the theonym as Svet-ovit , where the suffix -ovit means "one who has much (of something)", "characterized by (something)", and the theonym Svetovit is supposed to mean "The one with much that is holy". Brückner found the interpretation of

1029-466: A group of monks famous for their holiness left Corvey . Hungry for the salvation of the Slavs, they insisted on suffering dangers and death in order to preach the word of God. After passing through many provinces, they arrived at those who were called Rani or Rujani and lived in the middle of the sea. That is the home of error and the seat of idolatry. After faithfully preaching the word of God, they won over

1176-404: A hair from its mane or tail was considered a sin. The horse was also used for divination: the priests set up three rows of spears with the spearheads downwards, where each row of spears was crossed with each other, if the horse crossed these rows of spears with its right foot first, it meant good luck in a planned battle or attack, if with the left first, the battle was called off. Saxo states that

1323-485: A horn that had been carved earlier, analogous to the one in the Altenkirchen bas-relief. Nowadays there are religious associations referring to the ancient religion of the Slavs . The community that refers to the cult of Svetovit is Native Polish Church . Members of this religious association acknowledge the existence of the supreme god ( henotheism ), which is Svetovit. In this context, this community refers to

1470-708: A horse, or hippomancy , was also known to the Germanic peoples (according to Tacitus ), the Balts , the Rus and in the Avestrian religion . Not breathing in the temple also appears in Zoroastrianism , where it was done to avoid contaminating the sacred fire . The eagles on either side of the flag are analogous to Polish seals , where a representation of a prince is placed between two eagles, and which were often also on

1617-463: A legendary identification. Some publications claim that Svetovit was also worshipped in Serbia (and Croatia ), as evidenced by the holiday of Vidovdan (literally "St. Vitus Day"). This holiday, which was originally associated with St. Vitus, was forgotten over time and began to regain its popularity in 1818 after the publication of Vuk Karadžić 's Srpski rječnik , where Vidovdan is mentioned as

SECTION 10

#1732798655058

1764-464: A local legend, believed the slab to be a representation of Svetovit – a belief that persisted in Rügen folk tradition until the 19th century. Some scholars believed that the slab was, for example, a reused tombstone of some Christian, such as Jaromir 's brother, Tetzlav . However, this is considered unlikely nowadays: the lack of Christian symbolism, the depreciative position (lying down, head down), and

1911-413: A martyr and servant of Christ, as a god, setting creatures over the creator. There is no other barbarism under heaven more horrifying to Christians and priests; they only rejoiced in the name o Saint Vitus, to whom they even dedicated a temple and a statue with a very significant cult and they attribute especially to him the primacy of the gods. They ask of him prophetic answers regarding all the provinces of

2058-562: A new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of

2205-399: A precious cup. Merchants who came to trade on the island of Rügen were taxed in honour of Svetovit. A white horse was sacrificed to Svetovit. The god himself was supposed to ride this horse at night to fight his enemies, which was proved by the fact that in the morning the horse was drowsy and dirty. The horse could only be ridden by a priest to not diminish the value of the horse, and pulling

2352-539: A professor of Jagiellonian University , was the first person to attempt a codification of Polish spelling. He wrote a tract on Polish orthographic rules (in Latin ) and a short rhyme Obiecado (in Polish) as an example of their use. The rules that were proposed included the following: Parkoszowic's proposal was not adopted, as his conventions were judged to be impractical and cumbersome and bore little resemblance to

2499-476: A remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from the other varieties, as it

2646-709: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross

2793-486: A subsequent rapid expansion of -ow- almost completely replaces -ew- in the next century. Eventually the forms with -ow- have made their way to the literary language: Modern Polish -ów , -owie and -owi . Feminine endings of the dative and locative plural had two variants: older endings with a long vowel -ām and -āch , and younger endings with a short vowel – -am and -ach . The shortening might have been caused either by frequent usage, or by leveling of

2940-635: A ty odpocznij , English: Let me grind, while you take a rest ), written around 1270. The medieval recorder of the phrase, the Cistercian monk Peter of the Henryków monastery, noted that Hoc est in polonico ("This is in Polish"). The difficulty that medieval scribes had to face while attempting to codify the language was the inadequacy of the Latin alphabet to some features of Old Polish phonology , such as vowel length and nasalization , or

3087-416: A well-maintained covering, which consisted of shapes of different things painted in a crude, primitive style. Only one entry door could be seen. However, the temple itself was closed off by two enclosures, of whose walls the outside set was covered by a red roof; the interior, on the other hand, which was supported over four pillars, shone with wall hangings instead of walls, and did not share any structure with

SECTION 20

#1732798655058

3234-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,

3381-490: Is a festival of the deity Vid , and the Kosovo myth developed alongside the cult of this deity, as well as ethnologists Dušan Bandić and Mila Bosić. Even today, the view of the cult of Svetovit among Serbs and Croats comes up for discussion; his name is often stylized as Svetovid or Vid to make the name similar to toponymy and other proper names (e.g. Vidova Gora ), which are supposed to be remnants of his cult. However,

3528-420: Is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at a faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form

3675-640: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In

3822-421: Is a simplified table of Old Polish noun declension: Notes : Although Old Polish inherited all of the inflectional categories of Proto-Slavic , the whole system was subject to a fundamental reorganization. The Proto-Slavic inflection paradigms were applied based on the shape of the stem , but this had been obscured by many phonetic changes . Consequently, the endings began being assigned based primarily on

3969-414: Is correct, the theonym consists of the adjective *svętovy , and the suffix *-itъ(jь) . It has also been proposed that the meaning of the first part of the theonym should be translated, for example, as "world", or "light" (PS *světъ ), but this interpretation has been rejected by linguists. A completely incorrect reading is Sviatovid / Svietovid (Polish Światowid ) "God seeing the four directions of

4116-424: Is dated to the 10th-11th centuries, although it was not set into the wall until the 13th century or later; according to David Chytraeus , the stone was already there in 1586 and was called Jaromirstein ("Jaromir's stone"). In the 18th century the slab was surrounded by the black painted inscription Sanctus Vitus oder Svantevit ("St. Vitus or Svantevit"), nowadays almost completely erased. Chytraeus, following

4263-660: Is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of

4410-689: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and

4557-595: Is no evidence whatsoever that the Circipanians paid tribute before that date. According to Roman Zaroff, however, this information is also a forgery; according to Janisław Osięgłowski, the legend originated around 1110-1114 and was started by monks from Corvey who knew the Slavic language and participated in Lotar's war expedition. When they learned about the island and the benefits that could be derived from its possession,

Svetovit - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-454: Is supposed to derive from *vitędzь "warrior, hero" of Germanic etymology. Some researchers, however, have rejected the connection of the suffix with *vitędzь precisely because of the Germanic origin of the word; some scholars have linked the suffix to the word *vitati "to invite, to wish health", or the hypothetical verb *viti . Depending on which original meaning of the word *svętъ

4851-1011: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it

4998-453: Is the longest known text on the beliefs of the Slavs . Excerpt from Saxo's description: In the city center there was a flat space, where a temple made of wood could be found, which was very elegantly crafted, worthy of veneration not only because of the magnificence of its decorations, but also because of the divinity of the image placed inside. The outside perimeter of the building gleamed with

5145-433: Is thought that early Old Polish had free, lexical stress inherited from Proto-Slavic. Occasional ellipsis of the second vowel in commonly used trisyllabic words and phrases in the 14th and 15th century ( wieliki > wielki , ażeby > ażby , iże mu > iż mu , Wojeciech > Wojciech ) point to the conclusion that by that time fixed initial stress had developed. The initial stress in

5292-416: Is unclear. Helmold mentions a Christianizing mission to Rügen, but makes no mention of a tribute, and the monastery makes no mention of a mission, but mentions the right to collect a tribute from Rügen. The first to mention the loss of Corvey's right to Rügen was Abbot Saracho  [ de ] (d. 1071), but this is probably a later interpolation . The first reliable, albeit indirect, information about

5439-543: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In

5586-692: The Holy Cross Sermons ( Polish : Kazania świętokrzyskie ), the Florian Psalter ( Psałterz floriański ), Bogurodzica ( Bogurodzica ), the Sharoshpatak Bible ( Biblia szaroszpatacka or Biblia królowej Zofii ) and some others. The Old Polish language was spoken mainly on the territory of modern Poland . It was the main vernacular of medieval Polish states under the Piasts and early Jagiellons , although it

5733-528: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are

5880-502: The Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin

6027-607: The Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until the late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar

Svetovit - Misplaced Pages Continue

6174-574: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by

6321-492: The Proto-Indo-European root *ḱwen- "to celebrate". Rick Derksen reconstructs PS meaning of *svętъ as "holy, sacred", Wiesław Boryś as "being the object of religious reverence, worship". In academic literature, the theonym is traditionally divided morphologically as Sveto-vit – in the second part there is supposed to be a suffix -vit (hypothetical PS *-vitъ ) meaning "lord, ruler, hero". The suffix

6468-653: The Proto-Slavic adjective *svętъ (with a nasal [e]). At the Old Polabian stage, at least in northern dialects, as a result of the transition of [ę] into [ą] (nasal [a]), *svętъ passed into Old Polabian dialectal *svąt- . On this basis, the Old Polabian dialectal theonym is reconstructed as *Svątevit . In English publications god's name is being transcribed as Svantovit (from reconstructed Old Polabian *Svątevit ), Sventovit or Svetovit (from hypothetical Common Slavic *Svętovitъ ). The prevailing view in

6615-407: The common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as a native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during

6762-414: The horn situated in the statue of the god – if there was a lack of alcohol poured earlier, it predicted a crop failure and the priest ordered to make provisions, if there was no lack the priest predicted a good harvest for the next year. Then the priest poured out the liquor from the horn under the statue's feet and poured fresh liquor asking for prosperity for himself and the people. The priest would finish

6909-401: The lexical gender of nouns, which previously was not the primary consideration (although stem shape still played a role in certain cases), and the old declension classes gradually merged. Many endings were lost from Proto-Slavic and others, often those which were more distinct, took their place. Although many of the above endings are the same as modern Polish , they did not necessarily have

7056-522: The palatalization of consonants. Thus, Old Polish did not have a unified spelling . Polish glosses in Latin texts use romanized spelling, which often failed to distinguish between distinct phonemes . Already then, however, certain spellings of proper names become unified. The spelling in the major works of Old Polish, such as the Holy Cross Sermons or the Sankt Florian Psalter is better developed. Their scribes tried to resolve

7203-540: The proto-language -ev- regularly occurred after soft consonants, and the equivalent -ov- – after hard consonants, in Old Polish this variance was disrupted. There came a tendency to regularize one of them, and so southern Poland: Lesser Poland and Silesia , generalize -ow- to all positions, while Greater Poland generalizes -ew- . Masovia until the 15th century used -ew- as in Greater Poland, but

7350-402: The singular in place of the accusative . This was directly caused by the fact that the accusative of all masculine nouns used to be identical with the nominative , causing confusion as to which of two animate nouns was the subject and which the direct object due to free word order : Ociec kocha syn – "The father loves the son" or "The son loves the father". The use of the genitive for

7497-640: The "mask" of Perun . The four heads of Svetovit correspond to the number 4 , which is associated with thunder gods : in the Balts Thursday was associated with Perkun , in the Romans Thursday was called Iovis dies ("Jupiter's day"), and in the Germanic people Donnerstag / Thursday (" Thor 's day"). In the Balts, women were not allowed to do certain jobs on Thursdays, and marriages contracted on this day would be happy. In addition, Perkun ruled

SECTION 50

#1732798655058

7644-451: The 14th and 15th century these two sounds became firmly established in borrowings (in earlier loanwords foreign [f] was replaced by either /b/ or /p/). Perhaps one of the oldest loanwords which keeps /f, fʲ/ unchanged is the word ofiara ("victim; offering"), loaned from Czech ofěra , since the pre-writing era change ě > a before a hard consonant ( przegłos polski ) seemed to have operated in it. /f/ also appeared later from

7791-408: The 15th century when vowel length was disappearing the two nasals retained the old length distinction through changes in quality, like the other non-high vowels. The short nasal was fronted to /æ̃~ɛ̃/ and the long backed to /ɒ̃~ɔ̃/ and lost its length (both with differing dialectal realizations). The described changes led to the creation of the late Old Polish vocalic system: Although stress

7938-637: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto

8085-647: The Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore,

8232-599: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,

8379-630: The Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to the English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology ,

8526-517: The Old Polish period, vowel length ceased to be a feature distinguishing phonemes. The long high vowels /iː/, [ɨː] and /uː/ merged with their short counterparts, with no change in quality . The fate of the remaining long oral vowels was different; they also lost their length, but their articulation became more closed and so they remained distinct from their old short counterparts. Thus, /ɛː/ changed to /e/ and /ɔː/ changed to /o/. The earlier long /aː/ also gained roundedness and became /ɒ/. This process

8673-508: The Rani until the present. Such a view was expressed by Evelino Gasparini , or Henryk Łowmiański , but Łowmiański rejected the authenticity of the legend. Instead, he proposed a hypothesis according to which the cult of St Vitus was supposed to have spread from Prague to Brenna – from there came Drahomira , the mother of Wenceslaus I , the founder of St. Vitus' Church in Prague – where it

8820-534: The Renaissance. The Book of Henryków ( Polish : Księga henrykowska , Latin : Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Heinrichau ), contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language: Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai (pronounced originally as: Daj, uć ja pobrusza, a ti pocziwaj , modern Polish: Daj, niech ja pomielę, a ty odpoczywaj or Pozwól, że ja będę mielił,

8967-612: The Rügen tribute was given by the Annales Corbeienses , which describe the expedition of Duke Lotar III in 1114 against the Lutici union . The defeated Circipanians tribe admitted that they had once paid tribute in the form of fox skins or coins to St. Vitus in Corvey (where his relics had been located since 836). According to Łowmiański, this confession to paying tribute was a fabrication to appease Lotar's wrath, since there

SECTION 60

#1732798655058

9114-540: The Saxons ), nor by Adam of Bremen ( Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum ). There is also an argument against such borrowing by given names of similar construction, e.g. Milovit , Radovit , Siemovit , etc. It is also unclear why the Slavs would consider an unpopular saint as a chief deity. The cult of St. Vitus itself was transferred to the Polabian region from Prague, not from Corvey. The origin of this legend

9261-464: The Slavs, and pay sacrificial tribute annually. Not even the traders who coincidentally arrive at those places can sell or buy anything if they do not first make an offering of some precious object from their wares to the god and only then can they make their goods available to the public at the market. They honor their high priest no less than they would a king. And thus, from the time that they renounced their first faith, this superstition perseveres among

9408-467: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from

9555-563: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as

9702-528: The aforementioned issues in various ways, which led to each manuscript having separate spelling rules. Digraphs were commonly employed to write sounds not present in Latin, the letter ⟨ꟁ⟩ with appearance varying between ⟨ꟁ⟩, ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨ɸ⟩ (see image on the right) was introduced to spell the nasal vowels, and the basic Latin letters were now used consistently for the same sounds. Nevertheless, many features were still only rarely marked, for example vowel length . About 1440, Jakub Parkoszowic  [ pl ] ,

9849-499: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Old Polish The Old Polish language ( Polish : język staropolski, staropolszczyzna )

9996-535: The beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in the educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as

10143-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin

10290-561: The bottom of the Zbruch River , a tributary of the Dniester . It is a quadrangular limestone pillar, generally dated to the 9th-10th centuries. On the top are four faces facing the four directions of the world. Below, the four sides are covered with reliefs, which are often interpreted as specific deities, which are divided into three levels, which are sometimes interpreted as a cosmological division. However, there are disagreements about

10437-430: The comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in the large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained

10584-465: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for

10731-549: The day of the Battle of Kosovo . Since the mid-19th century, with the rise of Serbian romanticism, this holiday among all Serbs began to symbolize the nation's heroism in the fight against the Ottoman Empire . In 1864 the holiday returned to the church calendar, but at that time the holiday was mainly treated as a day to commemorate the battle of Kosovo and the death of Prince Lazar . For this reason, there were even claims in

10878-503: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains

11025-568: The development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through

11172-569: The differences between Old and Modern Polish are comparatively slight, and the Polish language is somewhat conservative relative to other Slavic languages. That said, the relatively slight differences between Old and Modern Polish are unremarkable considering that the chronological stages of other European languages that Old Polish is contemporary with are generally not very different from the Modern stages and many of them already labelled "Early Modern". Old Polish includes texts that were written as late as

11319-422: The direct object solves this issue: Ociec kocha syna – unambiguously "The father loves the son". Such forms are ubiquitous already in the oldest monuments of the language, although exceptions still happen occasionally. The Proto-Slavic language had a variant cluster -ev- / -ov- , which occurred in some suffixes , such as the dative singular, nominative plural and genitive plural of masculine nouns. While in

11466-413: The earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200,

11613-406: The entire army in view of the Slavs and, once it was reduced to kindling, that it be tossed into the fire. And he destroyed the temple with all of its cultural apparatuses and looted the shrine’s rich treasure. And he ordered them to abandon the error into which they had been born and to accept the worship of the true God (…). The fortress where the temple was located was on the island of Rügen , on

11760-466: The entire island, where they even founded an oratory in honor of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ and in memory of Saint Vitus, who is the patron saint of Corvey. Later, the situation having changed with permission from God, the Rani moved away from the faith and, immediately driving out the priests and the Christians, changed religion for superstition. For they worshiped Saint Vitus, who we revere as

11907-477: The exterior except the roof and a few beams. In the temple, an enormous statue, which exceeded any type of human body in size, left one stunned, with its four heads and equal number of necks, of which two seemed to look at the chest and another two at the back. And of the two located on the front as well as the two on the back, one seemed to be gazing to the right and the other to the left. They had close-shaved beards and very short hair, such that one could think that

12054-442: The fall of Rethra , may have reached Corvey through merchants charged with donations to Svetovit, or returning prisoners of war who were kidnapped by Slavic pirates  [ pl ] . The person who translated the theonym was able to translate the first part of the theonym as corresponding to Latin sanctus , but was unable to translate the second part ( -vit ), which, with the medieval tendency toward etymologization, resulted in

12201-472: The festival of Jupiter, epulum Iovis , held on September 13, associated with the end of the harvest. He compares divination predicting success in war by means of a horse and spear to the spears of Mars hidden in his sacrarium in Regia , the movement of which foretold peace or war. The declaration of war itself, however, belonged to Jupiter – his priest performed the ceremony of declaring war, which ended with

12348-445: The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite the careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature

12495-462: The first century BC described by Marcus Terentius Varro , wine and the very rallying from the drink is supposed to be common to many Indo-Europeans. Round cakes are of Indo-European origin – in Rome round cakes were called summanalia , which gave rise to the nickname Jupiter Summanus , and round cakes were also used in rituals in India . The association of Svetovit with the harvest is also linked to

12642-430: The following phonemes . As mentioned, the sound qualities are approximations. [ɨ] and [ɨː] were in complementary distribution with [i] and [iː] respectively – the former occurred after hard consonants, the latter in all other positions. The pairs can therefore be regarded as allophones . All vowel phonemes occurred in pairs, one short and one long. Long vowels emerged in Old Polish from four sources: Due to

12789-425: The following year, which amounted to a wish for a larger harvest. The priest admonished the people to offer sacrifices to the god to ensure prosperity. The Slavs voluntarily gave one coin a year to Svetovit. The god was also given ⅓ of the captured armor of enemies. Neighboring kings were also said to have made gifts to the deity, such as a Danish king named Swen , probably Sweyn III of Denmark , who offered him

12936-493: The former two were affricated . The resultant sounds were similar to their modern Polish counterparts: /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/, /ɕ/ and /ʑ/. This change happened very early, starting already in the 13th century as evidenced by spelling. Somewhere around the 13th to 14th century, the phoneme /rʲ/ came to be pronounced with considerable friction, probably resulting in a sound similar to Czech /r̝/ (but by then probably still palatalized: /r̝ʲ/). The Proto-Slavic language did not have

13083-554: The four directions of the world and had four faces. The ritual of sacrificing alcohol to Svetovit is connected with the function of the chief god: the Vedic Indra drank a lot of soma , which gave him strength, Jupiter was sacrificed a grape, and the Germanic Odin drank the best honey mead. He regards the horn of Svetovit as a symbol of power, compares the ritual of exchanging alcohol to the ritual dedicated to Jupiter in

13230-422: The god. The day before, the priest would clean the temple, taking care not to let out any breath inside the temple, so as not to defile the presence of the god with human breath. The feast was held after the harvest . After the crowd gathered in front of the temple, animals were sacrificed and then a feast was held. The next day the crowd gathered in front of the temple and the priest checked the amount of alcohol in

13377-546: The history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to the Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In

13524-481: The horn and mustache, which were attributes of the god, indicate that this slab depicts Svetovit. In the context of Svetovit there is also a similar sized granite slab built into the outer wall of St Mary's Church in Bergen auf Rügen  [ Wikidata ] . The slab carves a figure (the so-called Monk ) with folded arms on his chest in which he holds a cross. However, the cross is most likely located in place of

13671-755: The influence of Christianity on the meaning of the word is contradicted primarily by its etymology: the closest cognates are Lithuanian šventas and Old Prussian swints "holy, sacred", which, like PS *svętъ , are derived from the Proto-Balto-Slavic *śwentas . Also closely related is the Avestan spəṇta "holy, sacred" and Sanskrit śvānta . Also further related are the Proto-Germanic *hunsla "offering, sacrifice", and possibly Thracian *θιντ and Proto-Celtic *penta . The Slavic word and words related to it ultimately come from

13818-410: The interpretation of the statue, as well as divergent views about its dating, the very belonging to Slavic culture is also subject to criticism. In the church in Altenkirchen (10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Arkona), in the 13th-century wall of the sacristy, there is a granite slab measuring 1.19 × 1.68 m depicting a man with a moustache, wearing a cap and a long robe, holding a large horn. The slab

13965-532: The introduction of borrowings which had hard velars before front vowels, as well as the denasalization of word final /ɛ̃/. Note that this change did not affect the velar fricative /x/ or velars before the front nasal vowel /æ̃~ɛ̃/. Not all regional varieties handled this change in the way here described, most notably in Masovia . After these alternations, the late Old Polish consonant system presented itself thus: The early Old Polish vocalic system consisted of

14112-703: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How

14259-408: The island of Wolin , on which four faces are carved looking in four directions. The figurine is 9.3 centimetres (3.7 in) tall and was found in a house, which was located near a building interpreted as a probable temple. It is dated to the second half of the 9th century. Some scholars see an analogy to Svetovit in an idol from Zbruch , the so-called Sviatovid . This statue was found in 1848 from

14406-532: The knees with a junction that was so invisible that the point of union could only be discovered after a very careful examination. The feet were at ground level, with the base hidden below the floor. Not very far away were some bridles and a chair for the statue, and many emblems of the deity. The admiration for these things was further increased by a sword of an astonishing size, whose scabbard and hilt, in addition to excellent embossed decorations, were also covered in splendid silver. Every year, every man and woman paid

14553-704: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of

14700-405: The language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be a separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within

14847-407: The lengthening described in 1. short vowels could not occur in word-final syllables before a voiced consonant. The only exceptions was short /ɛ/ from an older strong yer. Similarly to some other Slavic languages and dialects , there existed a tendency to constrain the occurrence of vowels in word onset. A prosthetic [j], [w] or [h] was often introduced to words beginning with a vowel: During

14994-493: The literature is that *svętъ in Proto-Slavic language meant "strong, mighty", and only under the influence of Christianity did it acquire the religious meaning of "holy, sacred". Such a view was held by Aleksander Brückner , Stanisław Rospond and many others. Nowadays, however, this view is sometimes criticized and it is suggested that the meaning of "holy, sacred" should be considered original, Proto-Slavic. Against

15141-617: The lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of

15288-535: The maker had imitated the Rani’s style of doing their hair. In its right hand it held a horn decorated with several types of metal, that the priest who was an expert in their rites would fill each year with pure wine, in order to make predictions about the coming year’s harvest through the state of the liquor itself. On the left there was a bow in the arm turned towards the side. There was a sculpted tunic that fell to its feet, which, made of different types of wood, connected to

15435-431: The meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and the classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for

15582-510: The name problematic. He eventually suggested a possible connection with the hypothetical Old Polish word świętowity "holy, sacred", but this interpretation was rejected by Stanisław Urbańczyk . The source material, however, confirms the existence of this type of words in Slavic languages, cf. Belarusian dialectal svyatovyy , Russian svyatovyy , Ukrainian *svyatovoy "holy, sacred", also probably Old Polish *świętowa "holy, sacred", all from Slavic *svętovy . If this etymology

15729-634: The northeastern peninsula of Wittow , at the edge of Cape Arkona . The remains of the temple have not survived to modern times, having been swallowed up by the sea. During recent archaeological investigations (20th and 21st centuries), merchant and military objects were found, confirming the high status of the castle, as well as the remains of human sacrifices. Horse riding is present throughout many other Slavic mythologies. Rituals involving round cake are also Pan-Slavic, and documented in Ukraine , Belarus , Herzegovina , and Bulgaria . Divination by means of

15876-493: The original vowels and the consonants of Czech veselý ). Also, in later centuries, with the onset of cities founded on German law (namely, the so-called Magdeburg law ), Middle High German urban and legal words filtered into Old Polish. Around the 14th or the 15th centuries, the aorist and the imperfect became obsolete. In the 15th century the dual fell into disuse except for a few fixed expressions (adages and sayings). In relation to most other European languages, though,

16023-471: The peripheral Podhale and southern Kashubian dialects (now considered a separate language but still part of the Lechitic dialect continuum ) are taken to be remnants of earlier widespread initial stress. In the case of Podhale, Slovak influence is usually ruled out, because Slovak dialects bordering Podhale have penultimate rather than initial stress. In this section, Old Polish sounds are spelled

16170-420: The precise realization of these sounds is unknown, the transcriptions used here are meant to be approximations. The sound [d͡ʒ] only occurred in the cluster [ʒd͡ʒ], therefore its phonemic status is doubtful. The most important consonantal changes concerned the realization of the soft coronal consonants . Of these, /tʲ/, /dʲ/, /sʲ/ and /zʲ/ strengthened their palatalization and became alveolo-palatal , and

16317-476: The prince's helmet to show power. The use of flags in a religious context by the Polabian was written about earlier by Thietmar (the flag of Svarozhits in Rethra and the flag of an unknown goddess of the Lutici ). Aleksander Gieysztor made a broad comparative mythology of Svetovit and other Indo-European deities , which led him to consider Svetovit as the chief and thunder god, the Polabian hypostasis ,

16464-403: The reduction of the cluster /pv/ (chiefly in the word upwać > ufać and derivatives ). The very end of the Old Polish period (15th–16th century, so during the transition to Middle Polish ) saw the palatalization of the velar plosives /k/ and /ɡ/ before front oral vowels to [kʲ] and [ɡʲ], named the so-called "fourth Slavic palatalization". This distinction was later phonemicized with

16611-424: The ritual by taking a large gulp from the horn, then refilling it again and placing it in the statue. There is also a well-known ritual connected with a round cake seasoned with honey of a large size, which the priest would put in front of him and ask the people gathered in front of him if they could see him. When the crowd answered that they had seen it, the priest wished them that they would not be able to see him

16758-711: The same as their primary reflexes using modern Polish orthography , except that non-high long vowels are marked with a macron : ā , ē , ō . The represented state of the nasal vowels is that of the 14th century – two nasal vowels differing in length. This is represented by letters from modern Polish orthography; for example, ę for /ã/ and ꟁ for /ãː/, for the sake of easier comparison with modern forms and proper display. Old Polish nouns declined for seven cases : nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , instrumental , locative and vocative ; three numbers : singular, dual , plural; and had one of three grammatical genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. The following

16905-401: The same distribution. In classes which had a choice of two or more endings, these were commonly interchangeable, while in modern Polish, some words stabilized and only accept one. The modern Polish distinction in animacy in masculine declension was only beginning to appear in Old Polish. The most visible symptom of this trend was the use of the genitive of masculine animate nouns in

17052-470: The scholarly literature that Vidovdan is not related to St. Vitus at all. At the end of the 19th century, in his book Natko Nodilo attributes the cult of Svetovit to all Slavs, whose cult was to be deliberately replaced by a saint with a similar name to facilitate Christianization. Based on this book, Miodrag Popović argues for the pagan origin of the holiday. Popović is later referred to by Mile Nedeljković  [ sr ] , according to whom Vidovdan

17199-421: The sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to

17346-472: The similarity of the words Svetovit and Saint Vitus prompted them to create the legend, Jacek Soszyński  [ pl ] claims, however, that the legend may have originated even earlier, but it was not practically applied for the first time until 1114. According to Stanisław Rosik  [ pl ] , the information about Svetovit, whose cult prevailed among the Pomeranian Slavs after

17493-454: The so-called "Corvey legend" in two versions (in the first version, he calls it an "old relation" , in the second, he calls it a "vague account" ) according to which the tribe of the Rani living on the island of Rügen was Christianized in the ninth century, and then abandoned Christianity and idolized Saint Vitus: For an old relation of our ancestors tells that in times of Ludovicus II

17640-399: The spellings commonly used. However, his tract is of great importance to the history of the Polish language , as the first scientific work about the Polish language. It provides especially useful insight to contemporary phonology . Over the centuries, Old Polish pronunciation underwent several changes . The early Old Polish consonantal system consisted of the following phonemes . Since

17787-578: The styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through the later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of

17934-434: The suffix to the nominative singular -a . Old Polish verbs conjugated for three persons ; three numbers , singular, dual and plural; two moods , declarative and imperative; and had one of two lexical aspects , perfective or imperfective. There was also the analytical conditional mood, formed by the aorist of the verb być ("to be") and an old participle form. Significant changes from Proto-Slavic occurred in

18081-502: The temple, and store them in tightly closed chests, in which, in addition to abundant money, a large amount of purple cloth had accumulated, eaten by time. There could also be seen an enormous amount of public and private donations, given by the fervent offerings of those who asked the deity for favors. This deity also had in many other places other temples, which were governed by priests of a lower rank with less power. In addition to this, it had in its possession its own private horse, which

18228-602: The theory of the knowledge of the god Svetovit in the South Slavs cannot be accepted – it is widely believed in the scholarly community that the god Svetovit was known only to the Polabian Slavs and did not have a pan-Slavic range, and the Serbo-Croatian toponymy and proper names refer to St. Vitus ( Serbian : Свети Вид , romanized :  Sveti Vid ). Once a year there was a big feast in honor of

18375-469: The throwing of a spear ( hasta ferrata ) into enemy territory. In addition to Svetovit, the hypostasis of Perun, according to him, is also to be Yarovit and Ruyevit . Svetovit as a hypostasis of Perun was also considered by Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov . There was a temple of Perun in Peryn . The statue of this god was in the middle of a circle, four bonfires oriented to the four directions of

18522-413: The usage of tenses . The ancient aorist and imperfect tenses were already in the process of disappearing when the language was first attested . In the oldest texts of the 14th and 15th century, only 26 existed, and neither tenses show the whole inflection paradigm. The only exception was the aorist of być , which survived and came to be used to form the conditional mood. The role of the past tense

18669-678: The words of Helmold and Procopius according to which the Slavs knew the concept of the supreme god. Latin Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ),

18816-423: The world were placed on the edges of the circle, and four additional hearths were placed between them. Each main hearth could serve as an altar dedicated to a different hypostasis of Perun; the eastern hearth had more coal than the others. According to Ivanov and Toporov, this may correspond to the four heads of Svetovit and the four columns in the temple, and the eastern orientation of the temple at Arkona. Svetovit

18963-411: The world" invented by 19th century Polish Romantics , where the suffix is supposed to be -vid "to see" (cf. Polish widzieć "to see"). Svetovit is mentioned by three sources: the main information is given by Helmold 's Chronica Slavorum and Saxo Grammaticus ’s Gesta Danorum ; he is also mentioned by Knýtlinga saga . Saxo writes most extensively about Svetovit, his description of this god

19110-422: The written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained

19257-530: Was a Christianization of Polabia in the ninth century, let alone of Rügen in the ninth century – the first documents attesting the Christianization of Rügen appear only after the fall of the Slavic Arkona in 1168 , although chroniclers of the time were eager to describe the Christianization of any pagans – the Christianization of Rügen is not mentioned by Widukind of Corvey ( The Deeds of

19404-600: Was a period in the history of the Polish language between the 10th and the 16th centuries. It was followed by the Middle Polish language . The sources for the study of the Old Polish language are the data of the comparative-historical grammar of Slavic languages , the material of Polish dialects , several Latin manuscripts with Polish glosses , as well as – most importantly – monuments written in Old Polish:

19551-457: Was a sun-hero, possessing a white horse. With time he acquired warlike qualities. According to Aleksander Brückner , Svetovit, Triglav , Svarog and Dazhbog are one and the same deity worshipped under different names; Stanisław Urbańczyk believed that Svetovit replaced Svarog, Svarozhits or Perun. Scholars have also linked to Svetovit a figurine, the so-called Wolin Svetovit , found on

19698-456: Was accepted as a deity by tolerant Slavs, and after the fall of Brenna it was supposed to have reached Rügen. The view of the Christian origin of Svetovit is rejected by most scholars and historians. It is generally believed that this legend was invented in the 12th century to justify political claims to Rügen, already known since the mid-11th century. First of all, it is impossible that there

19845-516: Was also recognized by Radoslav Katičić as the Polabian hypostasis of Perun. He rejected the alleged cult of Svetovid , or Vid in Serbia as unjustified, but regardless of this theory he recognizes that St. Vitus in Serbia replaced the cult of Perun, as indicated by his worship of this saint. On the other hand, Andrzej Szyjewski  [ pl ] considered Svetovit to be the god of vegetation and fertility, who also possessed solar qualities – he

19992-783: Was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in a vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than

20139-491: Was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name a few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin

20286-503: Was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into

20433-469: Was long and only complete by the late 15th century. The higher vowels are traditionally called pochylone ("skewed") in Polish. The nasal vowels developed differently. Old Polish continued to have four nasal vowels until the 14th century, when they merged in respect to quality, but retained the length distinction. Therefore, the new system had only two nasal vowels: short /ã/ (from earlier /æ̃/ and /ɑ̃/) and long /ãː/ (from earlier /æ̃ː/ and /ɑ̃ː/). In

20580-417: Was never marked in writing, its development in Old Polish can be partially inferred from certain other phonetic changes. In older works, the verbal suffix -i / -y of the 2nd & 3rd ps. sg. imp. is dropped in some verbs, but retained in others. A comparison with East Slavic languages shows that the suffix remained when it was stressed in Proto-Slavic. Examples: Because of this and other evidence, it

20727-449: Was not the state language (that being Latin ). The Polish language started to change after the baptism of Poland , which caused an influx of Latin words, such as kościół "church" (Latin castellum , "castle"), anioł "angel" (Latin angelus ). Many of them were borrowed via Czech , which, too, influenced Polish in that era (hence e.g. wiesioły "happy, blithe" (cf. wiesiołek ) morphed into modern Polish wesoły , with

20874-474: Was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While

21021-527: Was probably an altar of sorts. This stall was burned during the siege of Arkona . The cult of Svetovit officially ended in June 1168 after the capture of Arkona by the Danes led by King Valdemar I and Bishop Absalon . (Valdemar) caused the antique statue of Svetovit, which is venerated throughout the country of the Slavs, to be taken out and ordered that a rope be placed around its neck and it be dragged among

21168-431: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include

21315-475: Was supposed to be of large size, and to be of a unique color. The flag was also a kind of emblem of the Rugians, and it was revered as almost divine, being sacred and belonging to a deity. According to the chronicler, the flag gave the people who possessed it the ability to plunder cities, destroy temples or houses without suffering consequences, and to execute judgments. The gate, which had a flag and eagles on it,

21462-405: Was that, when the horse remained in the stable the entire night, very often he would appear in the morning covered with sweat and mud, as if, returning from exercising, he had traveled long distances. According to some scholars, the theonym Svetovit allegedly derives from Saint Vitus , because in Slavic languages both names sound very similar. Supporters of this theory cite Helmold, who cites

21609-408: Was white, and whose mane and tail hair it was considered a bad omen to cut. Only one priest was allowed to feed it and ride it, so that the use of the divine animal was not seen as less valuable by being more frequent. In the opinion of the Rani, it was believed that Svetovit—that was the name of the idol—waged war against the enemies of his cult on this horse. The most important argument supporting this

#57942