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91-470: Sviatoshyn ( Ukrainian : Свято́шин [sʲw(j)ɐˈtɔʃɪn] ; also Свято́шино or Свято́шине ) is a historical neighborhood and a suburb of Ukraine 's capital Kyiv that is located on the western edge of the city area, in an eponymous municipality . Previously it was a dacha village ( summer colony ) in a pine grove which was included in the Kyiv city council area in 1919. The neighbourhood

182-450: A pine grove , was divided into 450 lots and leased for 99 years. Thus а dacha village ( summer colony ) was set up there. A grid plan was implemented in the village. That area master plan is typical of dacha summer settlements. The core road of Sviatoshyn was Brest-Litovsky highway, now Peremohy Avenue  [ uk ] , that went from east to west dividing the village into two unequal parts. The villa projects were created by

273-414: A weak yer vowel that would eventually disappear completely, for example Old East Slavic котъ /kɔtə/ > Ukrainian кіт /kit/ 'cat' (via transitional stages such as /koˑtə̆/, /kuˑt(ə̆)/, /kyˑt/ or similar) or Old East Slavic печь /pʲɛtʃʲə/ > Ukrainian піч /pitʃ/ 'oven' (via transitional stages such as /pʲeˑtʃʲə̆/, /pʲiˑtʃʲ/ or similar). This raising and other phonological developments of the time, such as

364-636: A body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the Ukrainian People's Republic , shortly joined by the West Ukrainian People's Republic ). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved. In the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of

455-482: A complex of monuments at Soviet soldiers' graves who killed in battle of Kyiv in 1943 at the Sviatoshyn Cemetery  [ uk ] . At the end of the 1940s Sviatoshyn Airfield was passed to ownership of an aircraft serial production plant that since 1952 has been headquarters of Antonov state company. In 1988 the company produced the largest ever aircraft Antonov An-225 Mriya . Together with

546-645: A few acres at most. In contrast, orchards , which are normally intentional planting of trees, may be small or very large, like the apple orchards in Washington state , and orange groves in Florida . Historically, groves were considered sacred in pagan, pre-Christian Germanic and Celtic cultures . Helen F. Leslie-Jacobsen argues that "we can assume that sacred groves actually existed due to repeated mentions in historiographical and ethnographical accounts. e.g. Tacitus , Germania ." This tree -related article

637-405: A pine grove, a pond and a good transport infrastructure . Simultaneously with developing the land area, in 1898 a narrow-gauge railway was laid from Kyiv and it was used as a horsecar tram line then steam tram-cars operated there. In 1901 the village was connected to an electricity network so on 1 May that year electric trams were launched. In 1902 Kyiv - Kovel railway, which goes along

728-648: A policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism. The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification

819-565: A result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the Scythian and Sarmatian population north of the Black Sea , lasting into the early Middle Ages , the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in Scythian and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common Proto-Indo-European *g and *gʰ . During

910-644: A self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed. In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year Taras Shevchenko was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 Pavlo Chubynsky

1001-890: A variant name of the Little Russian language . In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language". Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once. In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term Ukrainian to the language were in the hyphenated names Ukrainian-Ruthenian (1866, by Paulin Święcicki ) or Ruthenian-Ukrainian (1871, by Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Puluj ), with non-hyphenated Ukrainian language appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by Mykhailo Drahomanov ). A following ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned

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1092-491: Is Highway T 1027  [ uk ] going through the suburb from north to south. It includes Academician Palladin Avenue  [ uk ] and Great Ring Road  [ uk ] there. There are two hypotheses of the name of Sviatoshyn existing. The first one comes from a version that there was a Saint Grove (Sviatyi, Святий гай) in there. That was a sacred place for pagans . The second version says that

1183-622: Is a document "The report of the Committee to facilitate accomplishment of the villa area in the locality Sviatoshyn of the Kyiv province and district. Kyiv, 1903" existing. At the beginning of the 20th century the dacha village was called Sviatoshyn ( Святошинъ - in the Pre-reform Russian orthography  [ uk ] ). In the Soviet era there was a trend to change names of settlements, especially small ones, by putting

1274-840: Is an old word in the English language, with records of its use dating as far back as the late 9th century as Old English grāf , grāfa ('grove; copse') and subsequently Middle English grove , grave ; these derive from Proto-West Germanic *graib , *graibō ('branch, group of branches, thicket'), from Proto-Germanic *graibaz, *graibô ('branch, fork'). It is related to Old English grǣf , grǣfe ('brushwood; thicket; copse'), Old English grǣfa ('thicket'), dialectal Norwegian greive ('ram with splayed horns'), dialectal Norwegian greivlar ('ramifications of an antler'), dialectal Norwegian grivla ('to branch, branch out'), Old Norse grein ('twig, branch, limb'), and cognate with modern English greave . Naturally-occurring groves are typically small, perhaps

1365-646: Is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the Middle period into three phases: Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on 9 November, the Eastern Orthodox feast day of Nestor the Chronicler . The era of Kievan Rus' ( c. 880–1240) is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as

1456-504: Is located in a landscape park at the intersection of Chornobylska Street  [ uk ] and Peremohy Avenue  [ uk ] . The memorial is devoted to people who were killed, injured and suffered because of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The monument to victims of that tragedy was erected at the initiative of the "Chernobyl Disabled Union" on 26 April 1994, with funds of the local budget and private donations. Authors of

1547-707: Is located in the North-East of the Dnieper Upland , in the western a part of Kyiv city's area. The suburb is situated on both sides of Kyiv 's Prospect Beresteiskyi along its western part. Sviatoshyn neighborhood borders the Nyvka River ( Borshchahivka River ) in the west, that flows through Sviatoshyn Ponds  [ uk ] there and falls into the Irpin River of the Dnieper basin. There

1638-471: Is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian , and a closer lexical distance to West Slavic Polish and South Slavic Bulgarian . Ukrainian is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus' . In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the language developed into Ruthenian , where it became an official language, before a process of Polonization began in

1729-856: Is one of the East Slavic languages in the Indo-European languages family, and it is spoken primarily in Ukraine . It is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , a variant of the Cyrillic script . The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics . Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian , another East Slavic language, yet there

1820-531: Is referred to as "Old Ukrainian", but elsewhere, and in contemporary sources, is known as the Ruthenian language, and from the end of the 18th century to the present what in Ukraine is known as "Modern Ukrainian", but elsewhere is known as just Ukrainian. Grove (nature) The main meaning of grove is a group of trees that grow close together, generally without many bushes or other plants underneath. It

1911-708: Is the Sviatoshyn Forest Park  [ uk ] beginning on the opposite side of the Nyvka River. The east boundary of the suburb is the Kyiv - Kovel railway . There are Bilychi , Akademmistechko  [ uk ] and Aviamistechko  [ uk ] neighbourhoods in the north of Sviatoshyn and Mykilska  [ uk ] Borshchahivka neighbourhood, Skarbovyi forest  [ uk ] terrain, Zhovtneve  [ uk ] village and Petropavlivska Borshchahivka village in

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2002-618: The Kyiv City Council assigned "Vasyl Stus" name to this plot but in fact the garden square was opened on Kyiv Day of 2015 by the mayor of Kyiv Vitali Klitschko . There were Vasyl Stus's widow and his sister, who was a refugee from the Donetsk Oblast because of the Russo-Ukrainian War , granddaughter, friends- sixtiers , public activists and local community residents present in the ceremonial unveiling of

2093-558: The Kyiv City Council . Before the Kievan Rus epoch it was a territory of Eastern Polans and approximately 10 kilometres to the west, on the left bank of the Irpin River , Drevlians ' land began. At the time of Kievan Rus and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania the land belonged to the Principality of Kyiv . It is alleged that in the 12th century the owner of this land was Nikola Sviatosha  [ uk ] (Sviatoslav),

2184-516: The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra and became a monk of it. He took the monk Christian name Nikola (Nikolai, Ukrainian : Mykola, Микола ). Since he had the born name Sviatoslav and was very devout he was given the informal nickname Sviatosha. Sviatosha means a pious, godly religious person. In itself the Ukrainian word "Sviatoshyn " means "Sviatosha's ", that is, something that belongs to Sviatosha. In contrast to English speaking countries ,

2275-723: The Latin language. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include zavzhdy (always; taken from old Polish word zawżdy ) and obitsiaty (to promise; taken from Polish obiecać ) and from Latin (via Polish) raptom (suddenly) and meta (aim or goal). Significant contact with Tatars and Turks resulted in many Turkic words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into

2366-569: The Novgorod Republic did not call themselves Rus ' until the 14th century; earlier Novgorodians reserved the term Rus ' for the Kiev , Pereyaslavl and Chernigov principalities. At the same time as evidenced by contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes and kings of Galicia–Volhynia and Kiev called themselves "people of Rus ' " (in foreign sources called " Ruthenians "), and Galicia–Volhynia has alternately been called

2457-626: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants, and the modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire , and continued in various ways in the Soviet Union . Even so, the language continued to see use throughout

2548-704: The Prince of Chernigov , who donated it to the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra . Until the beginning of the 17th century this area belonged to Kyiv monasteries. The first mention of the area name Sviatoshyn was in 1619, when this land was a part of the Kyiv Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin . At that time the king Sigismund III Vasa determined

2639-669: The Russian Empire , the Magdeburg rights of Kyiv were revoked so Sviatoshyn area went to the state ownership . Until the end of the 19th century, that land had been mentioned like Sviatoshyn wood, grove or forest, and it was a part of the Bilychi volost of the Kyiv Governorate . There were no allusions about any permanent human settlements in there at that time. In 1897 the Sviatoshyn land, which had been occupied by

2730-612: The Second World War , the general staff of the Kyiv Fortified Region was situated in place of present Kyiv secondary school No. 140. and next to it, the operational team of the command post of the Southwestern Front was located at the modern address 80 Verkhovynna Street. In 1944-1945 the training centre of Soviet partisans ( guerrillas ) located in the house at 10 the 2nd Prosika. There are

2821-399: The law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" was approved by the parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of the language and introducing penalties for violations. The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into two stages: during the 12th to 18th centuries what in Ukraine

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2912-457: The sixtiers . He was living near this place at 62 Lvivska Street  [ uk ] , since his marriage in 1965 to the first arrest in 1972. The house was demolished in 1979 due to building the road interchange there. In 2006 at the initiative of the Ukrainian People's Party and Green World  [ uk ] NGO , a local community meeting was conducted, it was decided to establish Vasyl Stus garden square. The initiative coordinator

3003-698: The working class . A kitchen room and a bathroom were used by all families together, that lived in a house. In the 1930s Sviatoshyn's St. Nicholas Eastern Orthodox church was demolished by Bolsheviks. However, on the south-west edge of Sviatoshyn the Roman Catholic parish of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was existing during the whole time of the Communist rule. It was only one the refuge for Roman Catholics in all Kyiv region. In 1941 during

3094-425: The 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around the 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus', whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky denies

3185-456: The 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under Tatar rule until their unification under the Tsardom of Muscovy , whereas the south-western areas (including Kyiv ) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of

3276-625: The 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh ("roof"), rura ("pipe"), rynok ("market"), kushnir ("furrier"), and majster ("master" or "craftsman"). In

3367-606: The Cossack motherland, Ukrajina , as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and Ukrajins'ka mova for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits. However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that

3458-403: The Kyiv architects Alexander Krivosheiev  [ uk ] and Alexander Khoinatsky  [ uk ] . A lot of powerful, influential and rich people had villas there. In particular, villa owners were Kyiv University professors, three Kyiv mayors , businessmen including members of the "sugar magnate" Tereshchenko family . The popularity of the villa area was growing up because of

3549-549: The Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian. The 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement between Cossack Hetmanate and Alexis of Russia divided Ukraine between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. During the following century, both monarchies became increasingly intolerant of Ukrainian own cultural and political aspirations. Ukrainians found themselves in a colonial situation. The Russian centre adopted

3640-523: The Polish nobility. Many Ukrainian nobles learned the Polish language and converted to Catholicism during that period in order to maintain their lofty aristocratic position. Lower classes were less affected because literacy was common only in the upper class and clergy. The latter were also under significant Polish pressure after the Union with the Catholic Church . Most of the educational system

3731-542: The Principality or Kingdom of Ruthenia. Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorodian dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorodian dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus, whereas

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3822-557: The Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language ( Русскій ) was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, ' Little Russian '), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, ' Great Russian '), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian'). The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language ( "по родному языку" ) in 1897 in Russian Empire governorates ( guberniyas ) that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers. Although in

3913-425: The Soviet Union and installed eight memorial plates in memory of died Chernobyl disaster liquidators . Vasyl Stus Garden Square  [ uk ] is located at the corner Academician Palladin Avenue  [ uk ] and Peremohy Avenue  [ uk ] . It is named after the poet and political prisoner Vasyl Stus , who was one of the most significant members of the Ukrainian cultural movement of

4004-460: The Soviet Union and a special term, "a language of inter-ethnic communication", was coined to denote its status. After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963). The Khrushchev era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the languages at the local and republic level, though its results in Ukraine did not go nearly as far as those of

4095-519: The Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s. Journals and encyclopedic publications advanced in the Ukrainian language during the Khrushchev era, as well as transfer of Crimea under Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction. Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, unpopular among the circles of the national intelligentsia in parts of

4186-551: The USSR, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement. The gains of the past, already largely reversed by the Stalin era, were offset by the liberal attitude towards the requirement to study the local languages (the requirement to study Russian remained). Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending

4277-564: The Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century. By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of the liturgical standardised language of Old Church Slavonic , Ruthenian and Polish . The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the szlachta , was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics. Polish–Lithuanian rule and education also involved significant exposure to

4368-477: The Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the Ukrainian SSR . However, practice was often a different story: Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment. Officially, there was no state language in the Soviet Union until the very end when it

4459-465: The Ukrainian language. Examples include torba (bag) and tyutyun (tobacco). Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian ( prosta mova , " simple speech ") had more lexical similarity with West Slavic languages than with Russian or Church Slavonic. By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there

4550-423: The Ukrainian poet and Soviet political prisoner Vasyl Stus was living in apartment building at 13-a Chornobylska Street  [ uk ] in that housing estate. In 1982 due to increasing number of traffic lanes of Brest-Litovsky Highway, Sviatoshyn tram line was dismantled. Instead of trams, trolleybuses were launched to the neighbourhood. The memorial to Chernobyl disaster victims  [ uk ]

4641-409: The Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting Russification. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the "oppression" or "persecution", but rather the lack of protection against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in the 1970s and 1980s. According to this view, it

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4732-409: The aircraft factory development the new village Aviamistechko  [ uk ] began being built next to the north-east edge of Sviatoshyn. The name Aviamistechko ( Ukrainian : Авіамістечко , lit.   'Aviation town') Sometimes this locality has been called Novosviatoshyn ( New Sviatoshyn ) as well. In 1947 the clothing factory "Kashtan" ("Chestnut") was launched; it was one of

4823-453: The biggest producer of male shirts in the USSR . Late in the 1950s the new housing estate Akademmistechko  [ uk ] was started building on the land of the former vegetable farm "Sviatoshyn", that had been located north of the neighbourhood. Besides residential buildings there have been numerous research institutes of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences situated in there. Therefore,

4914-407: The chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language. Polish rule, which came later, was accompanied by a more assimilationist policy. By the 1569 Union of Lublin that formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant part of Ukrainian territory was moved from Lithuanian rule to Polish administration, resulting in cultural Polonization and visible attempts to colonize Ukraine by

5005-591: The country, and remained particularly strong in Western Ukraine . Specific developments that led to a gradual change of the Old East Slavic vowel system into the system found in modern Ukrainian began approximately in the 12th/13th century (that is, still at the time of the Kievan Rus') with a lengthening and raising of the Old East Slavic mid vowels e and o when followed by a consonant and

5096-463: The east edge of Sviatoshyn village, was finished up building and Sviatoshyn Railway Station  [ uk ] was opened. In 1911 one of the oldest Kyiv's cinemas Ekran  [ uk ] (" screen" ) was opened at the corner of Brest-Litovsky Highway and the 3rd Prosika. Between the village and Syrets  [ uk ] suburb was Sviatoshyn Airfield where the pilot Pyotr Nesterov introduced his famous aerobatics flights. In 1919

5187-407: The existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko , Vsevolod Hantsov , Olena Kurylo , Ivan Ohienko and others. According to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language

5278-584: The garden square. Sviatoshyn Railway Station  [ uk ] is a point which all electric multiple unit trains go through from Kyiv towards the North-West direction. Some passenger trains that run to Western Ukraine stop at Sviatoshyn station. There is the bus station "Dachna" located at 142a Peremohy Avenue. Buses to European countries and Western Ukraine set off from here. Ukrainian language Ukrainian ( українська мова , ukrainska mova , IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ] )

5369-417: The language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Church Slavonic . Some theorists see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian; others term this era Old East Slavic . Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak (2012), people from

5460-542: The merger of the Old East Slavic vowel phonemes и /i/ and ы /ɨ/ into the specifically Ukrainian phoneme /ɪ ~ e/, spelled with и (in the 13th/14th centuries), and the fricativisation of the Old East Slavic consonant г /g/, probably first to /ɣ/ (in the 13th century), with /ɦ/ as a reflex in Modern Ukrainian, did not happen in Russian. Only the fricativisation of Old East Slavic г /g/ occurred in Belarusian, where

5551-594: The metes and bounds of Kyiv's burgesses land possession in his charter . In particular it was said that Kyiv's citizens boundary went "through an oak grove to Sviatoshyn side". At the time of the Cossack Hetmanate , the present Sviatoshyn territory belonged to the Kyiv Regiment  [ uk ] . In the 1780s, at the time when this land was included into the Kyiv Viceroyalty of

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5642-462: The modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. After the fall of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then Poland . Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old East Slavic became the language of

5733-507: The monument are the sculptor Volodymyr Chepelyk  [ uk ] and architect Mykola Kyslyi  [ uk ] . In 2001 the St Theodosius of Chernihiv  [ uk ] church and in 2002 the bell tower museum were built at the monument. In 2011 the memorial avenue "Heroes of Chernobyl" was created at the initiative of "Chernobyl Fire-fighters" NGO . There were erected seven busts of firemen, heroes of Ukraine and

5824-508: The name Little Russia for Ukraine and Little Russian for the language, an expression that originated in Byzantine Greek and may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and had been in use since the 14th century. Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in

5915-411: The name is derived from the nickname of Nikola Sviatosha  [ uk ] , the Prince of Chernigov , who lived in the 12th century. His original name was Sviatoslav and he was a son of Davyd Sviatoslavich and a grandson of the Grand Prince of Kyiv Sviatoslav II . It is alleged that he owned a land at neighbouring Borshchahivka village. In 1106 the prince Sviatoslav donated all his property to

6006-485: The names of a city's suburbs in Ukraine, that belong to city councils areas, do not have so strict spelling rules, because their name do not play any significant roles in an official city's division to local districts ( raions ) or in the postal system . The ethnographer Lavrentii Pokhylevych  [ uk ] in his work " Tales of inhabited areas of the Kyiv province  [ uk ] " in 1884 mentioned this place as "a woodland called Sviatoshyn ". There

6097-412: The native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In Donetsk there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools. The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This

6188-425: The population said Ukrainian was their native language. Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917. During the seven-decade-long Soviet era ,

6279-456: The present-day reflex is /ɣ/. Ahatanhel Krymsky and Aleksey Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century. Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak stated that the Old Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus' during

6370-418: The printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia. For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovina , where Ukrainian

6461-409: The rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in Odesa (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of

6552-687: The sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit in spite of being part of the PLC, not as a result. Among many schools established in that time, the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (the predecessor of the modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ), founded by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mogila , was the most important. At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of

6643-546: The south. All Sviatoshyn's adjacent neighbourhoods and suburbs belong to the Sviatoshyn Raion as well, except the village of Petropavlivska Borshchahivka . That village is in Bucha Raion (district) of Kyiv Oblast (region). By roads, the suburb is located: The core Sviatoshyn road Peremohy Avenue is a part of European route E40 , which is the main highway from Kyiv to the most European countries . There

6734-564: The suburb got the name Akademmistechko ( Ukrainian : Академістечко , lit.   'Academic town'). In 1971 Sviatoshyn(o) station of the Kyiv Metro was opened on the east edge of neighbourhood, next to the same name railway station. At the beginning of the 1970s a new housing estate of tower blocks was begun erecting in the north-west part of Sviatoshyn and south-east part of Bilychi suburbs, for that all existing former dacha houses had been demolished in there. In 1979–1980

6825-478: The suffix " -o ". So that since the 1930s on all maps of Kyiv, both Russian and Ukrainian languages , the suburb was marked as Sviatoshyno ( Святошино ). Settlement names with the suffix " -o " are more typical of Russian language than Ukrainian, so sometimes the name Sviatoshyne ( Святошине ) was used in Ukrainian spelling. Despite there being a Sviatoshyn ( Святошин ) article included in Kyiv (Encyclopedic reference book)  [ uk ] that

6916-462: The term native language may not necessarily associate with the language they use more frequently. The overwhelming majority of ethnic Ukrainians consider the Ukrainian language native , including those who often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data, 92.3% of Kyiv region population responded "Ukrainian" to the native language ( ridna mova ) census question, compared with 88.4% in 1989, and 7.2% responded "Russian". In 2019,

7007-558: The territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and Russification of the native nobility. Gradually the official language of Ukrainian provinces under Poland was changed to Polish, while the upper classes in the Russian part of Ukraine used Russian. During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire Dnieper Ukraine and Austrian Galicia . The Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv applied an old word for

7098-516: The use of Ukrainian. The educational system in Ukraine has been transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that is partly Ukrainian to one that is overwhelmingly so. The government has also mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce. In the 2001 census , 67.5% of the country's population named Ukrainian as their native language (a 2.8% increase from 1989), while 29.6% named Russian (a 3.2% decrease). For many Ukrainians (of various ethnic origins),

7189-740: The village was included into the Kyiv City Council area. As a result of the Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921) and the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) Kyiv City and its suburbs was finally captured by the Red Army . In 1921 Bolsheviks conducted the administrative subdivision reform, so Kyiv was divided into 5 raions (districts) and Sviatoshyn was included into the City Council area permanently. The Bolshevik government

7280-573: Was Viktor Tkachenko. In March 2007 the Kyiv City Council supported this initiative and local volunteers including students of schools 140 and 200, clean up the plot on Earth Day . However, in 2008 the Kyiv City State Administration gave a building permit for shopping centre construction here. Thus the building developer cut down more than 100 trees including oaks older than 120 years and pines older than 150 years. The litigations began between parties. Finally in 2010

7371-587: Was a need for translators during negotiations for the Treaty of Pereyaslav , between Bohdan Khmelnytsky , head of the Zaporozhian Host , and the Russian state. By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern Belarusian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian languages. The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old Ukrainian, Middle Ukrainian, and Modern Ukrainian. Shevelov explains that much of this

7462-439: Was conducting the nationalisation policy so that many dacha villas were expropriated . The best villas were transferred to state and trade unions sanatoriums, boarding schools and Young Pioneer camps . Some other villas and cottages were converted to communal apartments . In practice it means that a house owner family was left just one bedroom, a rest of bedrooms were given to other families, which usually originated from

7553-556: Was exiled for seven years to Arkhangelsk . The Ukrainian magazine Osnova was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister Pyotr Valuyev proclaimed in his decree that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language". Although the name of Ukraine is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century. The linguonym Ukrainian language appears in Yakub Holovatsky 's book from 1849, listed there as

7644-448: Was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to an intensive migration of the population within the territory of today's Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was also supported by George Shevelov 's phonological studies, which argue that specific features were already recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic (seen as ancestors to Ukrainian) as far back as these varieties can be documented. As

7735-407: Was gradually Polonized. In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish. Polish has had heavy influences on Ukrainian (particularly in Western Ukraine ). The southwestern Ukrainian dialects are transitional to Polish. As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from Tatar and Turkish occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in

7826-562: Was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not vital, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available. The number of students in Russian-language in Ukraine schools was constantly increasing, from 14 percent in 1939 to more than 30 percent in 1962. The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, Petro Shelest , pursued

7917-490: Was lessened only slightly after 1985. The management of dissent by the local Ukrainian Communist Party was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the Mikhail Gorbachev reforms perebudova and hlasnist’ (Ukrainian for perestroika and glasnost ), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself. Although Ukrainian still remained

8008-549: Was proclaimed in 1990 that Russian language was the all-Union state language and that the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. Still it was implicitly understood in the hopes of minority nations that Ukrainian would be used in the Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek would be used in the Uzbek SSR , and so on. However, Russian was used as the lingua franca in all parts of

8099-553: Was published by the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia editorial office. Since the station of the Kyiv Metro , which is the suburb's landmark, was renamed Sviatoshyn ( Святошин ) station , this variant of suburb spelling has been started broadly used. Ukrainian linguists insist on using Sviatoshyn ( Святошин ) as the locality name. In spite of this, sometimes the name Sviatoshyno ( Святошино ) has still been used, even in official documents of

8190-400: Was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the artificial famine , Great Purge , and most of Stalinism . And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence. Since 1991, Ukrainian has been the official state language in Ukraine, and the state administration implemented government policies to broaden

8281-547: Was widely used in education and official documents. The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east. By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of Austro-Hungary in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop

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