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90-657: The Swedish Reformation caused the Church of Sweden to break with the Roman Catholic Church . It is considered to mark the end of the Swedish Middle Ages . The Reformation resulted in both Sweden and Finland becoming Protestant countries, as the latter formed an integral part of Sweden at the time. The Catholic Archbishop of Sweden Gustaf Trolle (and with the support of the Pope Leo X )

180-468: A pastorat with a head minister or vicar called a kyrkoherde (literally 'church shepherd') and sometimes other assistant priests called komminister ( minister ). At a cathedral an assistant minister is called a domkyrkosyssloman . In addition to the 13 dioceses, the Church of Sweden Abroad ( Swedish : Svenska kyrkan i utlandet – SKUT) maintains more than 40 overseas parishes. Originally

270-683: A Master's degree at the University of Wittenberg in February 1518. While in Wittenberg with his younger brother Lars, Olaus met with and was influenced by the main characters of the German reformation, Philipp Melanchthon and Martin Luther . Both Petri brothers returned to Sweden in 1519, nearly dying as their ship ran aground on Gotland island during a storm. They remained on Gotland for

360-471: A Chronicle of Sweden, which despite some historical inaccuracies, contains many interesting facts and anecdotes and remains an important historical document. Olaus also had an important part in translating the whole Bible into the vernacular; the Gustav Vasa Bible was completed circa 1541. In 1539, Olaus Petri was ordained a priest, as permitted under Luther's reforms, and perhaps influenced by

450-535: A collection of overseas churches under the direction of a committee of the General Synod , SKUT was reorganised on 1 January 2012 with a quasi-diocesan structure. Under this reorganisation it gained a governing council, constituent seats on the General Synod of the Church of Sweden (like the 13 mainland dioceses), and for the first time, full-time deacons to provide a programme of social welfare alongside

540-422: A collegiate vote of 6 to 5 respectively in the autumn of 1958. Since 1960, women have been ordained as priests , and in 1982, lawmakers removed a "conscience clause" allowing clergy members to refuse to cooperate with female colleagues. A proposal to perform same-sex weddings was approved on 22 October 2009 by 176 of 249 voting members of the Church of Sweden Synod . In 2000, the Church of Sweden ceased to be

630-642: A deacon. All deacons of the Church of Sweden are, therefore, permanent deacons . The order of bishop is not entered through direct ordination, however, and a Church of Sweden bishop is required to be a validly ordained priest prior to their consecration; if a deacon or lay person were to be selected for the position, they would first be ordained as a priest. After the Reformation, the Swedish Church seems to have practiced variously both direct ordination and sequential ordination. Although direct ordination

720-670: A local cult following, including Saint Botvid and Saint Eskil in Södermanland , Saint Helena of Skövde , and Saint Sigfrid in Småland . In their names, miracles were performed and churches were named. Shortly after seizing power in 1523, Gustav Vasa addressed the Pope in Rome with a request for the confirmation of Johannes Magnus as Archbishop of Sweden , in the place of Gustav Trolle who had been formally deposed and exiled by

810-435: A middle stance between Catholicism and Protestantism, and reintroduced many Catholic customs. The king's additions to the church ordinance were not followed in all Sweden, in particular not in the duchy belonging to his Calvinist brother Charles, as well as elsewhere where there was opposition among the clergy. These conflicting doctrines resulted in a lengthy Liturgical Struggle between Catholic and Protestant sympathizers, and

900-460: A minor role, and parishes instead rely on Lutheran tradition in conjunction with influences from other Christian denominations and diverse ecclesial movements, such as Low Church , High Church , Pietism ("Old Church"), and Laestadianism , which locally might be strongly established, but have little nationwide influence. During the 20th century, the Church of Sweden oriented itself strongly towards liberal Christianity and human rights . In 1957,

990-537: A parish in Swedish is socken , which was used both in the registry and in the church administration. After the municipal reforms in 1862, the latter usage officially was replaced with församling , a term somewhat meaning 'congregation', originally and still used for the Lutheran territorial and nonterritorial congregations in cities and also for other religious congregations. One or several parishes are included in

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1080-580: A part of religious practice by the church, and the sermons of priests and monks where subjected to control of the crown (rather than the Papal church) to ensure that they were founded only on the words of the Bible (rather than doctrines of the Catholic Church), and a process toward reform in religious practice was thereby initiated. The same year, a handbook in the Swedish language was published describing

1170-468: A perceived stagnation within the Catholic Church, a will toward independence from Rome, the financial needs of the state, as well as new ideas. In 1523, King Gustav I of Sweden met the reformer Laurentius Andreae and was influenced by Protestantism, and the following year, the king broke official contacts with Rome. Laurentius Andreae introduced the king to the reformer priest Olaus Petri , who

1260-537: A series of immediate executions of 84 people, among them fourteen noblemen , three burgomasters , fourteen town councillors and about twenty common citizens of Stockholm were then hanged or beheaded, many of them MPs. It on the background that the pope in writing gave Trolle the right to excommunicate the parliament by canon law from the Catholic Church (and execute them) as heretics and interdict (church strike) were announced against them. Trolle

1350-562: A split between the king and the church. John III and his queen also performed several other controversial Catholic-leaning acts which demonstrated their intention: in 1575, the king returned the unrestricted right to receive novices to Vadstena Abbey , which was reformed in accordance of the Council of Trent by the Jesuit Papal Legate Antonio Possevino , during which its abbess Katarina Gylta swore

1440-458: A stole at the beginning of the rite. In this way the churches express a significant aspect of their understanding of ordination. The white alb, used both by the ordinands to the diaconate as well as to the priesthood, is a sign that the ordination is a new beginning, rooted in the priesthood of all the baptised." The Church of Sweden employs full-time deacons to staff its extensive outreach and social welfare diakonia programme. Whilst deacons have

1530-555: A while, with Olaus preaching and assisting the local priest, Soren Norby, and Lars teaching at the local school. In 1520, Olaus returned to Strängnäs on the mainland, accepting ordination as a deacon and serving bishop Mattias Gregersson Lilje as secretary, chancellor of the Diocese of Strängnäs , canon of the Strängnäs Cathedral and dean of the cathedral school. Olaus accompanied Mattias to Stockholm and attended

1620-867: Is an Evangelical Lutheran national church in Sweden . A former state church , headquartered in Uppsala , with around 5.4 million members at year end 2023, it is the largest Christian denomination in Sweden, the largest Lutheran denomination in Europe and the third-largest in the world, after the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania . A member of

1710-427: Is elected by priests, deacons , and some laity in the diocese and is the chairman of the cathedral chapter. Priest and deacon members of a cathedral chapter are elected by priests and deacons in the diocese, while its lay members are selected by the stiftsfullmäktige , a body elected by church members. A diocese is divided into "contracts" kontrakt ( deaneries ), each with a kontraktsprost ( provost ), as

1800-405: Is known to have had Calvinist leanings. The New Testament was translated into Swedish in 1526 and the entire Bible in 1541. Revised translations were published in 1618 and 1703. New official translations were adopted in 1917 and 2000. Many hymns were written by Swedish church reformers and several by Martin Luther were translated. A semi-official hymnal appeared in the 1640s. Official hymnals of

1890-592: Is now Sweden later than that; for instance the important religious center known as the Temple at Uppsala at Gamla Uppsala was evidently still in use in the late 11th century, while there was little effort to introduce the Sámi of Lapland to Christianity until considerably after that. The Christian church in Scandinavia was originally governed by the archdiocese of Bremen . In 1104, an archbishop for all Scandinavia

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1980-437: Is the same as used in the Swedish parliamentary or municipal elections (see Elections in Sweden ). To vote in the Church general elections, one must be member of the Church of Sweden, at minimum 16 years of age, and nationally registered as living in Sweden . The groups that take part in the elections are called nominating groups ( Swedish : nomineringsgrupper ). In some cases the nationwide political parties take part in

2070-533: The 1569 Plot , the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot , among whom at least the last one was heavily influenced by religious considerations. The negotiations between the royal couple and Rome were ultimately not successful. Rome was not willing to accept Reformed Catholicism in exchange for Counter-Reformation, and the movement in Sweden declined after death of Catherine, which was followed by the King's remarriage to

2160-919: The Anglican churches of the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula , together with the other Lutheran churches of the Nordic nations and the Baltic states. In 1995, full communion was achieved with the Philippine Independent Church . Since 2015, the Church of Sweden has also been in full communion with the Episcopal Church of the United States. In 2016, the Church of Sweden reached full communion with

2250-583: The Book of Concord , although only certain parts, labelled Confessio fidei , were considered binding, and the other texts merely explanatory. Confessio fidei included the three aforementioned Creeds, the Augsburg Confession and two Uppsala Synod decisions from 1572 and 1593. During the 19th and 20th centuries, a variety of teachings were officially approved, mostly directed towards ecumenism : In practice, however, Lutheran creed texts play

2340-676: The Diet of Västerås declared Sweden Lutheran. In 1531, Olaus published a slightly simplified version of the Catholic mass in Swedish. Vasa also confirmed the kingdom's Lutheran alignment in 1531 by appointing Lars (who had been ordained a priest in 1527 and had married a daughter of the king's cousin that year) Archbishop of Uppsala , in part because the Pope refused to acknowledge the consecration of his candidate as bishop of Strängnäs, Magnus Sommar (1528–36; ultimately deposed and forced into retirement by

2430-535: The Mass during the Swedish Reformation . In common with other Evangelical Lutheran churches (particularly in the Nordic and Baltic states), the Church of Sweden maintains the historical episcopate and claims apostolic succession . Some Lutheran churches have congregational polity or modified episcopal polity without apostolic succession, but the historic episcopate was maintained in Sweden and some of

2520-679: The Old Catholic churches within the Union of Utrecht . Olaus Petri Bible Translators Theologians Olof Persson , sometimes Petersson (6 January 1493 – 19 April 1552), better known under the Latin form of his name , Olaus Petri (or less commonly, Olavus Petri ), was a clergyman, writer, judge, and major contributor to the Protestant Reformation in Sweden . His brother, Laurentius Petri (Lars Persson), became

2610-669: The Porvoo Communion , the church professes Lutheranism . It is composed of thirteen dioceses , divided into parishes. It is an open national church which, working with a democratic organisation together with the ministry of the church, covers the whole nation. The Primate of the Church of Sweden, as well as the Metropolitan of all Sweden, is the Archbishop of Uppsala . It is liturgically and theologically " high church ", having retained priests, vestments , and

2700-560: The Riksdag of the Estates . Gustav promised to be an obedient son of the Church, if the pope would confirm the elections of his bishops. But the pope requested Trolle to be re-instated. King Gustav protested by promoting the Swedish reformers, the brothers Olaus and Laurentius Petri , and Laurentius Andreae . The king supported the printing of reformation texts, with the Petri brothers as

2790-517: The Sun dog phenomenon of 20 April 1535 which caused Olaus to commission the mystical painting Vädersolstavlan and preach some apocalyptic sermons. However, shortly after his ordination, Olaus' relationship with King Gustav deteriorated sharply. Olaus was arrested and put on trial for treason, supposedly because he had learned about a conspiracy against the King during confession and had not revealed it. One historian suggests that Olaus' writings criticizing

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2880-528: The Swedish War of Liberation , including the election and crowning of Gustav Vasa as King of Sweden, in Strängnäs in 1523. Olaus (whose father died in 1521, after which he and his brother had joined the insurgents under Vasa's leadership) attended the coronation, swore fealty to his monarch, and soon became the kingdom's chancellor. A year later, Olaus was appointed Stockholm's town secretary and moved to

2970-591: The War against Sigismund in 1598. The war ended with the defeat of Sigismund and thereby Catholicism in Sweden, and the execution of his followers, in the Linköping Bloodbath in 1600. or critical Church of Sweden 1164, establishment of the Archdiocese of Uppsala 1536, separation from Rome through the abolition of Canon Law The Church of Sweden ( Swedish : Svenska kyrkan )

3060-477: The mass sung in Swedish for the first time. Throughout this period Olaus was also involved in scholarly endeavours, including translating Lutheran works into Swedish. In 1526, Olaus published the first Swedish translation of the New Testament, and also published a catechism in Swedish. The Petri brothers' efforts to teach their king and fellow Swedes about Luther's ideas bore fruit the following year, as

3150-459: The state church , but it maintains strong ties with communities, particularly in relation to rites of passage . There are many infants baptized and teenagers confirmed (currently 40% of all 14 year olds ) for families even without formal church membership. While some Swedish areas had Christian minorities in the 9th century, Sweden was, because of its geographical location in northernmost Europe , not Christianized until around AD 1000, around

3240-407: The 1800s–1900s, the Church of Sweden supported the Swedish government by opposing both emigration and preachers' efforts recommending sobriety ( alcoholic beverages are sold in Sweden by a government monopoly). This escalated to a point where its ministers were even persecuted by the church for preaching sobriety, and the reactions of many congregation members to that contributed to the desire to leave

3330-513: The Church of Sweden ( Swedish : Den svenska psalmboken ) were adopted in 1695, 1819 , 1937 and 1986 . The last of these is ecumenical , and combines traditional hymns with songs from other Christian denominations, including Seventh-day Adventist , Baptist, Catholic, Mission Covenant , Methodist, Pentecostal, and the Salvation Army . In October 2013, the Church of Sweden elected Antje Jackelén as Sweden's first female archbishop. In

3420-525: The Church of Sweden, ministerial function is indicated by the usual vestments of western tradition, including the stole , worn straight by bishops, crossed by priests (wearing the stole straight by priests is only permitted when in choir dress, i.e., a surplice rather than an alb, as no cincture is then used that would permit crossing the stole), and diagonally across the left shoulder by deacons. However, whereas in Roman Catholic or Anglican ordinations

3510-463: The Church while admitting substantial numbers of Huguenot Calvinists to his kingdom. The Swedish church, however, refused Calvinism in the Synod of Stockholm of 1565. The reign of John III of Sweden in 1568–1592 signified certain leanings toward a Counter-Reformation in Sweden inspired by the king's Catholic wife, queen Catherine Jagiellon , who acted as a mediator in the king's negotiations with

3600-456: The General Synod rejected a proposal for the ordination of women , but a revised Church Ordinance bill proposal from the Riksdag in the spring of 1958, along with the fact that, at the time, clergy of the Church of Sweden were legally considered government employees, put pressure on the General Synod and the College of Bishops to accept the proposal, which passed by a synod vote of 69 to 29 and

3690-539: The King's harsh punishments and taxation policies contributed to the criminal trial. King Gustav also wanted to control the church, while Olaus distrusted the king's autocratic tendencies and supported religious self-governance. After Olaus Petri and Laurentius Andreae were found guilty on January 2, 1540, both received death sentences, and even his brother Lars signed the judgment. However, after much bargaining and many requests, friends managed to get both clergymen released on bail (Stockholm's merchants contributing to pay

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3780-538: The Pope , Gustav Vasa refused to recognize him as archbishop and rejected Trolle as a traitor . The pressure from Rome was a contributing factor to Gustav Vasa never re-establishing a relationship with the Vatican , initiating the Reformation and introducing Protestantism in Sweden. But the pope did not give up either. Trolle's successor as Archbishop Johannes Magnus was not in Sweden (went to Rome ). Sweden

3870-403: The Pope in Rome for the conditions in which Sweden would be willing to return to Catholicism. John III leaned toward Reformed Catholicism, and suggested to Rome that Sweden, in the event of a Catholic restoration, should be allowed to keep marriage for clergy, use the Swedish language during church service, communion under both kinds , and a theology based upon the church fathers rather than upon

3960-707: The Protestant Gunilla Bielke . Sweden's personal union with Poland under the Catholic Sigismund III Wasa in 1592–1598 resulted in a final clash between Catholicism and Protestantism in the kingdom. Tensions finally resulted in the Uppsala Synod of 1593, where Protestantism in accordance with the Augsburg Confession was adopted as the state religion. Catholicism was to be abandoned, the Swedish church

4050-462: The Riksdag of Västerås in 1527, referred to as the "Reformation Riksdag", the Estates agreed to a number of demands toward reformation: 1) to give the king mandate to confiscate clerical assets: 2) that all church offices were henceforth to be illegal without royal consent, in effect placing the church under royal control: 3) that the clergy were to be subjected to secular law, and finally: 4) that only

4140-690: The Swedish Reformation was performed under a German pattern. In 1541, the Bible was translated to Swedish , and in 1543, the New Testament also to Finnish , which is considered a great contribution to the development of each language. During the 1540s, the religious tensions resulted in the peasant Dacke War , which also failed to defeat the monarchy. During the "Succession Parliament" in Västerås of 1544, radical theological reforms

4230-557: The Swedish reformation in the 16th century. The Diocese of Lund was founded in 1060, became an archdiocese in 1104, and lay in Denmark. The Province of Lund consisted of Denmark, Sweden, and Finland throughout the Middle Ages (originally also Norway and Iceland), although Uppsala had their own subordinate ecclesiastical province and archbishop from 1164. When Eva Brunne was consecrated as Bishop of Stockholm in 2009, she became

4320-516: The Tridentine Oath, and the first Catholic Solemn Mass since the Reformation was held in the abbey. In the capital, a Catholic seminary Collegium regium Stockholmense was established by Laurentius Nicolai . The Counter-Reformatory efforts contributed to tension in connection to the imprisoned Erik XIV, who came to be a symbol of Protestantism in prison. During the imprisonment of Eric, three major conspiracies were made to depose John III:

4410-527: The candidates for priesthood will already be wearing the diagonal deacon's stole, in the Church of Sweden candidates for both diaconate and priesthood are unordained at the start of the service. Tiit Pädam of Uppsala University and a Swedish-based priest of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church writes: "At the beginning of the [Evangelical Lutheran] ordination service, the candidates are dressed in white albs and no one wears

4500-576: The capital, where he also served as a judge (despite a lack of specific legal training) and town councilor. Olaus became known for his advocacy of Lutheranism and criticism of the prevailing Roman Catholicism . In October 1524, the Uppsala Cathedral 's chapter excommunicated both brothers on grounds of heresy . They remained, however, confident in the new Swedish king's strong support. In 1525, Olaus married, as Lutheran practice permitted, and also implemented another of Luther's ideas by having

4590-537: The changes were not as drastic as in Germany ; as in Germany, Swedish churches kept not only crosses and crucifixes , but also icons and the traditional liturgical vestments which in Germany were usually discarded in favor of the black preaching gown and stole used until recent times. Many holy days, based on saints' days , were not removed from the calendar until the late 18th century due to strong resistance from

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4680-489: The church's members are regular attenders. According to a Gallup poll conducted in 2009, 17% of the Swedish population considered religion as an important part of their daily life. King Gustav Vasa instigated the Church of Sweden in 1536 during his reign as King of Sweden . This act separated the church from the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law . In 1571, the Swedish Church Ordinance became

4770-515: The church, a concept similar to the doctrine of "reformed and catholic" found within the Anglican Communion . Its membership of 5,484,319 people accounts for 52.1% (per the end of 2023) of the Swedish population. Until 2000 it held the position of state church . The high membership numbers arise because, until 1996, all newborn children were made members, unless their parents had actively cancelled their membership. Approximately 2% of

4860-428: The correct way of performing baptism, weddings, funerals and other religious rituals. In 1530, the king opened a rift with Rome when he appointed Laurentius Petri Archbishop of Uppsala without Papal consent or confirmation. Religious tensions resulted in the unsuccessful Westrogothian rebellion of the nobility and Dalecarlian rebellions of the peasantry during the 1520s and 1530s, the latter attempting to depose

4950-432: The country (which, however, was against the law until 1840). The 19th century coat of arms is based on that of the Archdiocese of Uppsala . It is blazoned Or on a cross Gules an open crown of the field and thus features a gold/yellow field with a red cross on which there is a gold/yellow crown. The crown is called the victory crown of Christ , based on the royal crowns used in medieval times and corresponds in form to

5040-507: The crown. In parallel with a ban from accepting new novices, and a ban for the convents to prevent their existing members from leaving; this act indirectly resulted in the suppression of monasteries , which lost their economic foundations. The economic reform was followed by the fulfilling of the theological demands through the Örebro Synod of 1529, in which Catholic rituals such as the veneration of saints and pilgrimages were discouraged (though not outright banned) and described as no longer

5130-647: The crowns in the Swedish coat of arms and to that resting on the head of Saint Eric in the coat of arms of Stockholm . The Church adopted, at the time that it was still a state church, an administrative structure largely modelled after the state. Direct elections are held to the General Synod ( Swedish : Kyrkomötet , The Church Assembly), and the diocesan and parish ( Swedish : Församling ) assemblies (and in some cases, confederation of parishes ( Swedish : kyrklig samfällighet , 'church association') assemblies and directly elected parish councils). The electoral system

5220-534: The doctrines of the Council of Trent . In parallel, the Swedish church introduced the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 (accepted the following year), establishing a Swedish church doctrine. The new Protestant church ordinance was, however, given Catholic-inclined additions by the king: the Nova Ordinantia of 1575, and his own church doctrine, the Röda boken ('Red Book') of 1576, two additions which introduced

5310-400: The elections, such as the Social Democrats and the Centre Party . After the formal separation of Church of Sweden from the State of Sweden , the growing tendency in the elections is towards independent parties forming for candidature, either based on a political conviction, for example Folkpartister i Svenska kyrkan founded by Liberal People's Party members, or a pure church party such as

5400-463: The first Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden . Born in Örebro , in south-central Sweden, and the son of Peter Olofsson (a local blacksmith) and Kristina Larsdotter, Olaus Petri learned to read and write at the local Carmelite monastery. He then went to the capital and studied at the University of Uppsala , studying theology and German . Later, he attended the University of Leipzig until 1516, and finally finished his education and received

5490-404: The first Swedish church order following the Reformation . The Church of Sweden became Lutheran at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 when it adopted the Augsburg Confession to which most Lutherans adhere. At this synod, it was decided that the church would retain the three original Christian creeds : the Apostolic , the Athanasian , and the Nicene . In 1686, the Riksdag of the Estates adopted

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5580-440: The first openly lesbian bishop in the world. The Church of Sweden has several monastic communities. The Church of Sweden is a founding member of the Lutheran World Federation , formed in Lund , Sweden in 1947. Anders Nygren , later the Bishop of Lund , served as the first President of the Lutheran World Federation. Since 1994, the Church of Sweden has been part of the Porvoo Communion , bringing it into full Communion with

5670-431: The king in favor of the purported son of Christina Gyllenstierna . Until 1536, the Swedish Reformation was in essence characterized as Reform Catholicism. The final break between Sweden and Rome occurred with the abolition of the Canon law in Sweden in 1536, following the Synod of Uppsala. The entire Swedish Church was now declared independent from Rome. Between 1539–1543, the king was influenced by Conrad von Pyhy , and

5760-416: The king). Contemporaries described Olaus as energetic and pushy, particularly about matters in which he believed strongly. He also wrote a Swedish hymnal , liturgical manual, and many homiletic and polemic tracts. In fact, some consider the brothers and their ally Laurentius Andreae (who had physically crowned Gustav Vasa king in 1523) responsible for most early Swedish printed literature. Olaus also wrote

5850-434: The leader. Deaneries with a diocesan cathedral are called domprosteri . Titular provosts can also sometimes be appointed, in Swedish called prost or titulärprost . The dean and head minister of a cathedral is called domprost , "cathedral dean" or "cathedral provost", and is a member of the cathedral chapter as its vice chairman. At the parish level, a parish is called a församling . A more archaic term for

5940-404: The major instructors on the texts. In 1526, all Catholic printing presses were suppressed, and two-thirds of the Church's tithes were appropriated for the payment of the national debt. A final breach was made with the traditions of the old religion at the Riksdag called by the king at Västerås in 1544. Other changes of the Reformation included the abolition of some Catholic rituals. However,

6030-401: The other Lutheran churches of the Porvoo Communion . The canons of the Church of Sweden states that the faith, confession and teachings of the Church of Sweden are understood as an expression of the catholic Christian faith. It further states that this does not serve to create a new, confessionally peculiar interpretation, but concerns the apostolic faith as carried down through the traditions of

6120-411: The political independents' Partipolitiskt obundna i Svenska kyrkan (POSK) and Frimodig kyrka . The Church of Sweden maintains the historic threefold ministry of bishops , priests , and deacons , and has approximately 5,000 ordained clergy in total. It practices direct ordination, also called ordination per saltum (literally, ordination by a leap), in which candidates are directly ordained to

6210-417: The population. After the death of Gustav Vasa, Sweden was ruled by John III , who had Catholicizing tendencies, and then by his more openly Catholic son, Sigismund , who was also ruler of Catholic Poland . The latter was eventually deposed from the Swedish throne by his uncle, who acceded to the throne as Charles IX , and used the Lutheran church as an instrument in his power struggle against his nephew. He

6300-459: The problem in assessing his life, however, is that accounts of the trial which ended his legal career were also published long after his death by Vasa's chronicler, Erik Jöransson Tegel . The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers the brothers jointly with a liturgical commemoration on 19 April, the anniversary of his death. Olaus Petri is the main character of August Strindberg 's play Master Olof (Swedish title: Mäster Olof ),

6390-415: The same time as the other Nordic countries , when the Swedish King Olof was baptized. This left only a modest gap between the Christianization of Scandinavia and the Great Schism , however there are some Scandinavian/Swedish saints who are venerated eagerly by many Orthodox Christians , such as St. Olaf . However, Norse paganism and other pre-Christian religious systems survived in the territory of what

6480-460: The specific order of ministry for which they have trained. This is an alternative approach to the sequential ordination of other historic churches (including the Anglican, Orthodox, and Catholic churches) in which candidates must be ordained in the strict sequence of deacon, then priest, then bishop. A Church of Sweden priest can be ordained directly to that office, without any previous ordination as

6570-660: The stiff fines), although clearly their political careers had ended. Olaus received a royal pardon in 1542, possibly as a reward for completing the massive biblical translation project, and in that year was appointed inspector over Stockholm's schools. The following year, he was promoted to dean of St. Nicholas' Church ( Storkyrkan ) in Stockholm, and fulfilled that priestly position during the final nine years of his life. Electors of Saxony Holy Roman Emperors Building Literature Theater Liturgies Hymnals Monuments Calendrical commemoration Olaus Petri

6660-438: The traditional liturgical role (and vesture) in the Swedish Church, their principal focus of work is outside the parish community, working in welfare roles. Nonetheless, deacons are attached to local parishes to be connected with church communities, and with a parish priest. The Church of Sweden is divided into thirteen dioceses ( Swedish : stift ), each with a bishop and cathedral chapter (Swedish: domkapitel ). A bishop

6750-606: The tumultuous crowning of Danish King Christian II , who had captured Stockholm and held it for about a year until returning to Denmark, where he was soon deposed and replaced by his uncle, who became King Frederick I of Denmark . Meanwhile, at the notorious Stockholm Bloodbath in early November, King Christian violated his promises of a general amnesty for the Sture party , and during the post-coronation festivities arrested and executed 80–90 churchmen and secular Swedish nobles, including Bishop Mattias. When Olaus expressed his outrage, he

6840-468: The words of the Bible were to be taught in sermons in churches and schools (in effect removing all Catholic doctrines). The Riksdag of Västerås was followed by the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden , in which the economic demands of the monarch were met: the assets of the Catholic church were confiscated, eradicating church economic independence of the crown, thus making the clergy economically dependent of

6930-477: The work of priests and lay workers. However, SKUT does not have its own bishop, and is placed under the episcopal oversight of the Bishop of Visby . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Diocese of Kalmar existed as a superintendentia from 1603 to 1678 and as a diocese between 1678 and 1915, at which time it

7020-467: Was a concrete need to solve the problem of a striking church against the state. Lutheranism offered an alternative: a functioning church under state control. The situation in Denmark was largely the same and the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein was initiated for similar reasons as in Sweden. The Reformation was initiated for a number of reasons. Among these were an impractical organisation,

7110-428: Was almost executed as well, but a German who had seen him in Wittenberg identified Olaus as a fellow German and thus saved his life. King Christian tried to appoint his friend and bishop of Odense, Jens Andersen Beldenak, to the now-vacant Strängnäs bishopric, but both Danes soon returned to Denmark, and the scholar-priest Laurentius Andreae , who had been named archdeacon in 1520, ran the diocese. The massacre provoked

7200-481: Was buried at Storkyrkan, which became the national cathedral (supplanting Uppsala Cathedral) two centuries later. Since 1898, a large plaque and statue outside Storkyrkan have commemorated the reformer. His younger brother Lars survived him by two decades, completing the Swedish church's alignment with Lutheran (contrasted with Calvinist ) reformed practices. In 1616, long after his death, the Rule for Judges' Associations

7290-401: Was controlled politically and militarily in practice entirely by the excommunicated parliament with Gustav Vasa at the helm. As interdict applied in principle to the whole of Sweden (and Denmark), the Catholic Church formally went on strike, refusing to authorize the regime in Sweden (and Denmark). From the perspective of the parliament and Gustav Vasa (as well as Fredrik I/Christian III), there

7380-575: Was in conflict with regent Sten Sture the younger and Sweden's parliament, the Riksdag (the parliaments demolition of the archbishop's Almare-Stäket castle in 1518). Trolle was pro-union ( the Kalmar Union ) and was allied with Christian II who made a unionist conquest of Sweden in the autumn of 1520. Trolle was reinstated as archbishop and Stockholm Bloodbath was carried out. Trials in Stockholm between 7 and 9 November 1520 that led to

7470-628: Was installed in Lund . Uppsala was made Sweden's archdiocese in 1164, and remains so today. The papal diplomat William of Modena attended a church meeting in Skänninge in March 1248, where the ties to the Catholic Church were strengthened. The most cherished national Catholic saints were the 12th-century King Eric the Saint and the 14th-century visionary Bridget , but other regional heroes also had

7560-464: Was introduced. The Estates agreed to a number of reformation principles and altered some aspects of ritual practice, including the elimination of holy water, incense, and the adoration of saints. They also eliminated requiem masses and many holy days. Consolidation of the Reformation continued under Eric XIV of Sweden , who came to the throne in 1560 and at first imposed not rigid doctrinal uniformity, but, rather, uniform recognition of his authority over

7650-589: Was made preacher in Storkyrkan in Stockholm. In 1525, the royal priest Olaus Petri married, effectively demonstrating the king's consent to the abolition of the celibacy of the priesthood, and providing a breach with the Catholic Church's ban of marriage of priests. In 1526, the New Testament was published in the Swedish language. In the winter of 1526, the king offered to arrange a colloquy between Olaus Petri and Catholic professor Peder Galle . Galle refused, stating church matters were not open to discussion. At

7740-454: Was merged with the Diocese of Växjö . Another diocese which no longer exists is the Diocese of Mariestad , which existed as superintendentia between 1580 and 1646 and was replaced by the Diocese of Karlstad . The dioceses of Uppsala, Strängnäs, Västerås, Skara, Linköping, Växjö, and the now-Finnish Diocese of Turku , are the original seven Swedish dioceses, dating from the Middle Ages. The rest have come into existence after that time and

7830-498: Was more widespread, and became normative, the practice of sequential ordination is attested in the seventeenth century Swedish Church. Bishop Johannes Rudbeckius (1619–1646) habitually ordained men to the diaconate in advance of ordaining them to the priesthood, and this was said by Archbishop Johannes Lenaeus of Uppsala (in 1653) to be usual Church of Sweden practice. In the Evangelical Lutheran churches, including

7920-627: Was published, which is now thought to have been written circa 1520–1540 and has long been attributed to Olaus Petri. These 42 general rules, a mixture of common law and statutes, have formed the basis of Scandinavian legal traditions, particularly in Sweden and Finland. In the law of Finland , they are always included in the introduction section of legal codices, despite never having been enacted as binding law. Although some aspects seem outdated (particularly overt religious references), Olaus' twin values of legal certainty, and equity and justice, remain important to Nordic legal scholarship and practice. Part of

8010-465: Was soon forced to flee to Denmark in 1521 during the Swedish War of Liberation , where Gustav Vasa came to power in Sweden with the excommunicated parliament. Trolle then in Denmark, also ended up there on the losing side of Christian II, where Frederick I of Denmark and later Christian III of Denmark took power with the same poor relationship with the pope (who stubbornly clung to Christian II and Trolle). Despite Trolle's position and his support from

8100-651: Was to return to the doctrines of the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, and the Nova Ordinantia of 1575 and the Röda boken ('Red Book') of 1576 were to be removed from it. The suppression of the monasteries was finally completed with the closure of Vadstena Abbey in 1595. The Protestants united under the King's uncle Duke Charles against the Catholic Sigismund and thereby the Polish-Swedish union and Catholicism, which resulted in

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